Article(id=1190594635622920406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.242382, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=1741104000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761789481310, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761789481310, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761789481310, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761789481310, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190594635056689366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='2679', pageEnd='3012', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761789481176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761791537510, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190603259996946566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190594635056689366, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2697, endPage=2711, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190594635870384344, articleId=1190594635622920406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Stability Enhancement Control Strategy for Grid-Forming Transformerless Energy Storage System under Low Grid Impedance Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Grid-forming energy storage technology serves as a critical solution for enhancing power system stability. Transformerless energy storage systems, characterized by high efficiency, modularity, and direct medium/high-voltage grid integration, have emerged as the preferred choice for large-scale grid-connected energy storage. However, the reduced electrical distance between transformerless systems and the grid results in significantly lower grid impedance, posing severe challenges to the stability of grid-forming control. The underlying mechanism lies in the voltage-source operation of grid-forming converters: under low grid impedance conditions, minor voltage deviations between the converter and grid can trigger substantial current surges, ultimately leading to instability. To address these challenges, this study establishes a full order small signal model to analyze the impact of low grid impedance on stability and proposes impedance enhancement strategies.
The research begins by developing a dynamic model that integrates virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control, voltage-loop regulation, and grid interactions. Pole trajectory analysis reveals two critical instability mechanisms: 1) Excessively low grid inductance shifts system poles to the right-half plane, inducing instability; 2) Insufficient grid resistance reduces damping ratios, exacerbating oscillatory behavior. These combined effects diminish system stability margins and may provoke subsynchronous oscillations. To mitigate these issues, a dual-layer impedance enhancement strategy is proposed: (1) Physical impedance reconstruction: The equivalent internal voltage control strategy repurposes filter inductance as coupling impedance by relocating the controlled voltage from the point of common coupling (PCC) to the converter side. This hardware-free modification enhances physical coupling impedance without requiring additional components. (2) Adaptive virtual impedance: A composite virtual impedance module combines static impedance for damping optimization and a dynamic current-limiting component. The static virtual impedance elevates damping ratios near to 0.707, while the current-limiting module dynamically adjusts impedance parameters based on real-time overcurrent thresholds, ensuring fault current suppression.
In the analysis of impedance enhancement effect, it is shown that equivalent internal voltage control causes the dominant pole of the system under strong power grid to shift to the left into the stable region, while the introduction of adaptive virtual impedance further enhances damping characteristics and improves dynamic response performance. The proposed impedance enhancement strategy enhances the system stability by introducing filtering impedance at the physical level and superimposing virtual impedance at the control level, thereby increasing the equivalent coupling impedance of the system from a single grid impedance to the combined effect of the three.
Experimental validation on a cascaded H-bridge transformerless energy storage platform under zero grid impedance conditions confirms the strategy's effectiveness. The proposed method eliminates oscillatory instability observed in conventional approaches, achieving smooth active power step responses without overshoot. During grid frequency fluctuations (±0.5 Hz), the system provides 0.67(pu) active power support, demonstrating effective grid-forming capabilities. Under symmetrical voltage sags (0.5(pu)), it delivers 0.5(pu) reactive power while constraining currents within 1.2(pu) safety thresholds, validating robust fault ride-through performance. Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm: (1) The proposed impedance enhancement architecture synergizes physical-layer reconstruction with control-layer virtual compensation, demonstrating superior stability improvement over conventional methods through coordinated impedance augmentation. (2) A pole trajectory analysis-based parameter optimization framework achieves concurrent enhancement of stability and dynamic performance, with virtual impedance implementation optimizing damping ratios to eliminate oscillatory instabilities. This work validates the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in extreme low-impedance scenarios, providing technical support for grid-forming transformerless energy storage applications in power grids.
