Article(id=1192068210036982038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241181, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720022400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-04, revisedDate=1725033600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762140808828, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762140808828, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762140808828, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762140808828, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192068207398760622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='13', pageStart='4017', pageEnd='4342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762140808200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762417113496, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193227115907740212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193227115907740213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4306, endPage=4315, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192068210313806105, articleId=1192068210036982038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Temperature Field for Power Battery Packs Based on Long Short-Term Memory Network, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Power battery packs are widely used in new energy electric vehicles and are the core components of electric vehicles. Studying the temperature field modeling of the power battery pack is not only beneficial to understanding its temperature field dynamic characteristics, but is also very important for the structural design and health management of the power battery pack. The temperature field of the power battery pack is described by complex partial differential equations. Since a large number of parameters are unknown and many model parameters show strong time variability, traditional physics-based modeling methods are ineffective in achieving online modeling of the temperature field of the power battery pack. Although methods based on deep learning do not rely on physical models, they require a large amount of experimental data during the training process, the model training time is long, and the real-time performance of temperature field prediction is poor. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a spatio-temporal modeling of the temperature field of power battery packs based on long short-term memory network.
First, the spatio-temporal separation method is used to extract spatial features and time features under offline conditions. Spatial features are continuously updated with the help of incremental learning, and the long short-term memory (LSTM) network is used to model temporal dynamics. Finally, the updated spatial characteristics and time model are integrated to obtain a prediction model of the power battery pack temperature field.
The proposed method was verified on a power battery pack composed of 24 battery cells. Experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately predict the temperature field of the power battery pack regardless of normal conditions or conditions with air flow interference. Without airflow interference, the single-point temperature prediction error of the proposed method is less than 0.4℃, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) on the test set is 0.095 1℃. In the presence of airflow interference, the single-point temperature prediction error of the proposed method is less than 0.07℃, and the RMSE on the test set is 0.014 7℃.Under the condition of air flow, the modeling error of the proposed method is smaller. This is because under the condition of air flow interference, the spatial gradient of the temperature change of the power battery pack at the same time is smaller, that is, the temperature change is gentler, making the spatial characteristics of the modeling smoother.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the simulation analysis: (1) the proposed method can accurately predict the temperature field of the power battery pack regardless of normal conditions or conditions with air flow interference. (2) The proposed method can update spatial features in real time through incremental learning, thereby reducing the computational complexity of the method. (3) The proposed method is a purely data-driven method that does not rely on accurate partial differential equations and is therefore suitable for application in temperature field modeling of actual power battery packs.
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动力电池组温度场用复杂的偏微分方程来描述,由于其中大量的参数未知,且很多模型参数表现出较强的时变性,传统基于物理建模方法在实现动力电池组温度场在线建模方面难度较大。基于深度学习的方法虽然不依赖物理模型,然而在训练过程中需要大量的实验数据,模型训练时间较长,温度场预测的实时性较差。针对以上问题,该文提出一种基于长短期记忆网络的动力电池组温度场时空建模。首先利用时空分离方法提取离线条件下的空间特征和时间特征。空间特征在增量学习的帮助下不断进行更新,长短期记忆(LSTM)网络用于时间动力学的建模。最后,将更新后的空间特征和时间模型进行整合,得到动力电池组温度场的预测模型。在一个由24节电池单体组成的动力电池包上对所提出的方法进行验证,结果表明,无论在正常条件下还是有气流干扰条件下,所提方法都能对动力电池包的温度场进行准确预测。在有气流干扰下,所提方法的单点温度预测误差小于0.07℃,在测试集上的方均根误差为0.014 7℃。
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韦 鹏 男,1995年生,博士,研究方向为动力电池系统建模和储能系统健康管理。E-mail:pengwei7@whut.edu.cn
