Article(id=1190597049667170423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240638, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=1718899200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761790056863, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761790056863, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761790056863, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761790056863, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190594635056689366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='2679', pageEnd='3012', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761789481176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761791537510, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2917, endPage=2930, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190597049872691321, articleId=1190597049667170423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=High-Precision Semantic Segmentation of Point Clouds for Primary Equipment in Substations Based on DI-PointNet, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In substation robot inspection tasks, high-precision semantic segmentation of 3D point cloud data is one of the key technologies. Traditional point cloud semantic segmentation algorithms have certain limitations, making it difficult to handle complex 3D scenes. Deep learning methods have compensated for the shortcomings of traditional point cloud semantic segmentation algorithms and have become the main method for achieving point cloud semantic segmentation. However, existing point cloud segmentation methods for substations face issues such as high complexity, low accuracy, and gradient vanishing. To address these issues and achieve accurate segmentation of the main equipment point cloud in substations, this paper proposes a high-precision semantic segmentation method for substation main equipment point clouds based on DI-PointNet.
Firstly, on the basis of the PointNet++ network structure, a double-layer consecutive transformer (DLCTransformer) module is introduced. Key points are sampled through the DLCTransformer to enhance information interaction between point clouds and expand the effective receptive field. Secondly, a hierarchical key sampling strategy is adopted. The point cloud data is divided into the original dense point cloud space and a sparse point cloud space formed after farthest point sampling. These are then divided into multiple non-overlapping 3D windows, ultimately generating key values required for self-attention mechanism calculations, thereby reducing computational complexity, improving the model’s receptive field, and aggregating long-range context to achieve information interaction of substation-associated point clouds. Finally, an inverted residual module (InvResMLP) based on residual connections and inverted bottleneck design is added to the network. This enhances the model’s ability to extract complex structural features from substation point clouds while effectively reducing the gradient vanishing problem, making the algorithm more robust in handling complex substation scenarios and improving the accuracy of semantic segmentation of substation main equipment point clouds.
Additionally, to validate the segmentation effectiveness of the algorithm, this paper uses Avia LiDAR equipment to collect point cloud images of different devices at substations such as the Baobei substation in Baoding City. The original data includes transformers, switchgear, steel towers, insulators, maintenance equipment, and others (mainly vegetation and buildings). To simplify the point cloud data while filtering noise, the original input point cloud is first subjected to grid sampling with a grid size of 0.03 m. Data augmentation methods such as z-axis rotation, scaling, perturbation, and color reduction are employed. The initial window size is set to 0.12 m and is doubled after each down-sampling layer. The DI-PointNet is trained using the cross-entropy loss function and Adam optimizer with the following hyperparameters: initial learning rate of 0.001, batch size of 2, and 100 epochs. To ensure the reasonableness and accuracy of the experiments, the comparative algorithms used in this paper are trained using the same hardware platform, environment version, loss function, optimizer, hyperparameters, and training strategies as DI-PointNet.
Through ablation experiments and comparative analysis, the DI-PointNet algorithm proposed in this paper improves the overall accuracy (OA) value of substation point cloud segmentation by 3.4 percentage points compared to before the improvement, while reducing algorithm complexity. The proposed algorithm outperforms other mainstream deep learning algorithms and other point cloud segmentation algorithms in the power sector. The performance of this algorithm is close to the accuracy of manual segmentation and can achieve precise segmentation of substation point clouds.
