Article(id=1190597297441485120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241243, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720713600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-12, revisedDate=1731772800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761790115938, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761790115938, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761790115938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761790115938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190594635056689366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='2679', pageEnd='3012', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761789481176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761791537510, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2996, endPage=3012, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190597297667977538, articleId=1190597297441485120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=A Novel Remaining Useful Life Prediction Method Based on Fusion Feature and OOA-BiGRU for Lithium-Ion Batteries, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the continuous development of the new energy vehicle industry, lithium-ion batteries are used in large quantities as on-board power batteries. The battery management system (BMS) is responsible for monitoring, evaluating, maintaining, and optimizing the performance and life of Li-ion batteries, and the prediction of c is an important part of the BMS. Accurate prediction of a battery's RUL helps identify batteries that are nearing the end of their life to prevent potential safety risks such as overheating, combustion, or explosion, and allows O&M personnel to schedule battery maintenance and replacements based on the battery’s actual state of health, rather than on a pre-determined schedule, thereby reducing unnecessary O&M costs. However, lithium-ion batteries exhibit nonlinear aging trends due to their complex internal chemical reactions during use, and the aging process of batteries usually exhibits multi-stage degradation, which increases the difficulty of RUL prediction. In view of this, this paper proposes a RUL prediction method for lithium-ion batteries based on public battery data from the University of Maryland and lithium iron phosphate battery data collected by the group's own laboratory, and the main research contributions are as follows:
Aiming at the problem that battery capacity is difficult to be measured directly, and the poor ability of traditional network models to capture multi-feature input information, a method is proposed to optimize the bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) network based on the fusion feature and the osprey optimization algorithm (OOA) for RUL prediction of lithium-ion batteries. Simple and easy-to-measure current, voltage and time data during battery aging are collected, from which the health factors that can reflect the aging trend of the battery are extracted. The Savitzky-Golay filtering method is selected to reduce the influence of noise on the prediction accuracy. A fusion feature screening strategy combining filter and wrapper is proposed to reduce the complexity of the model and prevent model overfitting. Considering the insufficient ability of the traditional model to capture battery aging information when dealing with multi-feature inputs, the GRU network, which predicts only based on historical information, is upgraded to the BiGRU network, which is capable of handling both forward and backward information of the sequences. The BiGRU network is able to understand the overall structure and dynamic properties of the sequences in a more in-depth manner, better integrate the multi-dimensional features, and adapt to dependencies in different time scales. OOA is used to effectively optimize the hyper parameters inside the BiGRU model, which improves the prediction accuracy of the model and also realizes the automatic configuration of the parameters. Different types of battery data are used to compare the proposed method with traditional network models to verify the reliability of the proposed OOA-BiGRU model. In addition, the effect of the proposed fusion feature prediction is compared with all feature prediction and filtered feature prediction, which proves that the fusion feature better represents the aging degree of the battery and improves the accuracy of the model prediction.
The research results of this paper provide a new method and idea for RUL prediction of lithium-ion power batteries, which can be applied to the BMS system of new energy vehicles and is of practical significance.