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构网型储能技术是提升新型电力系统稳定性的重要手段,而直挂式储能系统凭借其高效率、模块化和无需变压器等优势,成为实现大容量构网型储能的优选方案。然而,由于直挂式储能系统直接接入中高压电网,与电网之间的电气距离更近,导致其面临更低的电网阻抗。电网阻抗的减小会降低构网型系统的稳定裕度,构网型控制的稳定性面临严峻挑战。为解决这一问题,该文提出了基于阻抗增强的稳定性提升控制策略。通过等效内电压控制将滤波电感复用为耦合阻抗,从而在物理层面增强了耦合阻抗,将低电网阻抗下的不稳定系统转变为稳定系统;针对阻尼不足而引发的功率振荡问题,通过自适应虚拟阻抗等效增强耦合阻抗,提高系统阻尼比,并提供可靠的限流功能。等效内电压控制与虚拟阻抗协同作用,有效地提升了低电网阻抗下的构网型直挂式储能系统的稳定性。零电网阻抗下的实验结果验证了策略的有效性。
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, authorsList=朱冠南, 陈敏, 王鹏程, 梁钊培, 张耀予)}, authors=[Author(id=1190724022640980933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=12010036@zju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190724022787781576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, authorId=1190724022640980933, language=EN, stringName=Guannan Zhu, firstName=Guannan, middleName=null, lastName=Zhu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=1. College of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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2.浙江大学杭州国际科创中心 杭州 311200, bio={"content":"
朱冠南 男,1997年生,博士研究生,研究方向为直挂式储能系统及构网型控制技术。E-mail:12010036@zju.edu.cn
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朱冠南 男,1997年生,博士研究生,研究方向为直挂式储能系统及构网型控制技术。E-mail:12010036@zju.edu.cn
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Topology of the cascaded H-bridge transformerless energy storage system, figureFileSmall=rRhra3aE7lULXihWhs0EkQ==, figureFileBig=7Dc9uwBTn0N6/v8V5Wb0hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724027015640046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
基于级联H桥的直挂式储能系统拓扑, figureFileSmall=rRhra3aE7lULXihWhs0EkQ==, figureFileBig=7Dc9uwBTn0N6/v8V5Wb0hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724027116303343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Equivalent circuit and control block diagram of the transformerless energy storage system based on the VSG, figureFileSmall=Osc5Ap/QhHIyCZx3NVYMVg==, figureFileBig=J0KfTfWwBUoVZHLketOjBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724027229549552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
基于虚拟同步机的直挂式储能系统等效电路与控制框图, figureFileSmall=Osc5Ap/QhHIyCZx3NVYMVg==, figureFileBig=J0KfTfWwBUoVZHLketOjBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724027372155889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Grid-connected structure of two energy storage systems, figureFileSmall=TDkOBPYHGHmpCXIs96IkyA==, figureFileBig=bgA6L2fOXv+wGCknfNfRkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724027468624882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
两种储能系统并网结构示意图, figureFileSmall=TDkOBPYHGHmpCXIs96IkyA==, figureFileBig=bgA6L2fOXv+wGCknfNfRkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724027560899571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
The dq coordinate system of the system and the controller, figureFileSmall=OjDbzgWGQ7B7LMqq5K0+hw==, figureFileBig=6co1uRLY0B7oWi6Xtr9t7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724027661562868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
系统和控制器dq坐标系, figureFileSmall=OjDbzgWGQ7B7LMqq5K0+hw==, figureFileBig=6co1uRLY0B7oWi6Xtr9t7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724027804169205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
System pole distribution when the grid inductance decreases, figureFileSmall=lB0O4ZUiS9p42mIVBDj2sg==, figureFileBig=QPvPnC0tZlsyZDmUGe0Fsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724028001301494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
电网电感降低时的系统极点分布, figureFileSmall=lB0O4ZUiS9p42mIVBDj2sg==, figureFileBig=QPvPnC0tZlsyZDmUGe0Fsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724028257154039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Simulation waveforms of grid-connected process under different grid inductances, figureFileSmall=+L3gSmFJ/7NRTmg2/CDYpw==, figureFileBig=TsQvYYvwjIslK6ppYK+2rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724028441703416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同电网电感下的并网过程仿真波形, figureFileSmall=+L3gSmFJ/7NRTmg2/CDYpw==, figureFileBig=TsQvYYvwjIslK6ppYK+2rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724028609475577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
