Article(id=1190595105875702063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241755, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761789593428, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761789593428, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761789593428, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761789593428, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190594635056689366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='2679', pageEnd='3012', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761789481176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761791537510, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2766, endPage=2779, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190595106085417264, articleId=1190595105875702063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Small-Signal Stability Analysis Method for Hybrid Grid-Following/Grid-Forming Delivery Systems Based on Eigen-Subsystem, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The global consensus has emerged to replace traditional fossil fuel-based power generation with renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic and wind power, leading to the formation of renewable energy delivery systems (REDSs). Within these systems, a trend towards the integration of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) devices has emerged. The REDS incorporating GFL and GFM devices exhibit high dynamic order, with complex dynamic interactions between heterogeneous equipment clusters and between equipment clusters and the network, posing challenges for the mechanism analysis and quantitative computation of small-signal stability. This paper proposes an eigen-subsystem computation method for the small-signal stability analysis of REDSs. It defines the double-infeed eigen-subsystem (DIES), which includes a GFL device and a GFM device. By equivalently reducing the complex, high-dimensional REDS to several low-dimensional DIES, the method preserves the dynamic interactions both between devices and between devices and the network. This approach enables efficient and accurate small-signal stability analysis of REDSs.
Firstly, for a REDS incorporating GFL and GFM devices, a full-order small-signal model of the system is constructed. The general approach for deriving the eigen-subsystem is briefly outlined, which involves reducing the complex high-dimensional system to several simple low-dimensional eigen-subsystems through decoupling. Subsequently, for a REDS with an equal number of n GFL devices and n GFM devices, based on the full-order model of the system, a matrix block diagonalization method is proposed on top of the matrix diagonalization method. A fast algorithm based on the Givens method is presented to solve for P⊗I4 (P∈Rn×n), thus decoupling the REDS into n DIESs. Stability criteria for the DIES are also provided. When the device parameters are given, the stability operating region Ω of the DIES can be determined. The DIES remains stable if its network impedance falls within Ω. Thirdly, for more generalized scenarios, a node-splitting method is introduced to increase the number of less abundant devices, addressing the imbalance in the number of GFL and GFM devices. An eigen-subsystem-based method for small-signal stability analysis of REDSs is proposed. The REDS is stable if the set of network impedances Ω1, formed by all decoupled DIESs, lies within the stability region Ω. Otherwise, the REDS becomes unstable and exhibits the same stability issues as the unstable DIES. Finally, time-domain simulations are conducted, and a 3-machines 9-nodes system as well as a 54-machines system are used to validate the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method in the small-signal stability analysis of REDSs incorporating GFL and GFM devices. Experimental comparisons show that, compared to traditional eigenvalue analysis methods, the proposed method significantly improves computational efficiency.
The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The REDS is mode-equivalent to its DIESs, and the stability characteristics of the original system can be traced back through DIESs. (2) For general REDS with n GFL devices and m GFM devices, the system can be decoupled and reduced in order by constructing a mode-equivalent system through node-splitting. This results in m DIESs, and (n-m) eigen-subsystems of single GFL devices (where n>m, or vice versa). (3)When the device parameters are given, the stability operating region Ω of the device-side characteristics can be determined. The network-side information of the eigen-subsystems obtained from the decoupling of the REDS forms a set of network impedances Ω1. By checking whether Ω1 belongs to Ω, the stability of the original system can be quickly assessed. Currently, small-signal synchrony stability has primarily been analyzed for the DIES. A future challenge is how to comprehensively analyze system stability under interactions among different components and quantify the stability margin of hybrid delivery systems.
