Article(id=1190413891730550803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190413885736894766, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240934, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717084800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-31, revisedDate=1722096000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761746388608, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761746388608, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761746388608, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761746388608, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190413885736894766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, year='2025', volume='40', issue='12', pageStart='3691', pageEnd='4016', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761746387172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761785301742, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190577105311253479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190413885736894766, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190577105311253480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, issueId=1190413885736894766, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3931, endPage=3942, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190413892657491991, articleId=1190413891730550803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, language=EN, title=Non-Isolated Five-Level Boost Inverter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, non-isolated inverters have gained widespread attention in commercial and residential PV grid-connected systems due to their cost, efficiency, and flexibility advantages. However, in practical applications, the output voltage of the PV panel is generally low. Due to the loss of the electrical isolation of the transformer, the high-frequency switching action of the conventional inverter may produce a common mode voltage applied to the parasitic capacitance between the PV array and the ground, resulting in a common mode leakage current, which affects the safe operation of the system. This paper proposes a non-isolated five-level Boost inverter with no leakage current and its dual-mode modulation strategy to enhance the applicability and practicability of the inverter.

Firstly, the circuit structure combines the dual-output Boost converter with the five-level inverter to create a five-level Boost inverter topology. The Boost capability is expanded, suitable for PV power generation applications with low DC voltage on the input side. Secondly, the dual-mode modulation strategy of unipolar carrier level shifted is studied, providing five-level output capability and increasing the equivalent switching frequency under the same carrier frequency. By comparing the PV panel’s DC output voltage and the grid voltage’s absolute value, two working modes of Boost voltage and buck voltage are realized, and the energy transmission efficiency of the converter is improved. In addition, a five-level voltage is output on the side of the bridge arm, and more levels make the output voltage closer to the sine wave, which is conducive to improving the quality of incoming current. Furthermore, the negative polarity of the DC side of the topology is directly connected to the voltage neutral of the AC side to eliminate the common mode leakage current of the stray capacitor to the ground. Finally, the working principle of the inverter circuit and the realization method of the specific modulation strategy are provided, and the key parameters are designed.

An experimental prototype was built. The experimental results show that: (1) The inverter’s two working modes overcome the limitation that the traditional multilevel inverter can only step down, making it suitable for a wide range of input voltage changes. (2) The common ground structure can effectively inhibit leakage current. (3) The output voltage VAB of the bridge arm presents five voltage levels, and the energy storage capacitor can be charged and discharged at a high switching frequency, ensuring the stationarity of the output voltage of each level. Hence, the output voltage waveform is symmetrical in the positive and negative half cycles. At the same time, the incoming current ig can accurately track the phase of the grid voltage Vg, producing a smooth output waveform with little distortion, which meets the requirements for grid-connected current quality. (4) The proposed inverter can output reactive power output, which meets the requirements of non-unit power factor operation in IEEE grid-connected standards.

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非隔离型逆变器具有成本低、体积小和高效率等优点,在光伏发电系统中得到了广泛关注。该文提出一种无漏电流非隔离五电平升压逆变器及其双模式调制策略,该电路结构将双输出Boost变换器结构与五电平逆变器进行融合,得到五电平升压逆变器拓扑,同时,所提拓扑直流侧的负极性端与交流侧电压的中性点直接相连,理论上可以消除漏电流,适用于输入侧直流电压较低的光伏发电场合。进一步地,针对所提逆变器研究了双模式调制策略,提高了变换器的能量传输效率。该文给出了该逆变电路的工作原理和具体调制策略的实现方法,进行了关键参数设计,搭建了实验样机,最后实验结果验证了所提拓扑与调制策略的有效性和正确性。

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胡雪峰 男,1973年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为可再生能源系统、变换器的控制与建模、分布式电力系统等。E-mail:
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张文彬 男,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为多电平直流-交流变换器。E-mail:

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张文彬 男,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为多电平直流-交流变换器。E-mail:

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张文彬 男,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为多电平直流-交流变换器。E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=双模式调制), Keyword(id=1190684064052032424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=五电平), Keyword(id=1190684064152695722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=升压逆变)], refs=[Reference(id=1190684079948443674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=254, pageEnd=265, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王立乔, 韩胥静, 李占一, journalName=电工技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王立乔, 韩胥静, 李占一, 等. 一种新型飞跨电容型Zeta多电平逆变器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(1): 254-265., articleTitle=一种新型飞跨电容型Zeta多电平逆变器, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190684080082661404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, doi=null, pmid=null, 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journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The modal equivalent circuit of the proposed inverter, figureFileSmall=HZe24BFqnHtS08eis1RX2g==, figureFileBig=ivOwooKWRln7BKLY//tcdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190684064907670449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, label=图2, caption=所提逆变器的模态等效电路, figureFileSmall=HZe24BFqnHtS08eis1RX2g==, figureFileBig=ivOwooKWRln7BKLY//tcdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190684066040132530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The key waveforms of the proposed inverter, figureFileSmall=XikF87GHPaLuSnC8obgMJg==, figureFileBig=L7mD7Failou2j5cbmw+4Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190684066262430644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, label=图3, caption=所提逆变器的关键波形, figureFileSmall=XikF87GHPaLuSnC8obgMJg==, figureFileBig=L7mD7Failou2j5cbmw+4Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190684066501505974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Dual-mode modulation strategy schematic diagram, figureFileSmall=jcfvdRnMwCKvWoF0nCKqKg==, figureFileBig=CyRXSd5RKR1q8jOs28DHFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190684066656695224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, label=图4, caption=双模式调制策略原理, figureFileSmall=jcfvdRnMwCKvWoF0nCKqKg==, figureFileBig=CyRXSd5RKR1q8jOs28DHFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190684068607046586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Two modes in Boost mode, figureFileSmall=mDUnJ22qY+IjwQuZ7FmkXQ==, figureFileBig=NPISvTJRKM3v+YZFdQPhWQ==, tableContent=null), 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The proposed inverter mode analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Zone 模态 电平 VAB 开关 ILb VC1 VC2 VC3