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韦 鹏 男,1995年生,博士,研究方向为动力电池系统建模和储能系统健康管理。E-mail:pengwei7@whut.edu.cn
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228: 120482., articleTitle=Temperature prediction of lithium-ion battery based on artificial neural network model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192497525690085693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, awardId=52407250, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52407250), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192497525753000254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, awardId=U24B20103, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(U24B20103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192497525824303423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, awardId=2024IVA044, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2024IVA044), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192497520585617653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192497520594006262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, companyId=1192497520585617653, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of AutomationWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192497520602394871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, companyId=1192497520585617653, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.武汉理工大学自动化学院 武汉 430070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192497520656920824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192497520665309433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, companyId=1192497520656920824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Institute of New MaterialsWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192497520673698042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, companyId=1192497520656920824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉理工大学新材料研究所 武汉 430070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192497520753389819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192497520757584125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, companyId=1192497520753389819, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192497520765972733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, companyId=1192497520753389819, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.武汉理工大学现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192497522733101345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the power battery pack, figureFileSmall=F2crhmDmo2zqNjUPFS5Jhw==, figureFileBig=XmwwkD9awEcnddIlTq2l1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497522787627298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
动力电池包三维结构示意图, figureFileSmall=F2crhmDmo2zqNjUPFS5Jhw==, figureFileBig=XmwwkD9awEcnddIlTq2l1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497522871513379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Equivalent circuit model of a power battery cell, figureFileSmall=aFoSzbxgKu8tGGMnnLv7Wg==, figureFileBig=8quRPoO9qFgxvUgdzAeQmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497522967982372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
动力电池单体等效电路模型, figureFileSmall=aFoSzbxgKu8tGGMnnLv7Wg==, figureFileBig=8quRPoO9qFgxvUgdzAeQmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523026702629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Framework of the proposed modeling method, figureFileSmall=JFdZj5n8B9OoObeZE4vdDQ==, figureFileBig=56Lcfmx7z6LvrbzO+6wzcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523106394406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
所提出建模方法框图, figureFileSmall=JFdZj5n8B9OoObeZE4vdDQ==, figureFileBig=56Lcfmx7z6LvrbzO+6wzcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523190280487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Structure of the LSTM network, figureFileSmall=BTnrrVXD7ycnRI4WuaHGtw==, figureFileBig=h1jNgIZ7wNm4EWtTC6EEAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523253195048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
长短期记忆网络结构, figureFileSmall=BTnrrVXD7ycnRI4WuaHGtw==, figureFileBig=h1jNgIZ7wNm4EWtTC6EEAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523307721001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the battery pack, figureFileSmall=iv/5xN917Vswomiow7qpGA==, figureFileBig=+7HR+USvZF5lnyES61+4Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523366441258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
电池包三维结构示意图, figureFileSmall=iv/5xN917Vswomiow7qpGA==, figureFileBig=+7HR+USvZF5lnyES61+4Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523441938731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Temperature distribution of battery pack at 1 100 s under the standard condition, figureFileSmall=Qdt2JTGu33Q8s7D8QQNQ5g==, figureFileBig=NPV5Skc1hehY+OEQWd7ifQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523517436204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
