Article(id=1286676641233486462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260313, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741622400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-11, revisedDate=1745769600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784697216565, onlineDateStr=2026-07-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784697216565, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784697216565, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1784697216565, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1286676566465819629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784697198739, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1784702152269, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=101, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1286676642546303615, articleId=1286676641233486462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Tightening Force Monitoring Method of Structures by a Smart Fiber Bolt Under High Temperature Circumstance, columnId=1154067662675104070, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Environment and Test, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A novel smart bolt combined with fiber EFPI/FBG micro-structures is presented to monitor the state of tightening force of a bolted aerospace structure under high temperature circumstance. In this smart fiber bolt, the fiber EFPI micro-structure is applied to obtain the length variation in the direct of bolt axis under the effect of tightening force. And the fiber Bragg grating micro-structure is applied to obtain the bolt temperature. With the parameters obtained by the fiber EFPI/FBG micro-structures, the tightening force can be obtained through the approach presented. Test samples which are 50mm long M8 bolts combined with fiber EFPI/FBG micro-structures are made and tested by a universal testing machine with a heating chamber. The test results show that the smart fiber bolt presented can be used to obtain maximum 10kN tightening force under the temperature of 500 degree centigrade with maximum relative error 3.1%. This smart fiber bolt can be used to monitor the state of structure connection under high temperature circumstance.

, authors=Zeli WANG1, Gang FAN2, Yuning WANG3, authorsList=Zeli WANG, Gang FAN, Yuning WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1286676643552936584, articleId=1286676641233486462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=高温结构光纤智能螺栓预紧力状态监测方法, columnId=1154067662821904711, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), columnName=环境与试验技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了对航天器高温结构的连接状态进行长期监测,提出了在连接螺栓中嵌入光纤EFPI/FBG复合传感微结构的光纤智能螺栓及高温预紧力状态监测方法。在光纤智能螺栓中,光纤EFPI微结构用于获取螺栓受到轴向预紧力时的长度变化量,光纤FBG微结构用于获取螺栓结构的温度。利用这两种参数结合具体分析方法,可以实现高温下螺栓预紧力载荷的实时监测。采用M8规格螺栓制备了总长度为50 mm样机并通过万能试验机以及高温环境试验箱进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,在室温至500 ℃范围内,最大升温率为12 ℃/min的热载荷状态下,光纤式智能螺栓能够准确地获得轴向预紧力载荷,试验最大预紧力载荷10 kN,最大相对误差3.1%。这种结合有光纤微结构的智能螺栓能够用于高温、缓变温连接结构预紧力状态监测。

, authors=王则力1, 范刚2, 王宇宁3, authorsList=王则力, 范刚, 王宇宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王则力(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为结构热强度状态监测与评估、试验及预示分析。

范刚(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器强度设计。

王宇宁(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为材料力学性能测试技术。

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Progress of fiber optic Fabry-Perot hith temperature strain sensor[J]. 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ArticleFig(id=1286676647902429875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676641233486462, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Test conditions

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温度载荷/℃力载荷力载荷重复次数
室温

2 kN、4 kN、6 kN、8 kN、10 kN,

逐级施加

1
1003
2003
3003
4003
5003
), ArticleFig(id=1286676647982121652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676641233486462, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度载荷/℃力载荷力载荷重复次数
室温

2 kN、4 kN、6 kN、8 kN、10 kN,

逐级施加

1
1003
2003
3003
4003
5003
), ArticleFig(id=1286676648040841909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676641233486462, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Relative errors and standard deviations of monitoring axis-force data by bolt

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温度/℃相对误差/%标准差
室温2.200.019 5
1002.460.055 7
2001.600.041 2
3001.700.041 8
4001.770.057 6
5003.100.067 0
), ArticleFig(id=1286676648112145078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676641233486462, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

轴力监测数据的相对误差以及标准差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃相对误差/%标准差
室温2.200.019 5
1002.460.055 7
2001.600.041 2
3001.700.041 8
4001.770.057 6
5003.100.067 0
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高温结构光纤智能螺栓预紧力状态监测方法
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王则力 1 , 范刚 2 , 王宇宁 3
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 环境与试验技术 2026,(3): 101-106
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) |环境与试验技术 2026 , (3) : 101 -106
高温结构光纤智能螺栓预紧力状态监测方法
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王则力(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为结构热强度状态监测与评估、试验及预示分析。

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王则力(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为结构热强度状态监测与评估、试验及预示分析。