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随着新能源汽车产业的持续发展,锂离子电池被大量用作车载动力电池。电池管理系统(BMS)负责监测、评估、维护和优化锂离子电池的性能和寿命,其中剩余使用寿命(RUL)预测是BMS中的重要组成部分。该文提出一种基于融合特征和鱼鹰优化算法(OOA)优化双向门控循环单元(BiGRU)网络的锂离子电池RUL预测方法。针对电池容量难以直接测量的问题,采集电池老化过程中简单易测量的电流、电压和时间数据,从中提取能反映电池老化趋势的健康因子。提出一种结合过滤器与包装器的融合特征筛选策略,降低模型的复杂度,防止模型过拟合。搭建BiGRU网络,深入地研究序列整体结构和动态特性,整合多维度特征,适应不同时间尺度的依赖关系。采用OOA对BiGRU模型内部的超参数进行有效的优化,提高了模型的预测精度,同时实现了参数的自配置。将所提方法与传统网络模型在不同电池数据上进行比对,验证所提OOA-BiGRU模型的可靠性。另外,将提出的融合特征预测与全部特征预测和过滤特征预测的效果进行比较,证明融合特征可更好地表示电池的老化程度,提高模型预测的准确度。
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, authorsList=孙静, 翟千淳)}, authors=[Author(id=1190730826133418686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=sunjing@sdu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190730826213110464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, authorId=1190730826133418686, language=EN, stringName=Jing Sun, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=Sun, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Information and Electronic Engineering Shandong Technology and Business University Yantai 264005 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190730826280219329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, authorId=1190730826133418686, language=CN, stringName=孙静, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=山东工商学院信息与电子工程学院 烟台 264005, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190730826062115514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190730826070504123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, companyId=1190730826062115514, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Information and Electronic Engineering Shandong Technology and Business University Yantai 264005 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190730826074698428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, companyId=1190730826062115514, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东工商学院信息与电子工程学院 烟台 264005)])]), Author(id=1190730826330550979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1030033160@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190730826410242757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, authorId=1190730826330550979, language=EN, stringName=Qianchun Zhai, firstName=Qianchun, middleName=null, lastName=Zhai, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Information and Electronic Engineering Shandong Technology and Business University Yantai 264005 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190730826473157318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, authorId=1190730826330550979, language=CN, stringName=翟千淳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=山东工商学院信息与电子工程学院 烟台 264005, bio={"content":"
翟千淳 男,1999年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为锂离子电池健康状态估计与剩余使用寿命预测。E-mail:1030033160@qq.com
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翟千淳 男,1999年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为锂离子电池健康状态估计与剩余使用寿命预测。E-mail:1030033160@qq.com
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Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,
2024,
127: 107199., articleTitle=Lithium-ion battery state of health estimation using a hybrid model based on a convolutional neural network and bidirectional gated recurrent unit, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190730832160633617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, awardId=2023JCYJ043, language=CN, fundingSource=烟台市科技创新发展计划基础研究类项目(2023JCYJ043), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190730832231936786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, awardId=ZR2021ME236, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2021ME236), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190730832320017171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, awardId=2020KJN005, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省高校青年创新团队科技支撑计划(2020KJN005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190730826062115514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190730826070504123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, companyId=1190730826062115514, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Information and Electronic Engineering Shandong Technology and Business University Yantai 264005 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190730826074698428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, companyId=1190730826062115514, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东工商学院信息与电子工程学院 烟台 264005)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190730827421070033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