电池包在标准条件下1 100 s时的温度分布, figureFileSmall=Qdt2JTGu33Q8s7D8QQNQ5g==, figureFileBig=NPV5Skc1hehY+OEQWd7ifQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523567767853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Temperature distribution curves of battery pack under the standard condition, figureFileSmall=bN+zarn0IhvJY9+9PghVnA==, figureFileBig=J8M2Y4Ml719NHwNDSzd7dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523622293806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
电池包在标准条件下温度分布变化曲线, figureFileSmall=bN+zarn0IhvJY9+9PghVnA==, figureFileBig=J8M2Y4Ml719NHwNDSzd7dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523681014063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Temperature field modeling error of the proposed method for power battery pack, figureFileSmall=grg+/NcOUMgbL+T8Tn3eyQ==, figureFileBig=oeqamt7MekSuCknK0OnQwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523743928624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
所提出方法在动力电池包温度场上的建模误差, figureFileSmall=grg+/NcOUMgbL+T8Tn3eyQ==, figureFileBig=oeqamt7MekSuCknK0OnQwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523806843185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Temperature distribution of battery pack at 1 100 s under airflow condition, figureFileSmall=IMRYDgL/qVQ6J8or7BpaEQ==, figureFileBig=/yNqhds2/BvFjc+4OwW1pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523878146354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
电池包在气流干扰下1 100 s时的温度分布, figureFileSmall=IMRYDgL/qVQ6J8or7BpaEQ==, figureFileBig=/yNqhds2/BvFjc+4OwW1pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497523941060915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Temperature distribution curves of battery pack under air flow interference, figureFileSmall=NIiGmYlcxvbnQuEBpMECRg==, figureFileBig=2pMpBpoTVR/ASNP7fkZ1eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497525010608436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
电池包在气流干扰下温度分布变化曲线, figureFileSmall=NIiGmYlcxvbnQuEBpMECRg==, figureFileBig=2pMpBpoTVR/ASNP7fkZ1eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497525077717301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Temperature field modeling error of the proposed method for power battery pack under air flow interference, figureFileSmall=jORMZf8HCoItPavhKT7k/g==, figureFileBig=t3wbruAjs8UImZiSaL1U7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497525144826166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
所提方法在气流干扰下对动力电池包温度场进行建模的误差, figureFileSmall=jORMZf8HCoItPavhKT7k/g==, figureFileBig=t3wbruAjs8UImZiSaL1U7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192497525211935031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Algorithm pseudo code
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法1:建模方法流程 |
输入:温度传感器测量数据 。 输出:式(21)中动力电池温度场预测模型 。 (1)空间特征提取:通过矩阵特征值求解,得到式(10)中的空间基函数 ,并形成空间基函数矩阵 。 (2)时间特征提取:根据式(12)计算时间系数矩阵A。 (3)时间动力学建模:通过式(19)计算全局时间系数矩阵 ,并利用长短期记忆神经网络得到式(20)中的时间动力学预测模型 。 (4)时空特征合成:基于全局空间基函数矩阵 和时间动力学预测模型 得到式(21)中的动力电池温度场预测模型 。 (5)模型在线更新:当获取到 组新数据时,通过式(18)更新得到全局空间基函数矩阵 ;通过式(20)更新时间动力学预测模型 。 (6)预测模型输出:输出温度场预测模型 ,并重新进入步骤(5)的模型在线更新 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192497525291626808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
算法流程与伪代码
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法1:建模方法流程 |
输入:温度传感器测量数据 。 输出:式(21)中动力电池温度场预测模型 。 (1)空间特征提取:通过矩阵特征值求解,得到式(10)中的空间基函数 ,并形成空间基函数矩阵 。 (2)时间特征提取:根据式(12)计算时间系数矩阵A。 (3)时间动力学建模:通过式(19)计算全局时间系数矩阵 ,并利用长短期记忆神经网络得到式(20)中的时间动力学预测模型 。 (4)时空特征合成:基于全局空间基函数矩阵 和时间动力学预测模型 得到式(21)中的动力电池温度场预测模型 。 (5)模型在线更新:当获取到 组新数据时,通过式(18)更新得到全局空间基函数矩阵 ;通过式(20)更新时间动力学预测模型 。 (6)预测模型输出:输出温度场预测模型 ,并重新进入步骤(5)的模型在线更新 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192497525358735673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Main model parameters
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 | 来源 |
| 电池直径/m | 0.021 | 电池参数表 |
| 电池高度/m | 0.070 | 电池参数表 |
| 电池单体数量 | 24 | 选定 |
| 电池间隙/m | 0.002 | 选定 |
| 气流速度/(m/s) | 1 | 选定 |
| 环境温度/℃ | 20 | 选定 |
| 放电电流 | 1C | 选定 |
| 增量窗口大小M | 100 | 选定 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192497525430038842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
主要模型参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 | 来源 |
| 电池直径/m | 0.021 | 电池参数表 |
| 电池高度/m | 0.070 | 电池参数表 |
| 电池单体数量 | 24 | 选定 |
| 电池间隙/m | 0.002 | 选定 |
| 气流速度/(m/s) | 1 | 选定 |
| 环境温度/℃ | 20 | 选定 |
| 放电电流 | 1C | 选定 |
| 增量窗口大小M | 100 | 选定 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192497525492953403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Performance comparisons of different methods
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| 方法 | 测试集 RMSE℃ | 模型训练 时间/s | 单步平均 预测时间/s | 实时 能力 |
| 所提方法 | 0.095 1 | 13 | 0.14 | 能 |
| 径向基函数神经网络模型[33] | 0.086 3 | 274 | 2.75 | 否 |
| COMSOL有限元仿真 | | 2 952 | 3.69 | 否 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192497525551673660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068210036982038, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同方法性能对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 测试集 RMSE℃ | 模型训练 时间/s | 单步平均 预测时间/s | 实时 能力 |
| 所提方法 | 0.095 1 | 13 | 0.14 | 能 |
| 径向基函数神经网络模型[33] | 0.086 3 | 274 | 2.75 | 否 |
| COMSOL有限元仿真 | | 2 952 | 3.69 | 否 |
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