(0<ur<0.5 )

(ur<uC1 )
1 0 S2

(ur>uC1 )
2 +Vin S8

(0.5<ur<1 )

(ur<uC2 )
2 +Vin S4, S8

(ur>uC2 )
3 +(Vin+VC1) S1, S5

(0<ur<0.5 )

(ur<uC3 )
1 0 S2, S3, S9

(ur>uC3 )
4 -VC3 S2, S10

(0.5<ur<1 )

(ur<uC4 )
4 -VC3 S2, S6, S10

(ur>uC4 )
5 -VC2 S5, S7, S9
), ArticleFig(id=1190684077146648577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

所提逆变器模态分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Zone 模态 电平 VAB 开关 ILb VC1 VC2 VC3

(0<ur<0.5 )

(ur<uC1 )
1 0 S2

(ur>uC1 )
2 +Vin S8

(0.5<ur<1 )

(ur<uC2 )
2 +Vin S4, S8

(ur>uC2 )
3 +(Vin+VC1) S1, S5

(0<ur<0.5 )

(ur<uC3 )
1 0 S2, S3, S9

(ur>uC3 )
4 -VC3 S2, S10

(0.5<ur<1 )

(ur<uC4 )
4 -VC3 S2, S6, S10

(ur>uC4 )
5 -VC2 S5, S7, S9
), ArticleFig(id=1190684077310226434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Voltage stress, switching frequency and selection of switching devices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关 电压应力 开关频率 选型
S4, S6, S9 1 2 2 m V in fs半周期循环 IRFP460PBF
S3, S10 V in fs半周期循环 IRFP460PBF
S2, S5 2 2 2 m V in fs全周期 IRFP460PBF
S8 2 + 1 2 2 m V in fs半周期循环 STW33N60M2
S1, S7 2 + 2 2 2 m V in fs半周期循环 STW33N60M2
), ArticleFig(id=1190684077477998595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