System pole distribution when the grid resistance decreases, figureFileSmall=T28oIZwelb3u29V3O/6Y2Q==, figureFileBig=j6FrPAMb2wRTfgyCe8aQLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724028731110394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
电网电阻降低时的系统极点分布, figureFileSmall=T28oIZwelb3u29V3O/6Y2Q==, figureFileBig=j6FrPAMb2wRTfgyCe8aQLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724028802413563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Simulation waveforms of active power step response under different grid resistances, figureFileSmall=9TwkjmMZx3BsqCcOO+gXMg==, figureFileBig=+1E1fxgDodkgEqUqa6/TUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724028907271164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同电网电阻下的有功功率阶跃仿真波形, figureFileSmall=9TwkjmMZx3BsqCcOO+gXMg==, figureFileBig=+1E1fxgDodkgEqUqa6/TUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029016323069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Impedance enhancement strategy based on the equivalent internal voltage control and the virtual impedance, figureFileSmall=F88915QDf/Uq62eSYpPsiA==, figureFileBig=t2fqNKzr4QM4O5Ci6ehYlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029116986366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
基于等效内电压控制与虚拟阻抗的阻抗增强策略, figureFileSmall=F88915QDf/Uq62eSYpPsiA==, figureFileBig=t2fqNKzr4QM4O5Ci6ehYlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029288952831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Adaptive virtual impedance strategy, figureFileSmall=o04g5DJMsSrsuOB4tpA4PQ==, figureFileBig=eFkuV9vj41DJ+arnlSXndg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029393810432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
自适应虚拟阻抗策略, figureFileSmall=o04g5DJMsSrsuOB4tpA4PQ==, figureFileBig=eFkuV9vj41DJ+arnlSXndg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029515444224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Small-signal model of the system with the proposed impedance enhancement control, figureFileSmall=AjQkChLHGHor+N3SSI8FGA==, figureFileBig=pG4U2vPwVSsFpag6eSkOFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029649661953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
采用所提阻抗增强控制的系统小信号模型, figureFileSmall=AjQkChLHGHor+N3SSI8FGA==, figureFileBig=pG4U2vPwVSsFpag6eSkOFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029762908162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Bode plot of system equivalent impedance with increased physical or virtual impedance, figureFileSmall=u81mEJJQrTbRgwKFzU+IdQ==, figureFileBig=UodDVuoy94bh94QtzAJdRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029850988547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
增加实际或虚拟阻抗时的系统等效阻抗伯德图, figureFileSmall=u81mEJJQrTbRgwKFzU+IdQ==, figureFileBig=UodDVuoy94bh94QtzAJdRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724029930680324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
System pole distribution with different strategies under low grid impedance, figureFileSmall=sDfgtJhYAKbZ8BehADvyaQ==, figureFileBig=vjNryFQJekg/ggmo6GqmXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724030056509445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
低电网阻抗下采用不同策略时的系统极点分布, figureFileSmall=sDfgtJhYAKbZ8BehADvyaQ==, figureFileBig=vjNryFQJekg/ggmo6GqmXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724030157172742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
System coupling impedance characteristics under different strategies, figureFileSmall=/VkXcRmhTFrdf8wpJlnAEQ==, figureFileBig=1k5KaVurWVDKvxGYNaeP9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724030303973383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