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新能源外送系统中已呈现跟网与构网设备混合并网的发展趋势。外送系统动态阶数高,跟网/构网等异构设备集群间、设备集群与网络间动态交互复杂,给小干扰稳定性的机理分析与量化计算带来了挑战。该文提出了面向跟网/构网设备混合外送系统小干扰稳定性分析的特征子系统计算方法,通过将复杂高维系统等效为跟网/构网两机互联的特征子系统,降低了外送系统动态阶数,保留了上述动态交互过程,实现了外送系统小干扰稳定性的高效准确分析。首先,构建含跟网/构网设备的新能源外送系统全阶模型,基于矩阵块对角化原理,得到了模式等效的特征子系统;然后,面向一般化场景,采用节点分裂方法解决跟网/构网设备数量不平衡问题,提出基于特征子系统的外送系统小干扰稳定性分析方法;最后,基于时域仿真验证了该文方法在跟网/构网设备混合外送系统小干扰稳定性分析中的有效性和所得结论的正确性。
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唐 宇 男,2001年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为新能源并网稳定分析。E-mail:3190105624@zju.edu.cn
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唐 宇 男,2001年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为新能源并网稳定分析。E-mail:3190105624@zju.edu.cn
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Diagram of GFL/GFM hybrid delivery system, figureFileSmall=rMP1unBVEv4CuYa/eiBDhg==, figureFileBig=yVZVFlfV9aNhG417J+NqYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723688774386632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
混合外送系统示意图, figureFileSmall=rMP1unBVEv4CuYa/eiBDhg==, figureFileBig=yVZVFlfV9aNhG417J+NqYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723689328034762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Small signal circuit model of the i-th eigen-subsystem, figureFileSmall=4UIgJuA1fyo3fgYm3iEQPA==, figureFileBig=H2ADxXfx/UBYbn5N/eGTTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723689474835404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
第i个特征子系统的等效电路模型, figureFileSmall=4UIgJuA1fyo3fgYm3iEQPA==, figureFileBig=H2ADxXfx/UBYbn5N/eGTTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723689567110094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Schematic diagram of node splitting, figureFileSmall=GMcl6XOLDJDb+9swhGS9zg==, figureFileBig=nI8DEQ4rptRtaMBARZiYhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723689667773391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
节点分裂示意图, figureFileSmall=GMcl6XOLDJDb+9swhGS9zg==, figureFileBig=nI8DEQ4rptRtaMBARZiYhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723689789408209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Flow chart of stability analysis for GFL/GFM hybrid delivery system, figureFileSmall=/gyzEp0X1ahm0gOtH32hcQ==, figureFileBig=6vU6EO7O2ByRHLtFz+DGew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723689927820243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
混合外送系统稳定性分析流程, figureFileSmall=/gyzEp0X1ahm0gOtH32hcQ==, figureFileBig=6vU6EO7O2ByRHLtFz+DGew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723690003317718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Topology of 3-devices 9-bus system, figureFileSmall=7aYDLhlNau5JsPW5q+2SVg==, figureFileBig=FtmqPuE+NPWngdSlzkbFjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723690208838616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
3机9节点系统拓扑, figureFileSmall=7aYDLhlNau5JsPW5q+2SVg==, figureFileBig=FtmqPuE+NPWngdSlzkbFjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723690317890522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Comparison of dominant eigenvalues before and after decoupling in a 3-devices 9-bus system, figureFileSmall=D3Tqi5RD528593uFwOeaHg==, figureFileBig=j4LKX5zDdUrBmCAiIsSkhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723690460496859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
3机系统解耦前后主导特征根对比, figureFileSmall=D3Tqi5RD528593uFwOeaHg==, figureFileBig=j4LKX5zDdUrBmCAiIsSkhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723690666017756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Comparison of calculation time-consuming, figureFileSmall=ze0ghTn3X6+nIJ/CM1qTgg==, figureFileBig=nz0yC7DxI6bktUx93RoaRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723690812818397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