开关器件的电压应力、开关频率及选型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关 电压应力 开关频率 选型
S4, S6, S9 1 2 2 m V in fs半周期循环 IRFP460PBF
S3, S10 V in fs半周期循环 IRFP460PBF
S2, S5 2 2 2 m V in fs全周期 IRFP460PBF
S8 2 + 1 2 2 m V in fs半周期循环 STW33N60M2
S1, S7 2 + 2 2 2 m V in fs半周期循环 STW33N60M2
), ArticleFig(id=1190684077763211269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Improvement of wind direction characteristic for forecast performance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变换器 器件数量 升压
功能
输出电压
增益(类型)
最大导通
开关数量
漏电流/
mA
电容高频
充放电
电容充电
电流
进网电流
THD(%)
最大效率(%)
S VD L C
[7] 9 0 2 2 1 1 D(可调) 5 <1 较大 97.91 (2 kW)
[8] 6 2 1 3 2(固定) 3 10 较大 2 98.1 (600 W)
[11] 7 2 3 2 2(固定) 3 <1 97.1 (500 W)
[12] 10 0 2 4 D 1 D(可调) 4 50 0.1 97.5 (880 W)
[13] 9 0 2 2 1 1 D(可调) 4 <1 1.1 96.5 (1 kW)
[14] 9 1 3 2 1 1 D(可调) 4 16.2 2.9 96.13 (220 W)
[18] 6 2 1 3 1 2(固定) 3 —(低) 较大 1.6 95.6 (1 kW)
所提逆变器 10 0 3 4 2 m 1 2 2 m(可调) 3 <1 0.3 96.8 (0.35 kW)
), ArticleFig(id=1190684077935177738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变换器关键参数与性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变换器 器件数量 升压
功能
输出电压
增益(类型)
最大导通
开关数量
漏电流/
mA
电容高频
充放电
电容充电
电流
进网电流
THD(%)
最大效率(%)
S VD L C
[7] 9 0 2 2 1 1 D(可调) 5 <1 较大 97.91 (2 kW)
[8] 6 2 1 3 2(固定) 3 10 较大 2 98.1 (600 W)
[11] 7 2 3 2 2(固定) 3 <1 97.1 (500 W)
[12] 10 0 2 4 D 1 D(可调) 4 50 0.1 97.5 (880 W)
[13] 9 0 2 2 1 1 D(可调) 4 <1 1.1 96.5 (1 kW)
[14] 9 1 3 2 1 1 D(可调) 4 16.2 2.9 96.13 (220 W)
[18] 6 2 1 3 1 2(固定) 3 —(低) 较大 1.6 95.6 (1 kW)
所提逆变器 10 0 3 4 2 m 1 2 2 m(可调) 3 <1 0.3 96.8 (0.35 kW)
), ArticleFig(id=1190684078069395468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Experimental prototype parameters and selection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参 数 数 值 (型号)
输入直流电压Vin/V 75~120
额定功率Po/W 350
电网电压Vg/Hz 110Vrms/50
升压电感Lb/mH 2
母线电容 C1/μF 150
C2/μF 220
C3/μF 56
滤波电感 Lf1/mH 5
Lf2/mH 2
滤波电容Cf/μF 5
开关频率fs/kHz 20
MOSFETs STW33N60M2 600 V, 26 A, rS=125 mΩ
MOSFETs IRFP460PBF 500 V, 20 A, rS=270 mΩ
Diodes DSEI60-06A 600 V, 60 A, rD=47 mΩ
), ArticleFig(id=1190684078329442318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190306094246359042, articleId=1190413891730550803, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实验样机的参数及选型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参 数 数 值 (型号)
输入直流电压Vin/V 75~120
额定功率Po/W 350
电网电压Vg/Hz 110Vrms/50
升压电感Lb/mH 2
母线电容 C1/μF 150
C2/μF 220
C3/μF 56
滤波电感 Lf1/mH 5
Lf2/mH 2
滤波电容Cf/μF 5
开关频率fs/kHz 20
MOSFETs STW33N60M2 600 V, 26 A, rS=125 mΩ
MOSFETs IRFP460PBF 500 V, 20 A, rS=270 mΩ
Diodes DSEI60-06A 600 V, 60 A, rD=47 mΩ
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用于光伏并网系统的非隔离五电平升压逆变器
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胡雪峰 , 张文彬 , 施松涛 , 常先雷 , 匡荣栋
电工技术学报 | 电力电子 2025,40(12): 3931-3942
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电工技术学报 | 电力电子 2025, 40(12): 3931-3942
用于光伏并网系统的非隔离五电平升压逆变器
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胡雪峰 , 张文彬 , 施松涛, 常先雷, 匡荣栋
作者信息
  • 安徽工业大学安徽省高校电力电子与运动控制重点实验室 马鞍山 243032
  • 张文彬 男,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为多电平直流-交流变换器。E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡雪峰 男,1973年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为可再生能源系统、变换器的控制与建模、分布式电力系统等。E-mail:
Non-Isolated Five-Level Boost Inverter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
Xuefeng Hu , Wenbin Zhang , Songtao Shi, Xianlei Chang, Rongdong Kuang
Affiliations
  • Key Lab of Power Electronics and Motion Control of Anhui Province Anhui University of Technology Maanshan 243032 China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240934
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非隔离型逆变器具有成本低、体积小和高效率等优点,在光伏发电系统中得到了广泛关注。该文提出一种无漏电流非隔离五电平升压逆变器及其双模式调制策略,该电路结构将双输出Boost变换器结构与五电平逆变器进行融合,得到五电平升压逆变器拓扑,同时,所提拓扑直流侧的负极性端与交流侧电压的中性点直接相连,理论上可以消除漏电流,适用于输入侧直流电压较低的光伏发电场合。进一步地,针对所提逆变器研究了双模式调制策略,提高了变换器的能量传输效率。该文给出了该逆变电路的工作原理和具体调制策略的实现方法,进行了关键参数设计,搭建了实验样机,最后实验结果验证了所提拓扑与调制策略的有效性和正确性。

非隔离  /  共地型  /  双模式调制  /  五电平  /  升压逆变

In recent years, non-isolated inverters have gained widespread attention in commercial and residential PV grid-connected systems due to their cost, efficiency, and flexibility advantages. However, in practical applications, the output voltage of the PV panel is generally low. Due to the loss of the electrical isolation of the transformer, the high-frequency switching action of the conventional inverter may produce a common mode voltage applied to the parasitic capacitance between the PV array and the ground, resulting in a common mode leakage current, which affects the safe operation of the system. This paper proposes a non-isolated five-level Boost inverter with no leakage current and its dual-mode modulation strategy to enhance the applicability and practicability of the inverter.

Firstly, the circuit structure combines the dual-output Boost converter with the five-level inverter to create a five-level Boost inverter topology. The Boost capability is expanded, suitable for PV power generation applications with low DC voltage on the input side. Secondly, the dual-mode modulation strategy of unipolar carrier level shifted is studied, providing five-level output capability and increasing the equivalent switching frequency under the same carrier frequency. By comparing the PV panel’s DC output voltage and the grid voltage’s absolute value, two working modes of Boost voltage and buck voltage are realized, and the energy transmission efficiency of the converter is improved. In addition, a five-level voltage is output on the side of the bridge arm, and more levels make the output voltage closer to the sine wave, which is conducive to improving the quality of incoming current. Furthermore, the negative polarity of the DC side of the topology is directly connected to the voltage neutral of the AC side to eliminate the common mode leakage current of the stray capacitor to the ground. Finally, the working principle of the inverter circuit and the realization method of the specific modulation strategy are provided, and the key parameters are designed.

An experimental prototype was built. The experimental results show that: (1) The inverter’s two working modes overcome the limitation that the traditional multilevel inverter can only step down, making it suitable for a wide range of input voltage changes. (2) The common ground structure can effectively inhibit leakage current. (3) The output voltage VAB of the bridge arm presents five voltage levels, and the energy storage capacitor can be charged and discharged at a high switching frequency, ensuring the stationarity of the output voltage of each level. Hence, the output voltage waveform is symmetrical in the positive and negative half cycles. At the same time, the incoming current ig can accurately track the phase of the grid voltage Vg, producing a smooth output waveform with little distortion, which meets the requirements for grid-connected current quality. (4) The proposed inverter can output reactive power output, which meets the requirements of non-unit power factor operation in IEEE grid-connected standards.