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在变电站机器人巡检任务中,三维点云数据的高精度语义分割是关键技术之一,有助于机器人理解电力设备、障碍物和其他物体的空间布局。然而,现有的点云分割算法在变电站场景中的应用效果有限,准确度较低、计算复杂度高,难以实现对变电站主设备点云的准确分割。为了解决这一问题,该文提出了一种基于PointNet++的DI-PointNet算法。首先,采用双层连续变换器模块增强点云之间的信息交互,有效地聚合长距离上下文,增大网络有效感受野;其次,通过分层键采样策略生成自注意力机制所需的键值,降低算法复杂度;最后,使用倒置残差模块,通过倒置瓶颈设计和残差连接缓解梯度消失,有效地增加模型的深度,同时降低计算复杂度。此外,该文构建了变电站点云数据集,对DI-PointNet算法进行详细的消融实验,并与主流深度学习算法和电力领域典型点云分割算法进行对比。实验验证结果表明,DI-PointNet算法对变电站主设备点云分割的平均交并比达到82.5%,相比PointNet++算法提高了2.1个百分点,且总体精度提高了3.4个百分点,达到90.1%。DI-PointNet算法为智能电力设备巡检和维护提供了有效的解决方案。
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孙海超 男,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为电气设备在线监测及故障诊断。E-mail:931871016@qq.com
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孙海超 男,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为电气设备在线监测及故障诊断。E-mail:931871016@qq.com
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Structure of PointNet++, figureFileSmall=GJ1KxpzSu6WT+rFBYqYJ+A==, figureFileBig=PO3lz7a96N3lPcFl+PLPhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723568976675601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
PointNet++网络结构, figureFileSmall=GJ1KxpzSu6WT+rFBYqYJ+A==, figureFileBig=PO3lz7a96N3lPcFl+PLPhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569068950290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Structure of DI-PointNet, figureFileSmall=Z5ds0fVBJ6wJIy8ltosCdg==, figureFileBig=Zi8erbHEOMKKS6EfUg0Enw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569148642067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
DI-PointNet网络结构, figureFileSmall=Z5ds0fVBJ6wJIy8ltosCdg==, figureFileBig=Zi8erbHEOMKKS6EfUg0Enw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569303831316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Structure of DLCTransformer, figureFileSmall=NKm19D9/BHH4srNSprzIBQ==, figureFileBig=pWctX5eTlQjNB00txK7JoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569425466133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
DLCTransformer结构, figureFileSmall=NKm19D9/BHH4srNSprzIBQ==, figureFileBig=pWctX5eTlQjNB00txK7JoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569505157910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Principle of stratified keys sampling, figureFileSmall=Q4x0x2+IB+HHYXqWSVFKng==, figureFileBig=GwoLuohXhltCePtx2aijEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569589043991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
分层键采样策略原理, figureFileSmall=Q4x0x2+IB+HHYXqWSVFKng==, figureFileBig=GwoLuohXhltCePtx2aijEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569647764248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Comparison of point cloud counts for different categories in the dataset, figureFileSmall=9qkpaS9i3bhsdA7fJA0zfQ==, figureFileBig=HSSCOGqV2/OsrZB2Ibl4Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569748427545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
数据集各类别点云数对比, figureFileSmall=9qkpaS9i3bhsdA7fJA0zfQ==, figureFileBig=HSSCOGqV2/OsrZB2Ibl4Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723569882645274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Experimental results of the algorithmic model used for DI-PointNet and subsequent comparative experiments based on the substation dataset for 10 training and testing sessions, figureFileSmall=BDntIncsxtCzyjMWVQvp5A==, figureFileBig=e/mw1BcsLiVoOtOUZSPzLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723570117526299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
DI-PointNet和后续对比实验所用算法模型基于变电站数据集进行10次训练和测试的实验结果, figureFileSmall=BDntIncsxtCzyjMWVQvp5A==, figureFileBig=e/mw1BcsLiVoOtOUZSPzLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723570251744028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Robustness comparative experiment results, figureFileSmall=kalrXM5VjrdG2VBOXYDsAA==, figureFileBig=rvl3JHn/F0XuuJtG7RDNOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723570306269981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
鲁棒性对比实验结果, figureFileSmall=kalrXM5VjrdG2VBOXYDsAA==, figureFileBig=rvl3JHn/F0XuuJtG7RDNOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723570448876318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=App.Fig.1, caption=
