Article(id=1190677554714525969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241955, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730390400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-01, revisedDate=1735833600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761809250763, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761809250763, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761809250763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761809250763, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190594635056689366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='2679', pageEnd='3012', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761789481176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761791537510, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2780, endPage=2794, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190677554924241170, articleId=1190677554714525969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Transient Stability Solver for Grid-Following/Forming-Converter Hybrid System Based on Alternating Calculation in Discrete Domain, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
As modern power system toward high renewable energy integration with wind, solar, and storage sources, the increasing share of inverter-based resources leads to stability challenges dominated by multi-loop control with wide-band frequency characteristics. In systems with high penetration of renewable energy, converter-based systems have presented new features, such as large-scale integration and long-distance transmission, causing system faults to exhibit large-signal transient characteristics. The hybrid connection of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) converters has emerged as a potential solution to enhance the stability and efficiency of new energy transmission. However, the high order and strong nonlinearity of these hybrid systems pose challenges to the assessment of their transient stability. Therefore, this study is dedicated to designing an effective method for evaluating the transient stability of GFL/GFM converter hybrid systems.
The research methodology starts with the construction of a detailed fourth-order nonlinear model of the hybrid system, integrating phase-locked loops and virtual synchronous generators, which serves as the basis for the proposed transient stability solution method based on alternating calculation. Further, by calculating the mutation portion at the failure moment, the method derives the computed initial values for each system of the transient process. The essence of the rotation calculations lies in performing energy calculations and resolving the angular velocities in the power angle domain, subsequently mapping them back to the time domain. In the method implementation, energy calculations are first performed for a certain converter system, the dynamics of this system is used to further estimate the motion of the other system in this step, and the order of calculations for the two systems is exchanged to perform the alternating calculations. In this process, the correspondence between the power angles of GFL and GFM control is established, which enables the complex interactive motion patterns of the hybrid system under severe disturbances to be evaluated. During the alternating computation process, for the GFL/GFM system, the equivalent kinetic energy change over the step is computed by integrating the relevant equations that take into account the damped power and kinematic properties, avoiding the uncertainty associated with neglecting damping. During the continuous iterative computation process, the computed values are exchanged and updated between the two systems to ensure accurate transient behavior of the system. Eventually, the computation is stopped after the judgment condition of stability is satisfied.
The experimental and simulation results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. It accurately depicts the variations in power angles, angular velocities, and GFM converter voltages during the transient processes of the hybrid system. The computational time of this method is significantly reduced compared to existing numerical methods, with at least an order of magnitude improvement. Additionally, the method is applicable to calculating the critical clearing time (CCT), achieving a resolution within 5 ms in the presented examples. It can also accurately characterize the out-of-sync operation of GFL and GFM converters during the fault recovery process.
In conclusion, this study provides a practical solution for evaluating the transient stability of hybrid converter systems. The developed method based on alternating calculation in the discrete domain exhibits clear physical mechanisms and relatively low computational requirements. It has the potential to be incorporated as a subsystem in large-scale simulations to accelerate the simulation speed.