Non-isolated  /  common-ground  /  dual-mode modulation  /  five-level  /  Boost inverter
胡雪峰, 张文彬, 施松涛, 常先雷, 匡荣栋. 用于光伏并网系统的非隔离五电平升压逆变器. 电工技术学报, 2025 , 40 (12) : 3931 -3942 . DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240934
Xuefeng Hu, Wenbin Zhang, Songtao Shi, Xianlei Chang, Rongdong Kuang. Non-Isolated Five-Level Boost Inverter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025 , 40 (12) : 3931 -3942 . DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240934
近年来,非隔离型逆变器由于其成本、效率和灵活性等方面的优势,在商业和住宅光伏并网系统中得到了广泛重视。然而,光伏电池板输出电压一般较低,且由于失去了变压器的电气隔离,常规逆变器的高频开关动作可能产生共模电压施加到光伏阵列与地面之间的寄生电容上,产生共模漏电流,进而影响系统的安全运行。因此,为了符合光伏并网系统的规范和安全标准,提高非隔离光伏逆变器的应用范围,学术界和工业界从结构与控制方法出发对非隔离光伏逆变器进行了广泛研究[1-3]
与两电平逆变器相比,多电平逆变器一般具有更小的开关电压应力和更低的谐波含量。因此对于并网发电系统,多电平逆变器具有改善进网电流、降低开关损耗和减少电磁干扰等方面的优势。传统多电平逆变器主要分为二极管钳位型、飞跨电容型及级联H桥型。随着输出电平数的升高,二极管钳位型和飞跨电容型拓扑结构中器件数量显著增加,且二者均存在电容电压不平衡的问题,需要辅助电路和复杂的控制算法来维持电容电压平衡。另外,上述传统结构均属于降压型逆变器,在低压光伏发电系统的应用中受到了一定的限制。文献[4-5]各提出了一种非隔离型五电平逆变器,且都具有电容电压自平衡的优点,相对传统五电平逆变器采用了较少的功率器件,具有较高的效率,然而,两种拓扑都为降压型逆变器,不适用于输入电压等级较低的应用场景。文献[6-10]提出了一种基于开关电容倍压电路的多电平逆变器,通过周期性地对电容进行充放电来调节输出电压,实现整数倍电压增益的提升,解决了上述降压型逆变器存在的问题,然而,在电容进行充放电过程中需要承受较大的冲击电流,对电容的寿命和系统的稳定运行造成影响。文献[11-13]提出的非隔离多电平逆变器将Boost电路与开关电容电路相结合,相对于开关电容倍压电路采用了较多的元件,然而通过升压电感对电容实现充电储能,使其电容上的电流冲击大大降低,增加了系统安全性和稳定性,并且具有较灵活的电压增益调节能力。
光伏并网系统中,非隔离型逆变器的共模漏电流问题也需引起高度重视[3,14],讨论了一种能够抑制共模漏电流的调制策略。通过实施该调制策略,寄生电容上共模电压vcm的波动得到有效减小,从而实现对共模漏电流的抑制,然而,该策略的漏电流抑制能力有限,在实验中仍然表现为较为明显的漏电流问题。文献[6-8,10-11,15-17]均具有共地型结构,即光伏电池板的负极直接与电网中性点相连接,这种结构将寄生电容进行短路处理,进而使得共模电压vcm降低至0 V,理论上能完全抑制共模漏电流的产生,然而文献[8]所提逆变器在整个电网的负半周期,中间电容向电网侧供能时,仅存在放电模式,即其能量不能得到及时补充,因此在该时间段电容电压的跌落较大,影响了逆变器的输出电能质量,因此,为了解决这一问题,需要采用具有较大容值的电解电容。文献[11,16]中的多电平逆变电路中也至少有一个储能电容在其工作时间段只工作在放电状态,不能及时补充能量,存在如文献[8]同样的缺点。
针对上述现存问题,本文首先提出了一种无漏电流的非隔离五电平升压逆变器,该拓扑结构将双输出Boost变换器与共地型逆变器进行集成,扩展了升压能力,相较于传统多电平逆变器,克服了对其电压等级的依赖和光照强度、温度等天气条件的限制。其次,所提逆变器的直流输入侧负极与交流输出侧中性点直接相连,理论上可完全消除杂散电容对地的共模漏电流。最后,针对所提逆变器,提出了一种基于单极式载波层叠的双模式调制策略,在此调制策略下,通过比较输入电压与电网电压,实现逆变器降压和升压两种工作模式,使输出电压更接近于正弦波,进而有效提高进网电流质量。
所提非隔离五电平升压并网逆变器拓扑结构如图1所示,该拓扑融合了双输出Boost变换器与多电平逆变器,且具有输出电压负极与电网中性点直接相连的共地型结构,主电路由6个开关管(S1、S3、S5、S8、S9和S10),1个双向开关(S2),3个单向开关(S4、S6和S7),1个二极管(VD1),1个升压电感(Lb)和3个储能电容(C1C2C3)组成,其输出侧通过LCL滤波器与电网Vg相连。
所提逆变器被设计为两种工作模式:升压模式和降压模式。当光伏电池板输出电压大于电网电压瞬时值的绝对值时,工作在降压模式,此时升压单元不工作,光伏电池板直接向电网提供电能传输;当光伏电池板输出电压小于电网电压瞬时值的绝对值时,需将输入电压进行抬升,逆变器工作在升压模式,此时升压单元开始工作。