Visual representation of segmentation results from various algorithms, figureFileSmall=HEDpJPdLb32vBCUSS/rtWQ==, figureFileBig=vp3nmFpBTMJBbw47nMHQmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723570553733919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=附图1, caption=
不同算法分割结果可视图, figureFileSmall=HEDpJPdLb32vBCUSS/rtWQ==, figureFileBig=vp3nmFpBTMJBbw47nMHQmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723570964775712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=App.Fig.1, caption=
Comparison of LOSS curves for different algorithms, figureFileSmall=JkjyhdZNTnplXWRXFj0BZQ==, figureFileBig=DbcrXlZ2WTQ8zUGRyHE8tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723571296125729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=附图2, caption=
不同算法的LOSS曲线对比, figureFileSmall=JkjyhdZNTnplXWRXFj0BZQ==, figureFileBig=DbcrXlZ2WTQ8zUGRyHE8tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723571803636514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
The numbers of point clouds per category in the dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 点云名称 | 训练集点云数/个 | 测试集点云数/个 |
| 变压器 | 821 260 | 205 600 |
| 开关设备 | 538 792 | 135 023 |
| 钢塔 | 648 721 | 162 390 |
| 绝缘子 | 407 028 | 102 051 |
| 维护设备 | 300 982 | 75 359 |
| 其他 | 954 620 | 238 655 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723571975602979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190597049667170423, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
数据集各类别点云数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 点云名称 | 训练集点云数/个 | 测试集点云数/个 |
| 变压器 | 821 260 | 205 600 |
| 开关设备 | 538 792 | 135 023 |
| 钢塔 | 648 721 | 162 390 |
| 绝缘子 | 407 028 | 102 051 |
| 维护设备 | 300 982 | 75 359 |
| 其他 | 954 620 | 238 655 |
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Training condition configuration
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| 参数 | 数值/类型 |
| CPU | Intel E5-2680 v4 |
| 主频/GHz | 2.4 |
| GPU | NVIDA RTX2080ti+ NVIDA Tesla P40 |
| 内存/GB | 32 |
| 硬盘/TB | 1 |
| 操作系统 | Ubuntu20.04 |
| 深度学习平台 | Pytorch |
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训练条件配置
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| 参数 | 数值/类型 |
| CPU | Intel E5-2680 v4 |
| 主频/GHz | 2.4 |
| GPU | NVIDA RTX2080ti+ NVIDA Tesla P40 |
| 内存/GB | 32 |
| 硬盘/TB | 1 |
| 操作系统 | Ubuntu20.04 |
| 深度学习平台 | Pytorch |
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Results of ablation experiment
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| InvResMLP | DLCTransformer | OA (%) | mIoU (%) |
| 有分层键采样 | 无分层键采样 |
| | | 86.7 | 80.4 |
| | | | 88.3 | 80.6 |
| | | 86.9 | 81.3 |
| | | 87.8 | 82.1 |
| | | | 90.1 | 82.5 |
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消融实验结果
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| InvResMLP | DLCTransformer | OA (%) | mIoU (%) |
| 有分层键采样 | 无分层键采样 |
| | | 86.7 | 80.4 |
| | | | 88.3 | 80.6 |
| | | 86.9 | 81.3 |
| | | 87.8 | 82.1 |
| | | | 90.1 | 82.5 |
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Comparative experiment of different types of deep learning segmentation algorithms
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| 模型 | OA (%) | mIoU (%) | 参数 量/106 | GFLOPs | 分割 时间/s | 算法类型 |
| VoxNet[16] | 82.4 | 80.1 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 142 | 体素化 |
| 3D ShapeNets[17] | 81.5 | 79.4 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 105 | 体素化 |
| SnapNet[18] | 81.3 | 79.9 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 191 | 投影至面 |
| MVCNN[31] | 79.1 | 75.6 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 114 | 投影至面 |
| PointNet++[20] | 86.7 | 80.4 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 97 | 直接处理 |
| DI-PointNet | 90.1 | 82.5 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 90 | 直接处理 |
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不同类型深度学习分割算法对比实验
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| 模型 | OA (%) | mIoU (%) | 参数 量/106 | GFLOPs | 分割 时间/s | 算法类型 |
| VoxNet[16] | 82.4 | 80.1 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 142 | 体素化 |
| 3D ShapeNets[17] | 81.5 | 79.4 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 105 | 体素化 |
| SnapNet[18] | 81.3 | 79.9 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 191 | 投影至面 |