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随着新能源发电渗透率的逐步提高,逆变器并网系统呈现出大容量汇集、远距离集中外送的特性。跟/构网逆变器混联并网可以充分利用二者各自优势,确保新能源外送系统的稳定运行及高效消纳。混联系统的有效暂态稳定评估对其运行具有重要的指导意义,但混联系统阶数高、非线性强,难以使用已有解析方法进行暂态同步稳定评估。为解决这一问题,该文首先建立了包含锁相环及虚拟同步机的跟/构网混联系统四阶非线性模型;然后,提出一种基于轮换计算的跟/构网逆变器混联系统暂态稳定性求解方法,其在功角域中进行能量计算及角速度求解,并映射回时间域,在各时刻下建立跟网控制和构网控制功角的对应关系,将大扰动下混联系统复杂交互运动形态分离,形成跟/构网系统的并行对称运动形态,实现了混联系统跟/构网系统相关变量的同步计算求解,其兼具能量法的动力学机理明晰、离散迭代法高计算精度的优势;最后,在仿真及实验中构建算例验证了所提方法的有效性。
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, authorsList=李锐博, 颜湘武, 蔡光, 裴建楠, 贾焦心)}, authors=[Author(id=1190723774023610447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=rb_li@ncepu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190723774103302226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, authorId=1190723774023610447, language=EN, stringName=Ruibo Li, firstName=Ruibo, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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李锐博 男,1997年生,博士研究生,研究方向为并网新能源发电建模、控制和稳定性分析。E-mail:rb_li@ncepu.edu.cn
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李锐博 男,1997年生,博士研究生,研究方向为并网新能源发电建模、控制和稳定性分析。E-mail:rb_li@ncepu.edu.cn
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Structure of GFL/GFM hybrid system, figureFileSmall=9icDRiriu30vItC68clFQA==, figureFileBig=4iWWKWBb4Qte0GrPdixhJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723778150805644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
跟/构网混联系统结构, figureFileSmall=9icDRiriu30vItC68clFQA==, figureFileBig=4iWWKWBb4Qte0GrPdixhJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723778255663245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Angular relationship of the phasors in transient processes, figureFileSmall=3ukK3kXUWT/BcVj/I9YSlQ==, figureFileBig=ptHf66cJbyAKF0maMXmEkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723778402463887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
暂态过程中各相量的角度关系, figureFileSmall=3ukK3kXUWT/BcVj/I9YSlQ==, figureFileBig=ptHf66cJbyAKF0maMXmEkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723778591207569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Structure of GFL control, figureFileSmall=gf4DvyU/utNR3Btur32PbQ==, figureFileBig=mBXL9sN4pPP3HiObkDrG8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723778721230994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
跟网型控制结构, figureFileSmall=gf4DvyU/utNR3Btur32PbQ==, figureFileBig=mBXL9sN4pPP3HiObkDrG8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723778830282900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Structure of GFM control, figureFileSmall=FT/hPgY9rDx86iQ9V6B54Q==, figureFileBig=oi1rNaUwzZxnqJJNXXiqOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723779065163926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
构网型控制结构, figureFileSmall=FT/hPgY9rDx86iQ9V6B54Q==, figureFileBig=oi1rNaUwzZxnqJJNXXiqOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723779195187352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Fourth-order transient model of hybrid system, figureFileSmall=KBcaT5fBeMm8ZZV/fMhESQ==, figureFileBig=J/jzJLInydy7IUs41kWLbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723779287462042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
混联系统的四阶暂态模型, figureFileSmall=KBcaT5fBeMm8ZZV/fMhESQ==, figureFileBig=J/jzJLInydy7IUs41kWLbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723779434262684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Equivalent physical model for hybrid system, figureFileSmall=LMq0FeSdvDwrpcfsfzIwIQ==, figureFileBig=OXn6bd50gNBfls3dQho/XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723779543314590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
混联系统的等效物理模型, figureFileSmall=LMq0FeSdvDwrpcfsfzIwIQ==, figureFileBig=OXn6bd50gNBfls3dQho/XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723779656560800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The structure of transient calculations for hybrid systems in the first swing, figureFileSmall=Pbpp6Jaa3bfBPkGNp1ItLQ==, figureFileBig=0RLp8zHn4j4VfQeD2ZPrbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723779786584226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
第一摆中混联系统暂态计算结构, figureFileSmall=Pbpp6Jaa3bfBPkGNp1ItLQ==, figureFileBig=0RLp8zHn4j4VfQeD2ZPrbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723779874664612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Transient stability solver based on alternating calculation, figureFileSmall=5Gub0Q8kd6h/qSqJJb1Qnw==, figureFileBig=SrJCo4kEHlSVDQ0GQ/68Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723780013076646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