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范刚(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器强度设计。

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王宇宁(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为材料力学性能测试技术。

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王则力1, 范刚2, 王宇宁3
作者信息
  • 1.北京强度环境研究所,北京,100076
  • 2.空间物理重点实验室,北京,100076
  • 3.航天材料及工艺研究所,北京,100076
作者简介:

王则力(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为结构热强度状态监测与评估、试验及预示分析。

范刚(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器强度设计。

王宇宁(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为材料力学性能测试技术。

Tightening Force Monitoring Method of Structures by a Smart Fiber Bolt Under High Temperature Circumstance
Zeli WANG1, Gang FAN2, Yuning WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Institute of Structure and Environment Engineering, Beijing, 100076
  • 2.Science and Technology on Space Physics Laboratory, Beijing, 100076
  • 3.Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260313
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为了对航天器高温结构的连接状态进行长期监测,提出了在连接螺栓中嵌入光纤EFPI/FBG复合传感微结构的光纤智能螺栓及高温预紧力状态监测方法。在光纤智能螺栓中,光纤EFPI微结构用于获取螺栓受到轴向预紧力时的长度变化量,光纤FBG微结构用于获取螺栓结构的温度。利用这两种参数结合具体分析方法,可以实现高温下螺栓预紧力载荷的实时监测。采用M8规格螺栓制备了总长度为50 mm样机并通过万能试验机以及高温环境试验箱进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,在室温至500 ℃范围内,最大升温率为12 ℃/min的热载荷状态下,光纤式智能螺栓能够准确地获得轴向预紧力载荷,试验最大预紧力载荷10 kN,最大相对误差3.1%。这种结合有光纤微结构的智能螺栓能够用于高温、缓变温连接结构预紧力状态监测。

智能螺栓  /  预紧力  /  高温环境  /  光纤传感  /  状态监测

A novel smart bolt combined with fiber EFPI/FBG micro-structures is presented to monitor the state of tightening force of a bolted aerospace structure under high temperature circumstance. In this smart fiber bolt, the fiber EFPI micro-structure is applied to obtain the length variation in the direct of bolt axis under the effect of tightening force. And the fiber Bragg grating micro-structure is applied to obtain the bolt temperature. With the parameters obtained by the fiber EFPI/FBG micro-structures, the tightening force can be obtained through the approach presented. Test samples which are 50mm long M8 bolts combined with fiber EFPI/FBG micro-structures are made and tested by a universal testing machine with a heating chamber. The test results show that the smart fiber bolt presented can be used to obtain maximum 10kN tightening force under the temperature of 500 degree centigrade with maximum relative error 3.1%. This smart fiber bolt can be used to monitor the state of structure connection under high temperature circumstance.