RUL prediction process based on fusion feature and OOA-BiGRU model, figureFileSmall=Xz5HSIanjk9OKP5QIVslZw==, figureFileBig=XpMVR+E4+qonalnvVPCtcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730827479790290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
基于融合特征和OOA-BiGRU模型的RUL预测流程, figureFileSmall=Xz5HSIanjk9OKP5QIVslZw==, figureFileBig=XpMVR+E4+qonalnvVPCtcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730827563676371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
The group's own battery aging test platform, figureFileSmall=Yrfk3PBlSRfD1RbpiSWnzQ==, figureFileBig=dRf7Z5qxKGA7zEX4E2ndow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730827639173844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
课题组自有电池老化测试平台, figureFileSmall=Yrfk3PBlSRfD1RbpiSWnzQ==, figureFileBig=dRf7Z5qxKGA7zEX4E2ndow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730827702088405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Unit structure of GRU, figureFileSmall=2T8DJl75RFCmdSEdEbikWQ==, figureFileBig=jgboS2iAfQIrdMT4qoynfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730827785974486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
GRU单元结构, figureFileSmall=2T8DJl75RFCmdSEdEbikWQ==, figureFileBig=jgboS2iAfQIrdMT4qoynfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730827848889047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Network structure of BiGRU, figureFileSmall=IQl+VrZyIMyWlZjp0kAcmQ==, figureFileBig=WDREZC3mMIpE38ijcY4NOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730827907609304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
BiGRU网络结构, figureFileSmall=IQl+VrZyIMyWlZjp0kAcmQ==, figureFileBig=WDREZC3mMIpE38ijcY4NOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730827957940953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
CCCT curve and CVCT curve for CS2_33, figureFileSmall=/SMF7d7jrZqxmN2/mqoY2w==, figureFileBig=mo9eg5nS3adw4EYMbdmV7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828041827034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
CS2_33的CCCT曲线和CVCT曲线, figureFileSmall=/SMF7d7jrZqxmN2/mqoY2w==, figureFileBig=mo9eg5nS3adw4EYMbdmV7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828104741595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
CCCT curve and CVCT curve for CX2_37, figureFileSmall=/Yticyj8fInLSYjQut/qFg==, figureFileBig=GR6IgWy77QkBLbi14+WYWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828163461852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
CX2_37的CCCT曲线和CVCT曲线, figureFileSmall=/Yticyj8fInLSYjQut/qFg==, figureFileBig=GR6IgWy77QkBLbi14+WYWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828226376413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
CCCT curve and CVCT curve for M09, figureFileSmall=D7k/kGQ6xQTWkkXjVfzmIA==, figureFileBig=g3ZCjMtVsXoBNtdUfdj/hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828301873886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
M09的CCCT曲线和CVCT曲线, figureFileSmall=D7k/kGQ6xQTWkkXjVfzmIA==, figureFileBig=g3ZCjMtVsXoBNtdUfdj/hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828364788447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
CCCT curve and CVCT curve for M10, figureFileSmall=CNUYfvXQ1l4M61OZAP9RRg==, figureFileBig=sBteUDyW3Id/76is+RuGKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828448674528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
M10的CCCT曲线和CVCT曲线, figureFileSmall=CNUYfvXQ1l4M61OZAP9RRg==, figureFileBig=sBteUDyW3Id/76is+RuGKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828511589089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Charging voltage versus time curve for each cycle, figureFileSmall=CIS7Y19zoKztDU7N4OHmYA==, figureFileBig=hhD1hFXWr4FXCZ9+M48fNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828578697954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