主电路桥臂输出电压VAB具有五种输出电压。表1显示了10个开关、1个升压电感和3个储能电容分别在不同模态下的工作状态,其中,Zone Ⅰ和Ⅲ分别为正、负半周期内的降压模式工作区间,Zone Ⅱ和Ⅳ分别为正、负半周期内的升压模式工作区间,该拓扑降压模式下的等效电路如图2a图2b图2e图2f所示,升压模式下的等效电路如2c、图2d图2g图2h所示。
模态一:结合图2a,在正半周期,输入电压Vin大于电网电压Vg绝对值时,逆变器工作在降压
模式下。当调制波大于载波uC2时,控制开关管S8导通,二极管VD1导通,输入电源Vin两端与滤波电路和电网形成闭合回路,此时桥臂电压VAB=Vin
模态二:结合图2b,在正半周期,输入电压Vin大于电网电压Vg绝对值时,逆变器工作在降压模式下。当调制波小于载波uC2时,控制开关管S3和S2导通,滤波电路与电网通过开关管S2和S3形成续流闭合回路,此时桥臂电压VAB=0。
模态三:结合图2c,在正半周期,输入电压Vin小于电网电压Vg绝对值时,逆变器工作在升压模式下。当调制波大于载波uC1时,控制开关管S1和S5导通,输入电源Vin通过开关管S5给电感Lb充电,输入电源Vin和电容C1与滤波电路和电网形成闭合回路,此时桥臂电压VAB=Vin+VC1
模态四:结合图2d,在正半周期,输入电压Vin小于电网电压Vg绝对值时,逆变器工作在升压模式下。当调制波小于载波uC1时,控制开关管S4和S8导通,升压电感Lb通过开关管S4和二极管VD4向电容C1充电,输入电源Vin两端与滤波电路和电网形成闭合回路,此时桥臂电压VAB=Vin
模态五:结合图2e,在负半周期,输入电压Vin大于电网电压Vg绝对值时,逆变器工作在降压模式下。当调制波小于载波uC3时,控制开关管S2和S10导通,电容C3两端与滤波电路和电网通过开关管S2形成闭合回路,此时桥臂电压VAB=-VC3
模态六:结合图2f,在负半周期,输入电压Vin大于电网电压Vg绝对值时,逆变器工作在降压模式下。当调制波大于载波uC3时,控制开关管S2和S9导通,输入电源Vin通过开关管S9向电容C3充电。滤波电路和电网通过开关管S2形成续流闭合回路,此时桥臂电压VAB=0。
模态七:结合图2g,在负半周期,输入电压Vin小于电网电压Vg绝对值时,逆变器工作在升压模式下。当调制波小于载波uC3时,控制开关管S5、S7和S9导通,输入电源Vin通过开关管S5给电感Lb充电,电容C2两端与滤波电路和电网通过开关管S5和S7形成闭合回路,此时桥臂电压VAB=-VC2
模态八:结合图2h,在负半周期,输入电压Vin小于电网电压Vg绝对值时,逆变器工作在升压模式下。当调制波大于载波uC3时,控制开关管S2、S6和S10导通,输入电源Vin与升压电感Lb通过开关管S6向电容C2充电。电容C3两端与滤波电路和电网通过开关管S2形成闭合回路,此时桥臂电压VAB=-VC3
表1中,ur为正弦调制波,msin(ωt),在正负半周期分别与两个载波进行比较,从而得到各开关管的导通信号。
图3为在该逆变器稳态运行时的关键波形,可以看出,仅在工作区间Zone Ⅱ或Zone Ⅳ中,升压电感Lb工作,在1.3节将针对升压单元工作模式进行讨论。
由1.2节可知,所提逆变器可通过比较光伏电池板输出电压Vin和电网瞬时值的绝对值|vg(t)|,实现降压模式(Buck mode)和升压模式(Boost mode)两种模式。针对两种工作模式,研究了一种双模式调制策略,如图4所示,该调制策略基于正弦脉宽调制(Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation, SPWM),在输入电压的幅值高于电网瞬时值的绝对值期间(Zone Ⅰ或Zone Ⅲ),升压单元不工作,控制调制比m<0.5,调制波ur与载波uC1uC3进行比较,逆变器的输出电压VAB产生三个电平(0、Vin、-VC3);在输入电压的幅值低于电网瞬时值的绝对值期间(Zone Ⅱ或Zone Ⅳ),升压单元工作,控制调制比m>0.5,调制波ur与载波uC2uC4进行比较,逆变器的输出电压VAB产生四个电平(Vin+VC1Vin、-VC2、-VC3)。通过此种调制策略,可控制升压单元仅在光伏电池板输出电压低于电网电压瞬时值时工作,因此即使在光伏电池板电压较低时,也能实现较高的电能转换效率。
根据1.2节分析,在升压模式中,升压电感Lb工作,根据流经Lb的电流的情况,可将升压电感电流iLb分成两种工作模式:一种是输入电感电流iLb处于断续导通模式(Discontinous Conduction Mode, DCM),如图5a所示;另一种是升压电感电流iLb处于混合模式(Discontinued-Continued-Discontinued Mode, DCDM),如图5b所示。
本文将分析该逆变器在DCDM下的情况。电感Lb工作在DCDM下时,电感电流iLb波形如图5b所示,通常其电感电流iLb工作在DCM阶段内的时间远小于连续导通模式(Continuous Conduction Mode, CCM)阶段内的时间。因此,可以忽略在DCM阶段电感Lb对电容C2充电释放的能量,而将电感Lb视为仅在连续CCM阶段时间内对电容C2进行充电。结合图4图5,电容上的电压可表示为
