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To address the issues of penetration and precision attacking for air-to-air missiles, an analytical solution for the miss distance of a non-zero-order guidance system is derived. The solution is then extended to advanced guidance laws beyond proportional navigation guidance. Based on these results, the effectiveness of evasion under different maneuvering strategies is analyzed which theoretically explaining the typical characteristics of miss distances in step and serpentine maneuvers and factors influencing the optimal maneuvering strategy are studied. Through reasonable adjustment of maneuver timing and direction, the effectiveness of evasion is improved. Furthermore, considering the integration of penetration and attacking through intelligent guidance laws, an adaptive-stepsize sparsified sampling prior model theory infusion remedial training agent learning (ASTRAL) is introduced. Simulation results show that the missile agent trained with the ASTRAL can effectively evade defender while maintaining its attacking capability during penetration. In addition, the generated guidance law demonstrates good engineering feasibility.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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