每个循环的充电电压随时间的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=CIS7Y19zoKztDU7N4OHmYA==, figureFileBig=hhD1hFXWr4FXCZ9+M48fNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828641612515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Equal time voltage increments for CS2_33, figureFileSmall=08ZSkxa8eRULZpnOlBkVwQ==, figureFileBig=pJOD7zUsLf0O0g9eVE0INg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828712915684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
CS2_33的等时间电压增量, figureFileSmall=08ZSkxa8eRULZpnOlBkVwQ==, figureFileBig=pJOD7zUsLf0O0g9eVE0INg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828780024549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Equal time voltage increments for CX2_37, figureFileSmall=Ckl+SxLIIQ92lz1N+ehGdg==, figureFileBig=7P6lF/XPB5WZn1N2SuSm/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828847133414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
CX2_37的等时间电压增量, figureFileSmall=Ckl+SxLIIQ92lz1N+ehGdg==, figureFileBig=7P6lF/XPB5WZn1N2SuSm/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828922630887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Equal time voltage increments for M09, figureFileSmall=qVFzF0GFyblxzp3xEsBqIw==, figureFileBig=S34A5tP+Jx/bdIqwE0y2hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730828993934056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
M09的等时间电压增量, figureFileSmall=qVFzF0GFyblxzp3xEsBqIw==, figureFileBig=S34A5tP+Jx/bdIqwE0y2hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829056848617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=
Equal time voltage increments for M10, figureFileSmall=yvwckFT52JTTfBDmrW5lIQ==, figureFileBig=ExZYXzGb7TRb/M2/YoaKnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829136540394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
M10的等时间电压增量, figureFileSmall=yvwckFT52JTTfBDmrW5lIQ==, figureFileBig=ExZYXzGb7TRb/M2/YoaKnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829203649259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
Equal voltage rise time curves for CS2_33, figureFileSmall=RRUf0EyerzyCgOYXWCpikQ==, figureFileBig=Gz3slSCYsT0K+tDDdkGLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829270758124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
CS2_33的等电压上升时间曲线, figureFileSmall=RRUf0EyerzyCgOYXWCpikQ==, figureFileBig=Gz3slSCYsT0K+tDDdkGLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829337866989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=
Equal voltage rise time curves for CX2_37, figureFileSmall=Vwm9BTth/1+e/WRuQFddYA==, figureFileBig=itG28X2BUaxAuljZXQ559w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829400781550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图15, caption=
CX2_37的等电压上升时间曲线, figureFileSmall=Vwm9BTth/1+e/WRuQFddYA==, figureFileBig=itG28X2BUaxAuljZXQ559w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829467890415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=
Equal voltage rise time curves for M09, figureFileSmall=+K4wq0wrqsp90hRtKg3XMw==, figureFileBig=zBwoaZcYzvqw+3BIdrCJaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829530804976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图16, caption=
M09的等电压上升时间曲线, figureFileSmall=+K4wq0wrqsp90hRtKg3XMw==, figureFileBig=zBwoaZcYzvqw+3BIdrCJaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829593719537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=
Equal voltage rise time curves for M10, figureFileSmall=L25vv1HO1PZA6FRYjk4LdQ==, figureFileBig=txcFREO/PVEqi71hE73qgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829652439794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图17, caption=
M10的等电压上升时间曲线, figureFileSmall=L25vv1HO1PZA6FRYjk4LdQ==, figureFileBig=txcFREO/PVEqi71hE73qgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829706965747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=
RUL prediction result for CS2_33, figureFileSmall=UVLnDA77pWJfy7AztyK0dA==, figureFileBig=lYKCkyoEssYci1u1cKpvBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829769880308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图18, caption=
CS2_33RUL预测结果, figureFileSmall=UVLnDA77pWJfy7AztyK0dA==, figureFileBig=lYKCkyoEssYci1u1cKpvBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829832794869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=