V C 1 = 2 m 1 2 2 m V in V C 2 = 1 2 2 m V in
式中,VC1C1两端电压;VC2C2两端电压。由图2的模态等效电路可知,模态三中,直流侧串联电容C1共同向电网侧供电,此时VAB=Vin/(2-2m),模态七中,电容C2单独向电网侧供电,此时VAB= Vin/(2-2m),因此两个升压模式区间的电压增益相同。可得输出侧电压峰值Vgm
V gm = ( 2 m 1 ) V in + V C 1 = ( 2 m 1 ) V C 2 = 2 m 1 2 2 m V in
从而可得DCDM下电压增益GDCD表达式为
G DCD = 2 m 1 2 2 m
根据式(3)可知DCDM下电压增益GDCD与调制比关系,其关系曲线如图6所示。
共模等效电路如图7所示,共模漏电流的大小与全共模电压(Full Common-Mode Voltage, FCMV)VTCM有关,其表达式为
V TCM = V AN + V BN 2 + V AN V BN L 2 L 1 2 L 1 L 2
式中,VANVBN分别为图7中A、B两点与N点之间的电压。通过对所提逆变器的工作原理的理论分析可知,L1=Lf1Lb=0,代入式(4)可得
V TCM = V AN + V BN 2 + V AN V BN 1 2 = V BN
流过寄生电容Cpv的共模漏电流icm关系式为
i cm = C pv d V TCM d t
由于所提五电平并网逆变器在整个周期内的全共模电压VTCM都为0 V,因此共模漏电流icm=0 A,即此拓扑理论上能完全消除漏电流。
通过对所提逆变器的工作原理的理论分析可知,该逆变器既可工作在DCM,也可工作在DCDM,因此在对升压电感进行设计时,假设电感工作DCM和DCDM两种工作模式的临界状态下。此时,在一个开关周期内,开始或结束时刻输入电感电流ILb均为零,从而可得输入电感电流平均值ILb表达式为
I L b = Δ i 2
Δ i = V in t on L b
式中,Δi为电感电流变化量;ton为导通时间。
根据相似三角形原理,ton可表示为
t on = ( 2 m 1 ) T sin ( ω t )
式中,T为开关周期。
输入电流平均值Iin
I in = P in V in
综上所述,DCM和DCDM两个工作模式的临界条件下的电感值Lbc表达式为
L bc = V in 2 ( 2 m 1 ) sin ( ω t ) 2 P in f s 0 sin ( ω t ) 1
式中,fs为开关频率。
因此当升压电感Lb>Lbc时,此逆变器工作在DCDM,升压电感Lb的取值范围为
L b L bc = V in 2 ( 2 m 1 ) 2 P in f s = 0.6 mH
当电容的设计使电容电压的最大纹波低于额定值的2%[18]时,由于在此逆变器中,所有的中间储能电容(C1C2C3)都在各自的工作时间段内工作在开关频率,因此3个电容的最大电压纹波取决于各自一个开关周期内的最大充电时间Tcharge
表1可知,C1C2C3分别在Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ工作区间工作,3个电容在各自工作时间段的充电时间为
T charge1 = T ( 2 2 m ) sin θ 1 C 1 T charge2 = T ( 2 2 m ) sin θ 2 C 2 T charge3 = T ( 1 2 m ) sin θ 3 C 3
式中, θ 1 θ 2 θ 3为各自电容对应的参考相位。
在充电期间,3个电容电压变化ΔVC1,2,3可由式(14)得出,ΔθC为电容充电电荷量。结合式(13)和式(14),可以通过式(15)得到电容C1C2C3的电压纹波ΔVC1、ΔVC2、ΔVC3。当θ1,2,3分别为π/2、3π/2和arcsin[1/(2m)]时,各个电容电压纹波达到峰值。
Δ V C 1 , 2 , 3 = Δ Q C C 1 , 2 , 3 = I m sin θ 1 , 2 , 3 T charge1,2,3 C 1 , 2 , 3
Δ V C 1 = I m sin 2 θ 1 T charge1 ( 2 2 m ) C 1 Δ V C 2 = I m sin 2 θ 2 T charge2 ( 2 2 m ) C 2 Δ V C 3 = I m sin 2 θ 3 T charge3 ( 1 2 m ) C 3
通常,电容电压的纹波限制在电容电压的2%以内,因此ΔVC1、ΔVC2、ΔVC3分别为2 V、4 V和2 V,通过式(13)~式(15)可得到C1C2C3分别为92 μF、151 μF和56 μF,因此,考虑到两倍的电压裕量,C1C2C3分别选择150 μF(耐压200 V)、220 μF(耐压400 V)和56 μF(耐压200 V)的电解电容。
LCL滤波器中Lf1的设计参数要满足电流纹波的要求,其中Lf1的最小值取决于一个开关周期内电感电流的最大变化量。
由于在一个工作周期内,升压模式下的电感电流变化量最大,且正负周期对称,因此在正半周期的升压模式下进行设计。在模式三下,桥臂输出电压VAB=(1/2-2m)Vin,在模式四下,桥臂输出电压VAB=Vin,因此有