计算耗时比较, figureFileSmall=ze0ghTn3X6+nIJ/CM1qTgg==, figureFileBig=nz0yC7DxI6bktUx93RoaRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723690884121566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Stability region of the eigen-subsystem for two interconnected grid-following/grid-forming devices, figureFileSmall=KYSmqZkaRJjBODz9NOTWJA==, figureFileBig=CAIRAySEYCUiEfqlZk+4NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723691051893731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
跟网/构网两机互联的特征子系统稳定域, figureFileSmall=KYSmqZkaRJjBODz9NOTWJA==, figureFileBig=CAIRAySEYCUiEfqlZk+4NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723691215471594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Time domain simulation waveforms of the 3-devices 9-bus system, figureFileSmall=XTUYXj9DaavKy803Qkef8A==, figureFileBig=9E0eBBvQcVpjTfT9KBqY9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723691391632365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
3机系统时域仿真波形, figureFileSmall=XTUYXj9DaavKy803Qkef8A==, figureFileBig=9E0eBBvQcVpjTfT9KBqY9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723691542627313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Topology of a practical renewable energy plant, figureFileSmall=UboA6l5vAThQgQQta7lm+g==, figureFileBig=Do8aUC8lSwhmbEo8jOPXDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723691630707699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
某实际新能源场站拓扑, figureFileSmall=UboA6l5vAThQgQQta7lm+g==, figureFileBig=Do8aUC8lSwhmbEo8jOPXDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723691739759605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Time-domain waveform of devices active power and three-phase current amplitude of delivery lines (Line92,93), figureFileSmall=WZHs0yVA75R4RdQf9sp4HQ==, figureFileBig=VIw7qJcRKaedWhmOM9HGeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723691853005817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
设备外送功率时域波形与外送线路(Line92,93)三相电流幅值时域波形, figureFileSmall=WZHs0yVA75R4RdQf9sp4HQ==, figureFileBig=VIw7qJcRKaedWhmOM9HGeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190723692020777979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Eigen-subsystem of a three-devices system
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 特征子系统 | Z11(pu) | Z22(pu) | Z12(pu) |
| a | 0.273 | 0.967 | 1.687 |
| b | 0.185 | 0.618 | 1 176.424 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723692117246973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
3机系统的特征子系统
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 特征子系统 | Z11(pu) | Z22(pu) | Z12(pu) |
| a | 0.273 | 0.967 | 1.687 |
| b | 0.185 | 0.618 | 1 176.424 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723692381487104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Stability analysis results of the 3-devices 9-bus system
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算例 编号 | 跟网/构网两机互联特征子系统 | 跟网单机并网 特征子系统 | 系统 判稳结果 |
| Z11 | Z22 | Z12 | 判稳 结果 | ZGFL | 判稳 结果 |
| A | 0.225 | 0.304 | 0.748 | 构网主导 失稳 | 0.225 | 稳定 | 构网主导 失稳 |
| B | 0.776 | 0.738 | 2.253 | 跟网主导 失稳 | 0.512 | 稳定 | 跟网主导 失稳 |
| C | 0.225 | 0.698 | 4.287 | 稳定 | 0.186 | 稳定 | 稳定 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723692868026370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
3机系统稳定性分析结果
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算例 编号 | 跟网/构网两机互联特征子系统 | 跟网单机并网 特征子系统 | 系统 判稳结果 |
| Z11 | Z22 | Z12 | 判稳 结果 | ZGFL | 判稳 结果 |
| A | 0.225 | 0.304 | 0.748 | 构网主导 失稳 | 0.225 | 稳定 | 构网主导 失稳 |
| B | 0.776 | 0.738 | 2.253 | 跟网主导 失稳 | 0.512 | 稳定 | 跟网主导 失稳 |
| C | 0.225 | 0.698 | 4.287 | 稳定 | 0.186 | 稳定 | 稳定 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723693388120068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=App.Tab.1, caption=
Control parameters of converters
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| 内容 | Matlab | CloudPSS |
| 交流系统额定容量/(kV∙A) | 1 500 | 1 500 |
| 交流系统额定电压/V | 380 | 220 000 |
| 设备额定容量/(kV∙A) | 1 500 | 1 500 |
| 滤波电感(pu) | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 滤波电容(pu) | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 构网设备电流内环传递函数 | 0.3+10/s | 0.3+10/s |