Boxplot of RUL prediction error for CS2_33, figureFileSmall=RKHRVkoSkwrP6rIc67o59g==, figureFileBig=CbZj11LrhDxggxZup3HDTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829895709430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图19, caption=
CS2_33 RUL预测误差箱线图, figureFileSmall=RKHRVkoSkwrP6rIc67o59g==, figureFileBig=CbZj11LrhDxggxZup3HDTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730829975401207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=
RUL prediction result for CX2_37, figureFileSmall=Noo+txeJQld3lAY5UKNARw==, figureFileBig=L1s0OqSXKo77gbo1/nutOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830038315768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图20, caption=
CX2_37 RUL预测结果, figureFileSmall=Noo+txeJQld3lAY5UKNARw==, figureFileBig=L1s0OqSXKo77gbo1/nutOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830118007545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=
Boxplot of RUL prediction error for CX2_37, figureFileSmall=cac6ybSwKzUqtb6UFpigow==, figureFileBig=OUIlr6OKU7ahqmgt626gZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830180922106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图21, caption=
CX2_37RUL预测误差箱线图, figureFileSmall=cac6ybSwKzUqtb6UFpigow==, figureFileBig=OUIlr6OKU7ahqmgt626gZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830256419579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=
RUL prediction result for M09, figureFileSmall=odMFNKu64x62DJmsvd0nYw==, figureFileBig=VZrEOnSA5lwRVWETkDpQvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830336111356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图22, caption=
M09 RUL预测结果, figureFileSmall=odMFNKu64x62DJmsvd0nYw==, figureFileBig=VZrEOnSA5lwRVWETkDpQvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830415803133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=
Boxplot of RUL prediction error for M09, figureFileSmall=4hFwdlVSbvj/bnjc+kGtww==, figureFileBig=SEzbX3g4LozmcwbskoGvsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830491300606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图23, caption=
M09 RUL预测误差箱线图, figureFileSmall=4hFwdlVSbvj/bnjc+kGtww==, figureFileBig=SEzbX3g4LozmcwbskoGvsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830566798079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.24, caption=
RUL prediction result for M10, figureFileSmall=0iz1i0AFL/JVQliz1sL2Bw==, figureFileBig=wCbLuuhXz+4wOn/DSUbNCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830659072768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图24, caption=
M10 RUL预测结果, figureFileSmall=0iz1i0AFL/JVQliz1sL2Bw==, figureFileBig=wCbLuuhXz+4wOn/DSUbNCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830726181633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=
Boxplot of RUL prediction error for M10, figureFileSmall=HRP7D3dm5PEIgTPdaWujOg==, figureFileBig=7s6mzyunyTrC4u2uXWo+Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830801679106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=图25, caption=
M10 RUL预测误差箱线图, figureFileSmall=HRP7D3dm5PEIgTPdaWujOg==, figureFileBig=7s6mzyunyTrC4u2uXWo+Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190730830872982275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Parameters of battery properties for different models
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 属性 | CS2_33 | CX2_37 | M09 | M10 |
| 电极成分 | LiCoO2 | LiCoO2 | LiFePO4 | LiFePO4 |
| 外形 | 长方体 | 长方体 | 圆柱体 | 圆柱体 |
| 额定容量/(A•h) | 1.1 | 1.35 | 1.55 | 1.55 |
| 恒定充电电流/A | 0.55 | 0.675 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 充电截止电压/V | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| 恒定放电电流/A | 1.1 | 1.35 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 放电截止电压/ V | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| 老化循环次数 | 568 | 979 | 380 | 337 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730830990422788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同型号电池属性参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 属性 | CS2_33 | CX2_37 | M09 | M10 |
| 电极成分 | LiCoO2 | LiCoO2 | LiFePO4 | LiFePO4 |
| 外形 | 长方体 | 长方体 | 圆柱体 | 圆柱体 |
| 额定容量/(A•h) | 1.1 | 1.35 | 1.55 | 1.55 |