| MVCNN[31] | 79.1 | 75.6 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 114 | 投影至面 |
| PointNet++[20] | 86.7 | 80.4 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 97 | 直接处理 |
| DI-PointNet | 90.1 | 82.5 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 90 | 直接处理 |
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Comparative experiments of state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms
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| 模型 | OA(%) | mIoU(%) | 参数量/106 | GFLOPs | 分割时间/s |
| PointNet | 81.4 | 75.3 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 121 |
| PointNet++ | 86.7 | 80.4 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 97 |
| DGCNN | 81.2 | 79.8 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 118 |
| PointConv | 84.7 | 80.1 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 107 |
| PVCNN | 85.9 | 79.0 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 112 |
| SPLATNet | 86.1 | 79.7 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 129 |
| PointTransformer | 86.9 | 79.8 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 108 |
| RS-CNN | 80.9 | 77.5 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 97 |
| SpiderCNN | 85.8 | 78.3 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 113 |
| DI-PointNet | 90.1 | 82.5 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 90 |
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主流深度学习算法对比实验
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| 模型 | OA(%) | mIoU(%) | 参数量/106 | GFLOPs | 分割时间/s |
| PointNet | 81.4 | 75.3 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 121 |
| PointNet++ | 86.7 | 80.4 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 97 |
| DGCNN | 81.2 | 79.8 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 118 |
| PointConv | 84.7 | 80.1 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 107 |
| PVCNN | 85.9 | 79.0 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 112 |
| SPLATNet | 86.1 | 79.7 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 129 |
| PointTransformer | 86.9 | 79.8 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 108 |
| RS-CNN | 80.9 | 77.5 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 97 |
| SpiderCNN | 85.8 | 78.3 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 113 |
| DI-PointNet | 90.1 | 82.5 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 90 |
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Comparative experiments of representative point cloud segmentation algorithms in the power domain
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| 模型 | OA(%) | mIoU (%) | 参数 量/106 | GFLOPs | 分割 时间/s | 算法类型 |
| 算法1[21] | 88.9 | 80.3 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 109 | 直接处理 |
| 算法2[39] | 87.3 | 80.5 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 96 | 直接处理 |
| 算法3[40] | 90.2 | 81.9 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 104 | 直接处理 |
| 算法4[41] | 88.1 | 80.4 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 106 | 直接处理 |
| 算法5[42] | 89.3 | 81.8 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 99 | 直接处理 |
| 算法6[43] | 89.8 | 82.3 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 101 | 体素化 |
| DI-PointNet | 90.1 | 82.5 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 90 | 直接处理 |
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电力领域典型点云分割算法对比实验
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| 模型 | OA(%) | mIoU (%) | 参数 量/106 | GFLOPs | 分割 时间/s | 算法类型 |
| 算法1[21] | 88.9 | 80.3 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 109 | 直接处理 |
| 算法2[39] | 87.3 | 80.5 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 96 | 直接处理 |
| 算法3[40] | 90.2 | 81.9 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 104 | 直接处理 |
| 算法4[41] | 88.1 | 80.4 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 106 | 直接处理 |
| 算法5[42] | 89.3 | 81.8 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 99 | 直接处理 |
| 算法6[43] | 89.8 | 82.3 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 101 | 体素化 |
| DI-PointNet | 90.1 | 82.5 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 90 | 直接处理 |
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