Article(id=1192068208527028407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240975, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=1719331200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762140808468, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762140808468, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762140808468, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765453849897, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192068207398760622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='13', pageStart='4017', pageEnd='4342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762140808200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762417113496, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193227115907740212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193227115907740213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1192068207398760622, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4138, endPage=4147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192068208829018299, articleId=1192068208527028407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Post-Arc Characteristics of Intermediate Frequency Vacuum Arc Based on Visual Tracking Technology, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Applying the vacuum switch in the more-electric aircraft intermediate frequency (IF 360~800 Hz) power system is a new application field, which can solve the difficulties caused by the increase of current frequency and the limited breaking ability of electrical appliances. The anode activity of the vacuum arc determines the post-arc state and interruption ability of the vacuum switchgear, especially at high current, and the anode can actively emit metal vapor, plasma and metal droplets. Because of the special environment of the vacuum chamber, it is difficult to directly measure the physical quantity of the post-arc state, such as arc pressure, by using the sensor, so non-contact measurement means is generally adopted. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the post-arc characteristics of intermediate frequency vacuum arcs, the visual tracking techniques such as object detection and Intersection over Union Tracker were utilized to analyze arc images in this paper. The splatter trajectories of post-arc metal droplets were reconstructed in three dimensions. Based on the reconstruction, the spatial pressure gradient inside the arc was determined.
Firstly, an intermediate frequency vacuum arc experimental system was established, along with a dual high-speed camera stereoscopic arc imaging system. Secondly, the experimental results of the intermediate frequency vacuum arc were analyzed, revealing post-arc voltage oscillations and metal droplet ejection phenomena during interruption failure. Thirdly, utilizing visual tracking techniques such as Canny edge detection, connected component analysis, and IoU, along with the mapping relationship from arc plane to three-dimensional space, a method for analyzing the pressure gradient of the post-arc vacuum arc was developed. The detection and tracking performance of arc images were evaluated using metrics such as precision, recall, MOTA, and MOTP, achieving values of 91.69%, 84.28%, 87.19%, and 82.63%, respectively, indicating excellent visual tracking results. Finally, using the aforementioned theories and methods, a comprehensive analysis of the post-arc characteristics of the intermediate frequency vacuum arc was conducted.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the analysis: (1) According to experimental results, when post-arc breakdown occurs after the intermediate-frequency current crosses zero, the arc voltage exhibits high-frequency oscillations with a frequency of approximately 50 kHz. The voltage stabilizes within about 2 ms. During the post-arc period, dual-view arc images reveal substantial outward ejection of metal droplets. (2) By employing visual tracking algorithms and spatial mapping relations, the three-dimensional ejection process of metal droplets during the post-arc breakdown can be reconstructed. The acceleration in all three directions reaches the order of 105 m/s2, with ejection velocities on the order of 10 m/s. The pressure gradient within the arc chamber can reach 1.2 MPa/mm, and the time scale for droplets to travel from the contact edge to the inner wall of the arc chamber is milliseconds. (3) The vapor density of Cu on the surface of the metal droplets is 2.2×1019 m-3. Throughout the ejection process of milliseconds scale, the metal droplets continuously evaporate, reducing the Cu mass fraction on the droplet surface from 65% to 10%. A significant amount of Cu vapor enters the arc chamber through diffusion and convection, weakening the dielectric recovery strength post-arc. During this period, post-arc breakdown and high-frequency voltage oscillations occur.