| 恒定充电电流/A | 0.55 | 0.675 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 充电截止电压/V | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| 恒定放电电流/A | 1.1 | 1.35 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 放电截止电压/ V | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| 老化循环次数 | 568 | 979 | 380 | 337 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831074308869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Selected HF from different batteries
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| HF | CS2_33/CX2_37 | M09/M10 |
| F1 | 恒流充电时间 | 恒流充电时间 |
| F2 | 恒压充电时间 | 恒压充电时间 |
| F3 | 等时间电压增量 (3.8 V_2 400 s) | 等时间电压增量 (3.3 V_2 000 s) |
| F4 | 等时间电压增量 (3.9 V_2 400 s) | 等时间电压增量 (3.4 V_2 000 s) |
| F5 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点斜率值 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点斜率值 |
| F6 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点时间 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点时间 |
| F7 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点电压值 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点电压值 |
| F8 | 等电压上升时间 (3.8~3.9 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.25~3.35 V) |
| F9 | 等电压上升时间 (3.9~4.0 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.35~3.45 V) |
| F10 | 等电压上升时间 (3.8~4.0 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.25~3.45 V) |
| F11 | 等电压上升时间 (3.9~4.1 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.35~3.55 V) |
| F12 | 等电压上升时间 (3.8~4.1 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.25~3.55 V) |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831154000646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同电池选取出的HF
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| HF | CS2_33/CX2_37 | M09/M10 |
| F1 | 恒流充电时间 | 恒流充电时间 |
| F2 | 恒压充电时间 | 恒压充电时间 |
| F3 | 等时间电压增量 (3.8 V_2 400 s) | 等时间电压增量 (3.3 V_2 000 s) |
| F4 | 等时间电压增量 (3.9 V_2 400 s) | 等时间电压增量 (3.4 V_2 000 s) |
| F5 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点斜率值 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点斜率值 |
| F6 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点时间 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点时间 |
| F7 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点电压值 | 充电电压曲线斜率 最低点电压值 |
| F8 | 等电压上升时间 (3.8~3.9 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.25~3.35 V) |
| F9 | 等电压上升时间 (3.9~4.0 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.35~3.45 V) |
| F10 | 等电压上升时间 (3.8~4.0 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.25~3.45 V) |
| F11 | 等电压上升时间 (3.9~4.1 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.35~3.55 V) |
| F12 | 等电压上升时间 (3.8~4.1 V) | 等电压上升时间 (3.25~3.55 V) |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831229498119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Pearson's correlation coefficients between different HFs and battery aging states
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| HF | CS2_33 | CX2_37 | M09 | M10 |
| F1 | 0.998 06 | 0.998 41 | 0.999 55 | 0.999 68 |
| F2 | -0.934 08 | -0.931 96 | -0.888 63 | -0.843 99 |
| F3 | -0.965 45 | -0.976 55 | -0.916 39 | -0.928 72 |
| F4 | -0.871 02 | -0.982 28 | -0.970 97 | -0.966 07 |
| F5 | -0.994 64 | -0.990 67 | -0.769 54 | -0.915 82 |
| F6 | 0.796 43 | 0.488 64 | 0.647 46 | 0.742 34 |
| F7 | -0.954 07 | -0.891 48 | -0.438 50 | -0.690 80 |
| F8 | 0.974 41 | 0.973 63 | 0.981 51 | 0.965 32 |
| F9 | 0.890 23 | 0.995 31 | 0.971 32 | 0.951 93 |
| F10 | 0.987 51 | 0.996 04 | 0.974 07 | 0.955 19 |
| F11 | 0.878 59 | 0.991 46 | 0.981 69 | 0.997 77 |
| F12 | 0.985 94 | 0.997 14 | 0.985 79 | 0.996 83 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831321772808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同HF与电池老化状态的皮尔逊相关系数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| HF | CS2_33 | CX2_37 | M09 | M10 |
| F1 | 0.998 06 | 0.998 41 | 0.999 55 | 0.999 68 |
| F2 | -0.934 08 | -0.931 96 | -0.888 63 | -0.843 99 |
| F3 | -0.965 45 | -0.976 55 | -0.916 39 | -0.928 72 |
| F4 | -0.871 02 | -0.982 28 | -0.970 97 | -0.966 07 |
| F5 | -0.994 64 | -0.990 67 | -0.769 54 | -0.915 82 |
| F6 | 0.796 43 | 0.488 64 | 0.647 46 | 0.742 34 |
| F7 | -0.954 07 | -0.891 48 | -0.438 50 | -0.690 80 |
| F8 | 0.974 41 | 0.973 63 | 0.981 51 | 0.965 32 |
| F9 | 0.890 23 | 0.995 31 | 0.971 32 | 0.951 93 |
| F10 | 0.987 51 | 0.996 04 | 0.974 07 | 0.955 19 |
| F11 | 0.878 59 | 0.991 46 | 0.981 69 | 0.997 77 |