采用不同策略时的系统耦合阻抗特性, figureFileSmall=/VkXcRmhTFrdf8wpJlnAEQ==, figureFileBig=1k5KaVurWVDKvxGYNaeP9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724030501105672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=
System pole distribution with different strategies under low grid impedance, figureFileSmall=mfK7A3TT5OPDO/JyftD24g==, figureFileBig=XauKhRt6mIgZh9LNefie+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724030610157577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图15, caption=
低电网阻抗下采用不同策略时的系统极点分布, figureFileSmall=mfK7A3TT5OPDO/JyftD24g==, figureFileBig=XauKhRt6mIgZh9LNefie+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724030723403786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=
Simulation waveforms of active power step response with the proposed strategy, figureFileSmall=cR4+1+LEBH8By4DT8/chaQ==, figureFileBig=Uu/88nfjfnoX+S4dagBsAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724030836649995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图16, caption=
采用所提策略的有功功率阶跃仿真波形, figureFileSmall=cR4+1+LEBH8By4DT8/chaQ==, figureFileBig=Uu/88nfjfnoX+S4dagBsAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724030945701900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=
Experimental platform of the cascaded H-bridge transformerless energy storage system, figureFileSmall=sfjgUuG3cQfzT1gpm5Zb/g==, figureFileBig=bPBfuJAfHYaVmvuAtkp4bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724031058948109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图17, caption=
级联H桥直挂式储能系统实验平台, figureFileSmall=sfjgUuG3cQfzT1gpm5Zb/g==, figureFileBig=bPBfuJAfHYaVmvuAtkp4bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724031163805710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=
Experimental waveforms during grid connection using traditional control strategy, figureFileSmall=daHverJcaEhMiY1vAGmwYw==, figureFileBig=6315ZnG0DWwzkIGZ9QY8uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724031272857615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图18, caption=
采用传统控制策略时系统并网的实验波形, figureFileSmall=daHverJcaEhMiY1vAGmwYw==, figureFileBig=6315ZnG0DWwzkIGZ9QY8uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724031386103824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=
Experimental waveforms of active power step response with the impedance enhancement strategy (r0= 0.03(pu)), figureFileSmall=/R7MXCzWzWGZQc5Vjs1Hlg==, figureFileBig=cKbcSILRoeoFruX2qQgVHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724031503544337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图19, caption=
采用阻抗增强策略时系统有功功率阶跃的实验波形(r0=0.03(pu)), figureFileSmall=/R7MXCzWzWGZQc5Vjs1Hlg==, figureFileBig=cKbcSILRoeoFruX2qQgVHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724031658733586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=
Experimental waveforms of active power step response with the impedance enhancement strategy (r0 = 0.1(pu)), figureFileSmall=uk53Bd8vysRhXlKIYbK8Uw==, figureFileBig=QXVRfXvpIUqHpBYOQ5rB/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724031780368403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图20, caption=
采用阻抗增强策略时系统有功功率阶跃的实验波形(r0 = 0.1(pu)), figureFileSmall=uk53Bd8vysRhXlKIYbK8Uw==, figureFileBig=QXVRfXvpIUqHpBYOQ5rB/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724031902003220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=
Experimental waveforms under grid frequency fault conditions, figureFileSmall=DtKEXy0WfmzrG76PD8ZKMg==, figureFileBig=EZEWKNmqnJU+vH8kj51l9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724032120107029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图21, caption=
电网频率故障时的实验波形, figureFileSmall=DtKEXy0WfmzrG76PD8ZKMg==, figureFileBig=EZEWKNmqnJU+vH8kj51l9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724032510177303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=