L f1 d i L f1 d t = 1 2 2 m V in V C V in V C
式中,VC为滤波电容Cf的电压; 1 2 2 m V in V C V in
由于在一个开关周期内,VC的变化很小,因此可认为Lf1电流为线性变化,其中在模式三下增加,在模式四下下降,其增加和下降量分别为
Δ i L f 1 ( + ) = 1 2 2 m V in V C L f1 T ( + ) Δ i L f 1 ( ) = V C V in L f1 T ( )
T ( + ) = ( 2 m 1 ) T m sin ( ω t ) T ( ) = ( 2 2 m ) T m sin ( ω t )
式中,T(+)T(-)分别为一个开关周期内Lf1电流的增加和下降的时间。
设电网为理想电网,由于滤波电感Lf1Lf2的电压一般很小,因此滤波电容Cf的电压VC近似等于电网电压Vg,即
V C V g = m 1 2 2 m V in sin ( ω t )
Δ i L f1 ( + ) = 2 m 1 2 2 m V in T L f1 1 m sin ( ω t ) m sin ( ω t ) Δ i L f1 ( ) = V C V in L f1 ( 2 2 m ) T m sin ( ω t )
通过式(16)~式(26)计算可知,ΔiLf1最大值ΔiLf1_max
Δ i L f1_max = 1 4 2 m 1 2 2 m V in T L f1
式中,为满足IEEE-519的运行标准,ΔiLf1_max一般取I1的20%~30%[20]I1为额定输出电流时流过Lf1的电流基波有效值,由此可求得电感Lf1的最小值Lf1_min
L f1_min = 1 4 2 m 1 2 2 m V in T 0.3 I 1 2.3 mH
Lf1的最大值由其两端电压VLf1确定,VLf1取滤波电容电压VCf的5%左右,即
L f1_max = 5 % V C f ω I L f1 5 % V g ω I L f1 6 mH
根据Lf1的最大值和最小值,取Lf1=5 mH。
LCL滤波器Cf的设计要考虑其引入的无功功率大小,此逆变器设计将具有一定的无功功率输出能力,设 λCf引入无功功率和逆变器输出额定有功功率之比,为确保系统运行的稳定性,一般取5%[21],则Cf的最大值为
C f = λ P o ω V g 2 5.3 μF
式中,Po为逆变器输出功率。
根据上述分析,取Cf =5 μF。
根据并网标准中谐波的限制设计Lf2,并网电流iLf2关于桥臂电压VAB的传递函数为
G LCL ( s ) = i L f2 ( s ) V AB ( s ) = 1 L f1 L f2 C f s 3 + L f1 + L f2 s             = 1 L f1 + L f2 s ω r 2 s 2 + ω r 2
式中, ω r为LCL滤波器的谐振角频率,表达式为
ω r = L f1 + L f2 L f1 L f2 C f
为避免LCL滤波器在谐波频谱低频和高频部分的谐振问题,谐振频率应大于10倍电网频率且小
于1/2的开关频率[22],此处取 ω r = 1 3 f s,得到
L f1 + L f2 L f1 L f2 C f = 1 9 f s 2
Lf1Cf的选型确定后,取Lf2=2 mH。
表2为各个开关管的电压应力、开关频率和开关管器件选型。半周期循环为仅在正半周期或负半周期工作。可以看出,S4、S6和S9的电压应力为(1/2-2m)Vin,S3和S10的电压应力为Vin,S2和S5的电压应力为(2/2-2m)Vin,考虑到Vin为100 V,S1、S7和S8的电压应力较高,但由于仅在半周期内工作,因此开关损耗低。综合考虑,选用S1、S7和S8的型号为STW33N60M2,S2、S3、S4、S5、S6、S9和S10的型号为IRFP460PBF。
为调节直流输入侧和电网之间的有功和无功功率,使逆变器满足各功率因数控制的要求,本文采用基于比例谐振(Proportional Resonant, PR)控制器的直接功率控制的控制策略[19],如图8所示。通过设定有功功率参考值Pref和无功功率Qref参考值作为控制器的控制变量,利用框图中公式可计算出进网电流的参考幅值igm_ref和参考相位差φ;随后,通过锁相环(Phase Locked Loop, PLL)获取电网的相位,并结合igm_refφ 计算出在PrefQref下的参考进网电流ig_ref;最后,对比逆变侧的实际电流值ig与参考进网电流ig_ref得到误差,通过PR控制器,并比较光伏电池板电压和电网电压瞬时值的绝对值,对调制波进行限制,当光伏电池板电压小于电网电压时,限制调制比m>0.5;反之,限制调制比m<0.5,得到相应的控制信号。这种直接功率控制策略不仅提升了功率因数控制的准确性,还增强了系统的响应速度和稳定性,为并网系统的高效运行提供了有力保障。
为了评估所提逆变器的性能,本节将所提逆变器与现有类似多电平逆变器进行了全面的比较研究,表3介绍了所需的有源器件和无源器件数量、每个开关状态的最大导通开关数量、升压能力、共模漏电流抑制能力、储能电容是否高频充电和效率等。