| F12 | 0.985 94 | 0.997 14 | 0.985 79 | 0.996 83 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831414047497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Fusion feature of RUL prediction for different batteries
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| HF | CS2_33 | CX2_37 | M09 | M10 |
| F1 | × | √ | √ | × |
| F2 | × | × | × | × |
| F3 | × | × | × | × |
| F4 | × | × | × | √ |
| F5 | √ | × | × | × |
| F6 | × | × | × | × |
| F7 | × | × | × | × |
| F8 | × | × | √ | × |
| F9 | × | √ | × | × |
| F10 | √ | × | × | × |
| F11 | × | × | √ | √ |
| F12 | √ | √ | × | × |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831510516490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
不同电池RUL预测的融合特征
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| HF | CS2_33 | CX2_37 | M09 | M10 |
| F1 | × | √ | √ | × |
| F2 | × | × | × | × |
| F3 | × | × | × | × |
| F4 | × | × | × | √ |
| F5 | √ | × | × | × |
| F6 | × | × | × | × |
| F7 | × | × | × | × |
| F8 | × | × | √ | × |
| F9 | × | √ | × | × |
| F10 | √ | × | × | × |
| F11 | × | × | √ | √ |
| F12 | √ | √ | × | × |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831590208267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Comparison of predictive effectiveness of BiGRU model with other models based on all features
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 电池 | 预测方法 | RMSE | MAE | MAPE(%) | R2 |
| CS2_33 | OOA-BiGRU | 0.024 5 | 0.020 5 | 2.551 8 | 0.951 6 |
| BiGRU | 0.036 9 | 0.021 6 | 2.903 8 | 0.897 8 |
| GRU | 0.037 1 | 0.032 9 | 3.937 7 | 0.896 5 |
| RNN | 0.042 7 | 0.028 8 | 3.753 1 | 0.863 0 |
| CNN | 0.049 0 | 0.038 6 | 4.827 0 | 0.819 5 |
| CX2_37 | OOA-BiGRU | 0.008 3 | 0.007 0 | 0.743 7 | 0.989 8 |
| BiGRU | 0.017 9 | 0.013 2 | 1.4504 | 0.958 9 |
| GRU | 0.022 7 | 0.016 7 | 1.831 6 | 0.933 4 |
| RNN | 0.023 2 | 0.017 5 | 1.895 5 | 0.930 5 |
| CNN | 0.043 8 | 0.030 7 | 3.398 1 | 0.753 3 |
| M09 | OOA-BiGRU | 0.012 3 | 0.010 7 | 0.878 9 | 0.982 9 |
| BiGRU | 0.032 9 | 0.026 2 | 2.144 5 | 0.872 1 |
| GRU | 0.037 9 | 0.022 8 | 1.936 6 | 0.829 7 |
| RNN | 0.040 5 | 0.026 1 | 2.234 5 | 0.806 0 |
| CNN | 0.044 8 | 0.036 1 | 2.937 5 | 0.762 6 |
| M10 | OOA-BiGRU | 0.002 7 | 0.002 3 | 0.183 1 | 0.998 2 |
| BiGRU | 0.010 9 | 0.009 5 | 0.742 1 | 0.971 8 |
| GRU | 0.014 8 | 0.012 8 | 1.004 2 | 0.947 6 |
| RNN | 0.018 8 | 0.011 4 | 0.921 7 | 0.915 3 |
| CNN | 0.023 0 | 0.019 4 | 1.471 9 | 0.873 3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831674094348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
BiGRU模型与其他模型基于全部特征的预测效果对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 电池 | 预测方法 | RMSE | MAE | MAPE(%) | R2 |
| CS2_33 | OOA-BiGRU | 0.024 5 | 0.020 5 | 2.551 8 | 0.951 6 |
| BiGRU | 0.036 9 | 0.021 6 | 2.903 8 | 0.897 8 |
| GRU | 0.037 1 | 0.032 9 | 3.937 7 | 0.896 5 |
| RNN | 0.042 7 | 0.028 8 | 3.753 1 | 0.863 0 |
| CNN | 0.049 0 | 0.038 6 | 4.827 0 | 0.819 5 |
| CX2_37 | OOA-BiGRU | 0.008 3 | 0.007 0 | 0.743 7 | 0.989 8 |
| BiGRU | 0.017 9 | 0.013 2 | 1.4504 | 0.958 9 |
| GRU | 0.022 7 | 0.016 7 | 1.831 6 | 0.933 4 |
| RNN | 0.023 2 | 0.017 5 | 1.895 5 | 0.930 5 |
| CNN | 0.043 8 | 0.030 7 | 3.398 1 | 0.753 3 |
| M09 | OOA-BiGRU | 0.012 3 | 0.010 7 | 0.878 9 | 0.982 9 |
| BiGRU | 0.032 9 | 0.026 2 | 2.144 5 | 0.872 1 |
| GRU | 0.037 9 | 0.022 8 | 1.936 6 | 0.829 7 |
| RNN | 0.040 5 | 0.026 1 | 2.234 5 | 0.806 0 |
| CNN | 0.044 8 | 0.036 1 | 2.937 5 | 0.762 6 |
| M10 | OOA-BiGRU | 0.002 7 | 0.002 3 | 0.183 1 | 0.998 2 |
| BiGRU | 0.010 9 | 0.009 5 | 0.742 1 | 0.971 8 |
| GRU | 0.014 8 | 0.012 8 | 1.004 2 | 0.947 6 |
| RNN | 0.018 8 | 0.011 4 | 0.921 7 | 0.915 3 |
| CNN | 0.023 0 | 0.019 4 | 1.471 9 | 0.873 3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831757980429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
Comparison of predictive effectiveness of OOA-BiGRU model with other models based on all features
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 电池 | 预测方法 | RMSE | MAE | MAPE(%) | R2 |
| CS2_33 | FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.004 0 | 0.002 9 | 0.345 6 | 0.998 7 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.012 8 | 0.010 5 | 1.286 3 | 0.986 7 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 0.024 5 | 0.020 5 | 2.551 8 | 0.951 6 |