基于轮换计算的暂态稳定性求解方法, figureFileSmall=5Gub0Q8kd6h/qSqJJb1Qnw==, figureFileBig=SrJCo4kEHlSVDQ0GQ/68Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723780113739944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Phase trajectories and voltage/power waveforms of system under 0.3(pu) voltage dips, figureFileSmall=w8lzKXaRj5wD0UoE67Pepw==, figureFileBig=X820vtquH8LUKkS8gvXcrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723780373786794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
0.3(pu)电压跌落下各系统相轨迹及电压、功率波形, figureFileSmall=w8lzKXaRj5wD0UoE67Pepw==, figureFileBig=X820vtquH8LUKkS8gvXcrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723780700942508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Phase trajectories and voltage/power waveforms of system under 0.31(pu) voltage dips, figureFileSmall=/lr4i0/iqoyPCArpHHmtTw==, figureFileBig=2VTw9oZC5Se0+gX86zwhvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723781250396334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
0.31(pu)电压跌落下各系统相轨迹及电压、功率波形, figureFileSmall=/lr4i0/iqoyPCArpHHmtTw==, figureFileBig=2VTw9oZC5Se0+gX86zwhvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723781665632432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
System phase trajectory during 0.7(pu) voltage dips to voltage recovery, figureFileSmall=mtlzGtZOh1L1/YsZ3R0Njg==, figureFileBig=FmGtgbzODCcF6Z0R0t1YCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723781783072946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
0.7(pu)电压跌落至电压恢复过程中系统相轨迹, figureFileSmall=mtlzGtZOh1L1/YsZ3R0Njg==, figureFileBig=FmGtgbzODCcF6Z0R0t1YCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723781917290676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Test platform based on SpaceR HiL setup, figureFileSmall=wIy/fSBFSGEJtKwly3aReg==, figureFileBig=jkPSSeivAuTK5DhnLKR0Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723782127005878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
SpaceR硬件在环测试平台, figureFileSmall=wIy/fSBFSGEJtKwly3aReg==, figureFileBig=jkPSSeivAuTK5DhnLKR0Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723782303166648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Waveforms of GFL/GFM system under different permanent drops, figureFileSmall=0PRffW/ay0G2RNAq9Ls0jw==, figureFileBig=cY/oy8ee8G7e92rsmRr8Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723782374469818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
不同永久跌落下跟/构网系统功角及角速度波形, figureFileSmall=0PRffW/ay0G2RNAq9Ls0jw==, figureFileBig=cY/oy8ee8G7e92rsmRr8Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723782521270460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
Waveforms of GFL/GFM system with different CCT, figureFileSmall=iSc46UWooXXmYCvY32hnSA==, figureFileBig=pd/kQ7u9vf81BQzjhZXhYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723782600962238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
不同CCT下跟/构网系统功角及角速度波形, figureFileSmall=iSc46UWooXXmYCvY32hnSA==, figureFileBig=pd/kQ7u9vf81BQzjhZXhYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723782705819840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Parameters of benchmark system
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参 数 | 数 值 | 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 额定容量/MW | 100 | 额定频率/Hz | 50 |
| Xg(pu) | 0.3 | Xm(pu) | 0.1 |
| Xl(pu) | 0.2 | Ild(pu) | 0.9 |
| kp | 60 | ki | 1 400 |
| J | 20 | D | 50 |
| Kq | 0.1 | Pref(pu) | 0.9 |
| Qref(pu) | 0.4 | Uref(pu) | 1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723784794583234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
测试系统参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参 数 | 数 值 | 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 额定容量/MW | 100 | 额定频率/Hz | 50 |
| Xg(pu) | 0.3 | Xm(pu) | 0.1 |
| Xl(pu) | 0.2 | Ild(pu) | 0.9 |
| kp | 60 | ki | 1 400 |
| J | 20 | D | 50 |
| Kq | 0.1 | Pref(pu) | 0.9 |
| Qref(pu) | 0.4 | Uref(pu) | 1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723785704747204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Comparison of transient computation time
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 暂态场景 | 求解方法 | 求解步长 | 求解时长/ms |
场景1 (稳定) | 本文方法 | 1×10-4 rad | 5.58 |
| 时域四阶方程 | 1×10-4 s | 274 |
| 时域仿真(加速) | 1×10-4 s | 448 |
场景2 (失稳) | 本文方法 | 1×10-4 rad | 11.59 |
| 时域四阶方程 | 1×10-4 s | 217 |
| 时域仿真(加速) | 1×10-4 s | 283 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723786015125701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190677554714525969, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
暂态求解时间对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 暂态场景 | 求解方法 | 求解步长 | 求解时长/ms |
场景1 (稳定) | 本文方法 | 1×10-4 rad | 5.58 |
| 时域四阶方程 | 1×10-4 s | 274 |
| 时域仿真(加速) | 1×10-4 s | 448 |
场景2 (失稳) | 本文方法 | 1×10-4 rad | 11.59 |
| 时域四阶方程 | 1×10-4 s | 217 |
| 时域仿真(加速) | 1×10-4 s | 283 |
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