Experimental waveforms under grid voltage symmetrical sag fault conditions, figureFileSmall=Go6zI/3Vq1pf33s0RlBBzQ==, figureFileBig=s/U8XB1Vrj0fo73DyPmcTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724032879276057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=图22, caption=
电网电压对称跌落故障时的实验波形, figureFileSmall=Go6zI/3Vq1pf33s0RlBBzQ==, figureFileBig=s/U8XB1Vrj0fo73DyPmcTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190724033080602651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Typical impedance parameters of transmission lines and transformers[23,25]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 | 阻感比 |
| 0.4 kV线路阻抗ZL1 | 0.647 Ω/km | 7.70 |
| 35 kV线路阻抗ZL2 | 0.249 Ω/km | 0.85 |
| 0.4 kV/35 kV变压器阻抗ZT1(pu) | 0.065 | — |
| 35 kV/220 kV变压器阻抗ZT2(pu) | 0.12 | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1190724033181265949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
传输线路和变压器的典型阻抗参数[23,25]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 | 阻感比 |
| 0.4 kV线路阻抗ZL1 | 0.647 Ω/km | 7.70 |
| 35 kV线路阻抗ZL2 | 0.249 Ω/km | 0.85 |
| 0.4 kV/35 kV变压器阻抗ZT1(pu) | 0.065 | — |
| 35 kV/220 kV变压器阻抗ZT2(pu) | 0.12 | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1190724033290317855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Dominant poles when the grid inductance decreases
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 电网电感Lg(pu) | 主导极点 | 频率/Hz |
| 1 | 0.1 | -1.27±86.84i | 13.82 |
| 2 | 0.08 | 5.17±78.69i | 12.52 |
| 3 | 0.06 | 11.37±70.54i | 11.23 |
| 4 | 0.04 | 16.81±61.95i | 9.85 |
| 5 | 0.02 | 20.86±52.07i | 8.29 |
| 6 | 0 | 22.27±38.79i | 6.17 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190724033378398241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
电网电感降低时的主导极点
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 电网电感Lg(pu) | 主导极点 | 频率/Hz |
| 1 | 0.1 | -1.27±86.84i | 13.82 |
| 2 | 0.08 | 5.17±78.69i | 12.52 |
| 3 | 0.06 | 11.37±70.54i | 11.23 |
| 4 | 0.04 | 16.81±61.95i | 9.85 |
| 5 | 0.02 | 20.86±52.07i | 8.29 |
| 6 | 0 | 22.27±38.79i | 6.17 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190724033491644451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Dominant poles when the grid resistance decreases
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 电网电阻rg(pu) | 主导极点 | 频率/Hz | 阻尼比ζ |
| 1 | 0.1 | -59.34±98.57i | 15.7 | 0.51 |
| 2 | 0.08 | -48.15±106.62i | 16.9 | 0.42 |
| 3 | 0.06 | -36.75±114.66i | 18.2 | 0.32 |
| 4 | 0.04 | -25.05±122.57i | 19.5 | 0.18 |
| 5 | 0.02 | -12.95±130.28i | 20.7 | 0.11 |
| 6 | 0 | -0.37±137.75i | 21.9 | 0.01 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190724033583919141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
电网电阻降低时的主导极点
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 电网电阻rg(pu) | 主导极点 | 频率/Hz | 阻尼比ζ |
| 1 | 0.1 | -59.34±98.57i | 15.7 | 0.51 |
| 2 | 0.08 | -48.15±106.62i | 16.9 | 0.42 |
| 3 | 0.06 | -36.75±114.66i | 18.2 | 0.32 |
| 4 | 0.04 | -25.05±122.57i | 19.5 | 0.18 |
| 5 | 0.02 | -12.95±130.28i | 20.7 | 0.11 |
| 6 | 0 | -0.37±137.75i | 21.9 | 0.01 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190724033692971047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Main parameters of the experimental system
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 电网参数 | 电网电压/V | 113.14 |
| 电网频率/Hz | 50 |
| 电网阻抗/Ω | ≈0 |
| 储能系统参数 | 额定功率/(kV·A) | 1.5 |
| 相模块数N | 3 |
| 模块直流电压/V | 50 |
| 滤波电感Lf(pu) | 0.074 |
| 控制参数 | J(pu) | 0.001 6 |
| D(pu) | 1.02 |
| 电压PI控制器(pu) | kpv=0.2 kiv=100 |
| 自适应虚拟阻抗(pu) | Ith=1.1 kr=0.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1190724033814605865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190594635622920406, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
实验系统主要参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参 数 | 数 值 |
| 电网参数 | 电网电压/V | 113.14 |
| 电网频率/Hz | 50 |
| 电网阻抗/Ω | ≈0 |
| 储能系统参数 | 额定功率/(kV·A) | 1.5 |
| 相模块数N | 3 |
| 模块直流电压/V | 50 |
| 滤波电感Lf(pu) | 0.074 |
| 控制参数 | J(pu) | 0.001 6 |
| D(pu) | 1.02 |
| 电压PI控制器(pu) | kpv=0.2 kiv=100 |
| 自适应虚拟阻抗(pu) | Ith=1.1 kr=0.3 |
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