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为更全面地掌握中频真空电弧的弧后特性,该文采用目标检测及交并比跟踪等视觉追踪技术分析电弧图像,三维重构了弧后金属液滴的喷溅轨迹,并基于此求解了电弧内部的空间压力梯度。实验及理论分析结果表明:当中频真空电弧发生弧后击穿时,电弧电压发生频率为50 kHz的高频振荡,弧后期间在双视角电弧图像中均观察到了大量的金属液滴喷溅。在考虑将电弧压力梯度作为金属液滴喷溅的驱动力的情况下,灭弧室内的压力梯度可达到1.2 MPa/mm。三个方向的加速度均达到105 m/s2数量级,喷溅速度为10 m/s数量级,从触头边缘喷溅至灭弧室玻璃内壁的时间尺度为ms级。金属液滴表面的Cu蒸气密度为2.2×1019 m-3,在喷溅过程中,金属液滴持续蒸发,液滴表面Cu的质量分数从65%下降到10%,大量Cu蒸气进入灭弧室,减弱弧后介质恢复强度。
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, authorsList=蒋原, 马速良, 武雨田, 何安景昇, 李擎, 武建文, 夏尚文), CHT=ArticleExt(id=1205964111645569314, articleId=1192068208527028407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=CHT, title=null, columnId=null, journalTitle=电工技术学报, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1192451512753337015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jiangyuan@ustb.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1192451512854000314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, authorId=1192451512753337015, language=EN, stringName=Yuan Jiang, firstName=Yuan, middleName=null, lastName=Jiang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=1. Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes of Ministry of Education School of Automation and Electrical Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
2. Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GJ U.K., bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1192451512929497787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, authorId=1192451512753337015, language=CN, stringName=蒋原, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=1.北京科技大学自动化学院工业过程知识自动化教育部重点实验室 北京 100083
2.利物浦大学电气工程与电子系 利物浦 L69 3GJ, bio={"content":"
蒋 原 男,1985年生,博士,副教授,研究方向为多电飞机电器电弧理论及应用、电力设备状态检测与故障诊断等。E-mail:jiangyuan@ustb.edu.cn
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蒋 原 男,1985年生,博士,副教授,研究方向为多电飞机电器电弧理论及应用、电力设备状态检测与故障诊断等。E-mail:jiangyuan@ustb.edu.cn
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3, address=3. School of Electrical and Control Engineering North China University of Technology Beijing 100144 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1192451513185350336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, authorId=1192451512988218045, language=CN, stringName=马速良, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1, address=1. Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes of Ministry of Education School of Automation and Electrical Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1192451513340539589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, authorId=1192451513235681986, language=CN, stringName=武雨田, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1.北京科技大学自动化学院工业过程知识自动化教育部重点实验室 北京 100083, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192451512199688872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512208077481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512199688872, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes of Ministry of Education School of Automation and Electrical Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512212271786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512199688872, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京科技大学自动化学院工业过程知识自动化教育部重点实验室 北京 100083)])]), Author(id=1192451513390871239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1192451513445397193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, authorId=1192451513390871239, language=EN, stringName=Anjingsheng He, firstName=Anjingsheng, middleName=null, lastName=He, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1, address=1.北京科技大学自动化学院工业过程知识自动化教育部重点实验室 北京 100083, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192451512199688872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512208077481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512199688872, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes of Ministry of Education School of Automation and Electrical Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512212271786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512199688872, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京科技大学自动化学院工业过程知识自动化教育部重点实验室 北京 100083)])]), Author(id=1192451513546060492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liqing@ies.ustb.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1192451513608975054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, authorId=1192451513546060492, language=EN, stringName=Qing Li, firstName=Qing, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1. Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes of Ministry of Education School of Automation and Electrical Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1192451513671889615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, authorId=1192451513546060492, language=CN, stringName=李擎, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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61(15): 1-7., articleTitle=On-line measurement of vacuum arc cathode discharge droplet, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192451517308351230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, awardId=52177127, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52177127), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192451517362877183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, awardId=2020A1515110725, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2020A1515110725), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192451517413208832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, awardId=2020Z025074001, language=CN, fundingSource=航空科学基金(2020Z025074001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192451512199688872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512208077481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512199688872, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes of Ministry of Education School of Automation and Electrical Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512212271786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512199688872, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京科技大学自动化学院工业过程知识自动化教育部重点实验室 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192451512296157867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512304546476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512296157867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GJ U.K.), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512312935085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512296157867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.利物浦大学电气工程与电子系 利物浦 L69 3GJ)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192451512388432558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512396821167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512388432558, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. School of Electrical and Control Engineering North China University of Technology Beijing 100144 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512409404080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512388432558, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北方工业大学电气与控制工程学院 北京 100144)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192451512531038899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512539427508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512531038899, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192451512547816117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, companyId=1192451512531038899, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.北京航空航天大学自动化科学与电气工程学院 北京 100191)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192451515177644772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Intermediate frequency vacuum arc experiment system with stereoscopic view, figureFileSmall=jzXJRdZ+yyAZIE9MbQhxgA==, figureFileBig=qOonTFNcMdVafjwUz5c5dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515248947941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
立体视角中频真空电弧实验系统, figureFileSmall=jzXJRdZ+yyAZIE9MbQhxgA==, figureFileBig=qOonTFNcMdVafjwUz5c5dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515324445414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Arc voltage, current and arc images when intermediate frequency vacuum arc extinguished after current zero, figureFileSmall=ooogIHTSAhfwPxbkBeaiFw==, figureFileBig=vLOxpI1NKc4IhZipFOQYbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515383165671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
过零熄灭的中频真空电弧电压、电流与电弧图像, figureFileSmall=ooogIHTSAhfwPxbkBeaiFw==, figureFileBig=vLOxpI1NKc4IhZipFOQYbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515454468840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Arc voltage, current and arc images when post arc breakdown happened, figureFileSmall=R6AVVtur7fMXRVROJQz0Eg==, figureFileBig=gxIqF4vHOSa2XEUAKvd5dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515618046697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
弧后击穿的中频真空电弧电压、电流与电弧图像, figureFileSmall=R6AVVtur7fMXRVROJQz0Eg==, figureFileBig=gxIqF4vHOSa2XEUAKvd5dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515706127082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Arc stereo camera system, figureFileSmall=+IgGDjtppfJ8eWnzTe1hBw==, figureFileBig=dlvdNvpiHuPxv39xV1Z9DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515777430251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
电弧立体视角拍摄系统, figureFileSmall=+IgGDjtppfJ8eWnzTe1hBw==, figureFileBig=dlvdNvpiHuPxv39xV1Z9DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515857122028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Automatic detection and tracking algorithm flow of metal droplets in arc images, figureFileSmall=xsg3w9JxOhYKoJroGBPVFg==, figureFileBig=xPiBZELFGLMjDdxsmmALfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451515966173933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
电弧图像中金属液滴的自动检测与追踪算法流程, figureFileSmall=xsg3w9JxOhYKoJroGBPVFg==, figureFileBig=xPiBZELFGLMjDdxsmmALfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516092003054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Results of metal droplet detection and tracking, figureFileSmall=Zp/rvK7RFoDg7USwPSISMg==, figureFileBig=VHpYcWALXt4UgC1VWiK68w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516184277743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
金属液滴的检测与追踪结果, figureFileSmall=Zp/rvK7RFoDg7USwPSISMg==, figureFileBig=VHpYcWALXt4UgC1VWiK68w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516259775216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The spatial motion trajectory of the droplet, figureFileSmall=qyZyVzgSyBMhpl/ysuNEIg==, figureFileBig=cFyk6XbxZvx428Jz6IDmXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516314301169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
液滴的空间运动轨迹, figureFileSmall=qyZyVzgSyBMhpl/ysuNEIg==, figureFileBig=cFyk6XbxZvx428Jz6IDmXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516373021426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