| 构网设备虚拟惯量, 阻尼系数 | 5,10 | 5,10 |
| 构网设备电压外环传递函数 | 4+100/s | 4+100/s |
| 构网设备电压前馈系数 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| 跟网设备电流内环传递函数 | 0.5+10/s | 0.5+10/s |
| 跟网设备功率外环传递函数 | 1+20/s | 1+20/s |
| 跟网设备锁相环传递函数 | 15+9 000/s | 15+9 000/s |
| 跟网设备电压前馈传递系数 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723693526532104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=附表1, caption=
变流器控制参数
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| 内容 | Matlab | CloudPSS |
| 交流系统额定容量/(kV∙A) | 1 500 | 1 500 |
| 交流系统额定电压/V | 380 | 220 000 |
| 设备额定容量/(kV∙A) | 1 500 | 1 500 |
| 滤波电感(pu) | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 滤波电容(pu) | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 构网设备电流内环传递函数 | 0.3+10/s | 0.3+10/s |
| 构网设备虚拟惯量, 阻尼系数 | 5,10 | 5,10 |
| 构网设备电压外环传递函数 | 4+100/s | 4+100/s |
| 构网设备电压前馈系数 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| 跟网设备电流内环传递函数 | 0.5+10/s | 0.5+10/s |
| 跟网设备功率外环传递函数 | 1+20/s | 1+20/s |
| 跟网设备锁相环传递函数 | 15+9 000/s | 15+9 000/s |
| 跟网设备电压前馈传递系数 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723693648166922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=App.Tab.2, caption=
Parameters of the network in 3-devices 9-bus system (10-3pu)
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| 算例 | X1,4 | X4,8 | X6,8 | X3,6 | X6,9 | X5,9 | X4,7 | X5,7 | X2,5 |
| A | 6.886 | 5.244 | 5.244 | 8.418 | 3.238 | 2.069 | 3.698 | 2.769 | 2.516 |
| B | 20.199 | 5.750 | 5.750 | 22.448 | 2.075 | 1.104 | 1.753 | 1.426 | 8.390 |
| C | 6.785 | 4.195 | 4.195 | 7.544 | 1.201 | 0.920 | 1.113 | 1.058 | 11.748 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723693736247308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=附表2, caption=
3机9节点系统电网参数
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| 算例 | X1,4 | X4,8 | X6,8 | X3,6 | X6,9 | X5,9 | X4,7 | X5,7 | X2,5 |
| A | 6.886 | 5.244 | 5.244 | 8.418 | 3.238 | 2.069 | 3.698 | 2.769 | 2.516 |
| B | 20.199 | 5.750 | 5.750 | 22.448 | 2.075 | 1.104 | 1.753 | 1.426 | 8.390 |
| C | 6.785 | 4.195 | 4.195 | 7.544 | 1.201 | 0.920 | 1.113 | 1.058 | 11.748 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723693904019469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=EN, label=App.Tab.3, caption=
Parameters of the network in a practical renewable energy plant (10-3pu)
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| 参 数 | 数 值 | 参 数 | 数 值 |
| X55,86 | 0.045 | X73,88 | 0.281 |
| X56,86 | 0.187 | X74,88 | 0.241 |
| X57,86 | 0.434 | X75,88 | 0.149 |
| X58,86 | 0.606 | X76,88 | 0.241 |
| X59,86 | 0.524 | X77,88 | 0.149 |
| X60,86 | 0.365 | X78,90 | 0.035 |
| X61,86 | 0.313 | X79,90 | 0.403 |
| X62,86 | 5×10-5 | X80,89 | 0.035 |
| X63,87 | 0.194 | X81,89 | 0.121 |
| X64,87 | 0.576 | X82,91 | 0.281 |
| X65,87 | 0.429 | X83,91 | 0.241 |
| X66,87 | 0.346 | X84,91 | 0.281 |
| X67,87 | 0.265 | X85,91 | 0.241 |
| X68,87 | 0.064 | X86,87 | 0.192 |
| X69,87 | 0.028 | X87,92 | 0.575 |
| X70,87 | 3×10-5 | X88,92 | 0.799 |
| X71,88 | 0.466 | X89,90 | 1.275 |
| X72,88 | 0.403 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1190723694499610639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190595105875702063, language=CN, label=附表3, caption=
某实际新能源基地仿真模型电网参数
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| 参 数 | 数 值 | 参 数 | 数 值 |
| X55,86 | 0.045 | X73,88 | 0.281 |
| X56,86 | 0.187 | X74,88 | 0.241 |
| X57,86 | 0.434 | X75,88 | 0.149 |
| X58,86 | 0.606 | X76,88 | 0.241 |
| X59,86 | 0.524 | X77,88 | 0.149 |
| X60,86 | 0.365 | X78,90 | 0.035 |
| X61,86 | 0.313 | X79,90 | 0.403 |
| X62,86 | 5×10-5 | X80,89 | 0.035 |
| X63,87 | 0.194 | X81,89 | 0.121 |
| X64,87 | 0.576 | X82,91 | 0.281 |
| X65,87 | 0.429 | X83,91 | 0.241 |
| X66,87 | 0.346 | X84,91 | 0.281 |
| X67,87 | 0.265 | X85,91 | 0.241 |
| X68,87 | 0.064 | X86,87 | 0.192 |
| X69,87 | 0.028 | X87,92 | 0.575 |
| X70,87 | 3×10-5 | X88,92 | 0.799 |
| X71,88 | 0.466 | X89,90 | 1.275 |
| X72,88 | 0.403 | | |
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