| CX2_37 | FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.003 7 | 0.002 8 | 0.287 5 | 0.997 9 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.006 9 | 0.005 6 | 0.600 5 | 0.993 0 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 0.008 3 | 0.007 0 | 0.743 7 | 0.989 8 |
| M09 | FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.002 1 | 0.001 2 | 0.098 3 | 0.999 5 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.011 6 | 0.008 8 | 0.736 8 | 0.984 8 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 0.012 3 | 0.010 7 | 0.878 9 | 0.982 9 |
| M10 | FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.000 7 | 0.000 5 | 0.038 4 | 0.999 9 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.002 0 | 0.001 7 | 0.132 1 | 0.999 1 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 0.002 7 | 0.002 3 | 0.183 1 | 0.998 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831841866510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
OOA-BiGRU模型在不同特征上的老化预测结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 电池 | 预测方法 | RMSE | MAE | MAPE(%) | R2 |
| CS2_33 | FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.004 0 | 0.002 9 | 0.345 6 | 0.998 7 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.012 8 | 0.010 5 | 1.286 3 | 0.986 7 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 0.024 5 | 0.020 5 | 2.551 8 | 0.951 6 |
| CX2_37 | FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.003 7 | 0.002 8 | 0.287 5 | 0.997 9 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.006 9 | 0.005 6 | 0.600 5 | 0.993 0 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 0.008 3 | 0.007 0 | 0.743 7 | 0.989 8 |
| M09 | FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.002 1 | 0.001 2 | 0.098 3 | 0.999 5 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.011 6 | 0.008 8 | 0.736 8 | 0.984 8 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 0.012 3 | 0.010 7 | 0.878 9 | 0.982 9 |
| M10 | FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.000 7 | 0.000 5 | 0.038 4 | 0.999 9 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 0.002 0 | 0.001 7 | 0.132 1 | 0.999 1 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 0.002 7 | 0.002 3 | 0.183 1 | 0.998 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730831938335503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=
RUL prediction results and errors of OOA-BiGRU model on different features
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| 电池 | 预测方法 | RUL | RUL_error |
| CS2_33 | 真实值 | 248 | |
| FUE-OOA-BiGRU | 249 | 1 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 251 | 3 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 252 | 4 |
| CX2_37 | 真实值 | 386 | |
| FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 387 | 1 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 394 | 8 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 396 | 10 |
| M09 | 真实值 | 150 | |
| FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 151 | 1 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 153 | 3 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 153 | 3 |
| M10 | 真实值 | 137 | |
| FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 137 | 0 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 139 | 2 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 140 | 3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190730832018027280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597297441485120, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
OOA-BiGRU模型在不同特征上的RUL预测结果及误差
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| 电池 | 预测方法 | RUL | RUL_error |
| CS2_33 | 真实值 | 248 | |
| FUE-OOA-BiGRU | 249 | 1 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 251 | 3 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 252 | 4 |
| CX2_37 | 真实值 | 386 | |
| FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 387 | 1 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 394 | 8 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 396 | 10 |
| M09 | 真实值 | 150 | |
| FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 151 | 1 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 153 | 3 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 153 | 3 |
| M10 | 真实值 | 137 | |
| FUF-OOA-BiGRU | 137 | 0 |
| FIF-OOA-BiGRU | 139 | 2 |
| OOA-BiGRU | 140 | 3 |
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