SEM results of metal droplet composition, figureFileSmall=8XVpwBh99wtuUAjjXfu7gA==, figureFileBig=ihxWeZuvN0vCmxEBr63ZmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516427547379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
金属液滴成分的扫描电镜结果, figureFileSmall=8XVpwBh99wtuUAjjXfu7gA==, figureFileBig=ihxWeZuvN0vCmxEBr63ZmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516494656244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
The process by which metal droplets evaporate to release Cu vapor, figureFileSmall=jIY6oohAkwx6QEbhRd90fw==, figureFileBig=Cu3GRt8H/PMCMV2Mm1DFJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516549182197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
金属液滴蒸发释放Cu蒸气的过程, figureFileSmall=jIY6oohAkwx6QEbhRd90fw==, figureFileBig=Cu3GRt8H/PMCMV2Mm1DFJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192451516654039798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Pixel coordinates of the target metal droplets
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 时刻 | 液滴1坐标/像素 | | 液滴2坐标/像素 |
| (xleft, yleft) | (xright, yright) | (xleft, yleft) | (xright, yright) |
| t1 | (410, 158) | (409, 162) | (428, 150) | (433, 153) |
| t2 | (410, 157) | (409, 162) | (429, 149) | (434, 152) |
| t3 | (410, 157) | (409, 161) | (429, 149) | (434, 152) |
| t4 | (411, 157) | (410, 161) | (429, 148) | (435, 151) |
| t5 | (411, 156) | (410, 160) | (429, 147) | (435, 150) |
| 时刻 | 液滴3坐标/像素 | | 液滴4坐标/像素 |
| (xleft, yleft) | (xright, yright) | (xleft, yleft) | (xright, yright) |
| t1 | (304, 86.5) | (301, 84) | (308.5, 121) | (313.5, 120) |
| t2 | (304.5, 87) | (302, 84.5) | (308.5, 122) | (314, 120.5) |
| t3 | (305.5, 87) | (304, 84.5) | (309, 123) | (314.5, 121) |
| t4 | (306, 87.5) | (305.5, 85) | (309.5, 123) | (314.5, 121.5) |
| t5 | (307, 88) | (306.5, 85.5) | (309.5, 124) | (315, 122) |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451516725342967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
追踪到金属液滴的像素坐标
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 时刻 | 液滴1坐标/像素 | | 液滴2坐标/像素 |
| (xleft, yleft) | (xright, yright) | (xleft, yleft) | (xright, yright) |
| t1 | (410, 158) | (409, 162) | (428, 150) | (433, 153) |
| t2 | (410, 157) | (409, 162) | (429, 149) | (434, 152) |
| t3 | (410, 157) | (409, 161) | (429, 149) | (434, 152) |
| t4 | (411, 157) | (410, 161) | (429, 148) | (435, 151) |
| t5 | (411, 156) | (410, 160) | (429, 147) | (435, 150) |
| 时刻 | 液滴3坐标/像素 | | 液滴4坐标/像素 |
| (xleft, yleft) | (xright, yright) | (xleft, yleft) | (xright, yright) |
| t1 | (304, 86.5) | (301, 84) | (308.5, 121) | (313.5, 120) |
| t2 | (304.5, 87) | (302, 84.5) | (308.5, 122) | (314, 120.5) |
| t3 | (305.5, 87) | (304, 84.5) | (309, 123) | (314.5, 121) |
| t4 | (306, 87.5) | (305.5, 85) | (309.5, 123) | (314.5, 121.5) |
| t5 | (307, 88) | (306.5, 85.5) | (309.5, 124) | (315, 122) |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451516792451832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
The moving parameters of metal droplets in space
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 液滴1 | 液滴2 | 液滴3 | 液滴4 |
| vx/(m/s) | 4.7 | 7.0 | 16.2 | 4.4 |
| vy/(m/s) | -5.0 | -7.5 | 4.4 | 8.9 |
| vz/(m/s) | 1.1 | 2.3 | 6.0 | 2.0 |
| |v|/(m/s) | 7.0 | 10.5 | 17.8 | 10.1 |
| ax/(105 m/s2) | 1.9 | -1.0 | -0.3 | -0.1 |
| ay/(105 m/s2) | 0.1 | -1.0 | 0.2 | -0.3 |
| az/(105 m/s2) | 0.4 | -0.5 | -0.1 | -0.1 |
| |a|/(105 m/s2) | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451516872143609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
金属液滴的空间运动参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 液滴1 | 液滴2 | 液滴3 | 液滴4 |
| vx/(m/s) | 4.7 | 7.0 | 16.2 | 4.4 |
| vy/(m/s) | -5.0 | -7.5 | 4.4 | 8.9 |
| vz/(m/s) | 1.1 | 2.3 | 6.0 | 2.0 |
| |v|/(m/s) | 7.0 | 10.5 | 17.8 | 10.1 |
| ax/(105 m/s2) | 1.9 | -1.0 | -0.3 | -0.1 |
| ay/(105 m/s2) | 0.1 | -1.0 | 0.2 | -0.3 |
| az/(105 m/s2) | 0.4 | -0.5 | -0.1 | -0.1 |
| |a|/(105 m/s2) | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451516935058170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
The moving parameters of metal droplets in space
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 频率/Hz | 电流/kA | 速度/(m/s) | 加速度/(105 m/s2) |
| 360 | 20 | 15.7 | 0.3 |
| 360 | 22 | 18.3 | 0.9 |
| 500 | 18 | 21.2 | 1.1 |
| 500 | 20 | 19.3 | 0.7 |
| 650 | 15 | 10.9 | 1.3 |
| 650 | 20 | 17.6 | 0.9 |
| 800 | 13 | 9.8 | 1.8 |
| 800 | 15 | 16.6 | 1.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451517010555643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同实验条件下液滴运动参数统计结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 频率/Hz | 电流/kA | 速度/(m/s) | 加速度/(105 m/s2) |
| 360 | 20 | 15.7 | 0.3 |
| 360 | 22 | 18.3 | 0.9 |
| 500 | 18 | 21.2 | 1.1 |
| 500 | 20 | 19.3 | 0.7 |
| 650 | 15 | 10.9 | 1.3 |
| 650 | 20 | 17.6 | 0.9 |
| 800 | 13 | 9.8 | 1.8 |
| 800 | 15 | 16.6 | 1.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451517111218940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Composition of inner wall of glass
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 成分 | 质量百分比(%) | 原子百分比(%) |
| C | 7.17 | 24.56 |
| O | 5.48 | 14.11 |
| Cr | 32.89 | 26.04 |
| Cu | 54.46 | 35.29 |
| 总量 | 100 | 100 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192451517169939197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1192068208527028407, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
灭弧室玻璃内壁成分
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 成分 | 质量百分比(%) | 原子百分比(%) |
| C | 7.17 | 24.56 |
| O | 5.48 | 14.11 |
| Cr | 32.89 | 26.04 |
| Cu | 54.46 | 35.29 |
| 总量 | 100 | 100 |
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