表3中可以看出,文献[18]不具备升压能力,其直流侧输入电压需大于电网电压峰值,对输入电压等级要求高;尽管本文所提拓扑都使用了较多的开关管,但同一时刻的最大导通开关数量比其他大部分拓扑都少,因此有较低的开关管导通损耗;文献[8,11,13]的拓扑在工作时,至少有一个储能电容在该工作区间内一直放电,能量得不到补充,本文所提拓扑的储能电容均工作在开关频率,在减小储能电容容值的同时,能确保逆变器输出稳定的电压,增强系统的稳定性;由于所提拓扑与文献[11-14]均为Boost电路与开关电容电路相结合,由升压电感向储能电容充电,因此能大大降低电容充电的电流,增加系统的安全性。综上所述,所提逆变器与部分现有多电平逆变器相比,有较为优越的性能,适用于电压等级较低的新能源发电并网系统。
为了验证所提逆变器的工作原理及各种性能指标是否与理论分析一致,基于图8表4,搭建了350 W的实验平台如图9所示。表4给出了实验样机的详细参数和器件型号。表4中,rS为MOSFET导通阻抗,rD为二极管导通阻抗。
图10展示了逆变器在输入电压为100 V时的输出电压VAB、电网电压Vg和进网电流ig实验波形,观察可知,滤波前的桥臂输出电压VAB呈现5个电压等级,且在正负半周期内具有良好的对称性,这得益于储能电容能以开关频率高频充放电,从而及时补充能量,确保各电平输出电压的平稳性。此外,进网电流ig能够精准地跟踪电网电压Vg的相位,输出波形平滑且畸变较小,符合并网电流的质量要求。
图11为所提逆变器的共模电压和共模漏电流波形。鉴于该拓扑为共地型结构,实验结果表明,共模电压和共模漏电流在整个周期内均维持在0附近,验证了该拓扑具有有效抑制漏电流的优势。
图12呈现了所提逆变器的输出电压VAB、开关管S5的驱动电压VGS_S5和升压电感电流iLb的实验波形。可以看出,在设定的电路参数条件下,逆变器的升压电感Lb能够稳定运行在DCDM下,并且其工作状态与理论分析相符,即升压电感Lb仅在区间Zone Ⅱ和Zone Ⅳ内有效工作,验证了逆变器仅在区间Zone Ⅱ和Zone Ⅳ内工作在升压模式,在其余区间内工作在降压模式,证明了该拓扑具有升压和降压两种工作模式,进一步证实了理论分析的准确性。
图13展示了所提逆变器的3个储能电容的电压VC1VC2VC3的实验波形,观察实验结果,可以明显看到各电容的电压均较平稳,与1.2节所述的工作原理相吻合。为了验证在直接功率控制下,逆变器的无功功率处理能力,分别进行了进网电流超前和滞后电网电压相位30°的实验。当进网电流超前电网电压相位30°时,负载呈现容性;当进网电流滞后电网电压相位30°时,负载呈现感性。
非单位功率因数下的实验波形如图14所示,验证了所提逆变器在直接功率控制下,具有无功功率输出的能力,符合IEEE并网标准中对非单位功率因数运行的要求。
为了验证所提逆变器的动态性能,分别进行了有功功率参考值变化和直流侧输入电压变化的动态实验。图15a为有功功率参考值Pref在某一时刻从350 W降至250 W时的实验波形,可以看出,进网电流随着Pref的降低也能快速产生相应变化,峰值从4.48 A变化至3.48 A,符合直接功率控制策略原理。图15b为输入电压Vin在某一时刻从75 V升至100 V时的实验波形,可以看出,在输入电压Vin变化时,进网电流的峰值几乎不变,证明了逆变器良好的并网性能和抗干扰能力。
图16显示了直流侧输入电压为100 V时,不同输出功率下逆变器效率实测曲线。效率结果显示,所提逆变器可以在较宽的输出功率范围下实现高效率的电能转换。
本文提出了一种非隔离五电平升压逆变器及其双模式调制策略,该逆变器具有以下显著的特点。
1)由于逆变器内在的共地结构,使得直流侧输入光伏电池的负极性端与电网中性点直接相连,理论上可以完全抑制漏电流。
2)该逆变器采用准单级结构即可实现升压功能,克服了传统多电平逆变器只能降压变换的局限,适用于输入电压变化范围较宽的应用场合。
3)所提多电平逆变器采用基于单极式载波层叠的双模式调制策略,在相同载波频率的情况下将其开关频率等效提高,同时双模式调制可以改善变换器的传输效率。
4)中间极性转换电容均以开关频率实时补充能量,电容电压波动得到有效缓解,因此可以采用容量较小的薄膜电容,提高变换器的使用周期。
  • 安徽教育厅自然科学基金资助项目(KJ2021A0372)
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doi: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.240934
  • 接收时间:2024-05-31
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-31
  • 修回日期:2024-07-28
基金
安徽教育厅自然科学基金资助项目(KJ2021A0372)
作者信息
    安徽工业大学安徽省高校电力电子与运动控制重点实验室 马鞍山 243032

通讯作者:

胡雪峰 男,1973年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为可再生能源系统、变换器的控制与建模、分布式电力系统等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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