smart bolt  /  tightening force  /  high temperature structure  /  fiber optical sensing  /  state monitor
王则力, 范刚, 王宇宁. 高温结构光纤智能螺栓预紧力状态监测方法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , (3) : 101 -106 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260313
Zeli WANG, Gang FAN, Yuning WANG. Tightening Force Monitoring Method of Structures by a Smart Fiber Bolt Under High Temperature Circumstance[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , (3) : 101 -106 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260313
临近空间飞行器、可重复使用飞行器等新型航天器在工作时会经受极其复杂的飞行载荷环境状态。航天器各舱段之间一般会通过螺栓连接成一个整体,螺栓预紧力的变化会影响整个结构的力学特性1。研究表明,高温会引起螺栓连接结构之间变形不一致,由于连接结构的热膨胀系数不同,温度载荷引起热变形不匹配,引起接触界面发生相对滑动,在温度和横向交变位移载荷的耦合作用下,螺栓连接面磨损加剧,螺纹表面涂层发生剥落,进而加剧螺栓松动2。预紧力是表征结构之间连接状态的关键指标,预紧力状态实时监测对飞行器结构传力路径及力载荷分配设计、飞行过程中力载荷变化监测、可重复使用连接结构防松监测及维护、成功服役等方面至关重要3-4
采用螺栓对连接结构之间预紧力以及松动状态监测,国内外已经有了许多研究,主要分为离线检测法和在线监测法两类5,常见的方法有扭矩扳手法6-7、基于电阻应变计的测力销钉监测法8、超声波监测法9-10、基于压电材料的监测方法11-13、图像监测法14-15、基于光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Gratings,FBG)的监测法等16-19。这些方法主要用于常温状态下螺栓预紧力监测。
基于光纤传感原理的螺栓预紧力监测技术由于其天然的抗电磁兼容性,使其在复杂环境中应用更有优势。光纤布拉格光栅是利用物理或化学的方式使得光纤纤芯折射率沿轴向呈周期性分布的微型结构20。研究人员可以利用这种微结构对环境温度、应变等状态敏感的特性,把FBG与螺栓17-21、垫片或特制连接结构22等实体相结合,实现连接结构松动状态以及预紧力的监测。Pran等21采用灌胶的方式把FBG埋入了长170 mm的M20螺栓中轴线中,制备成智能监测螺栓用于GRP复合材料连接结构预紧力的长期监测。师琪等17把光纤光栅埋设于螺栓的两侧以监测螺栓表面应力,同时埋设温度传感器以消除温度的影响,实现螺栓轴力的监测。许志强等23针对螺栓预紧力难以精确可靠监测难题,对表贴式和埋入式两种胶封装光纤光栅应变传感器的方法进行了对比研究,制备的螺栓用于阀门中法兰螺栓力监测。Huang等24在长240 mm钢制M20螺栓表面焊接金属封装光纤应变传感器,实现最高500 ℃且温度恒定时的预紧力监测,为高温下连接结构状态监测提供了新的思路。
由于光纤光栅具有同时对温度和应变交叉敏感的特性,在高温下除了需要单独增加温度补偿以实现螺栓预紧力的监测以外还面临着温度、应变解耦精度较低的问题25。目前基于光纤布拉格光栅的螺栓预紧力监测方法主要适用于室温状态、恒温状态或自然环境变温状态。航天飞行器结构大都处于200 ℃以上,甚至达到500 ℃的热环境状态中,同时,螺栓连接结构温度状态实时变化。对这种高温变温环境下结构连接螺栓预紧力状态的监测,需要发展新的方法。
光纤非本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪(Extrinsic Fabry-Pérot Interferometry,EFPI)微结构是一种干涉型光纤微结构,其利用光纤端面形成两个平行的光学平面,构成一个腔体微结构,利用相位解调方法对干涉光谱进行解析,可以获得两个平行光学平面之间的绝对距离值26。基于EFPI/FBG复合传感的结构高温应变监测方法适用于高温变温的航天器热环境25,能够实现结构件室温至850 ℃范围内最高18 ℃/s变温率热载荷下的应变测量。本文提出光纤EFPI/FBG复合传感微结构与螺栓结合的思路,构建出适用于航天器高温结构连接预紧力实时监测的光纤式智能螺栓。这种光纤智能螺栓不仅可以用于高温下螺栓松动状态的监测,还可以准确获取高温下螺栓轴向受力值。本文对M8规格螺栓与光纤EFPI/FBG微结构结合而成的光纤式智能螺栓进行了试验验证。结果表明,这种光纤式智能螺栓能够用于500 ℃内变温状态下螺栓轴向预紧力状态的实时监测。
光纤EFPI/FBG高温轴力螺栓结构如图1所示,其由总长度为50 mm的M8合金螺栓以及光纤EFPI/FBG复合微结构构成。光纤EFPI/FBG复合微结构通过耐高温粘接的方式固定于螺栓中轴线孔中。
图2a为结构A与结构B通过光纤式螺栓连接以及其中的光纤EFPI/FBG微结构的示意。螺栓中的光纤EFPI微结构位于中心轴线上,其主要由光纤A与光纤B以及两个光纤之间的空腔(简称FP腔)构成。长度为L1光纤A的端面与长度为L2光纤B的端面之间空腔长度称为法珀腔长度(简称FP腔长)D。光纤A和光纤B分别通过黏接剂与螺栓结构连接固定,两个连接点之间距离称为FP标距L0。从光纤B的一端射入一束探测光,该探测光经过FP腔,形成干涉光信号,该探测光经过FBG微结构,形成散射光信号。通过对这两种光信号的探测,实现螺栓所处的温度状态以及变形状态的监测,进而实现高温下轴向力载荷的监测。
旋拧螺母实现结构A与结构B紧固连接,此时螺母与结构A接触面与固定B端面之间的螺栓本体长度称为螺母标距LB。在恒温状态下,螺母旋拧紧固时,螺母对螺栓施加轴向预紧力F。如图2b所示,螺栓受力伸长量为ΔL0,螺母标距长度变为LB+ΔL0,FP标距变为L0+ΔL0,FP腔长变为D+ΔL0
螺栓轴向预紧拉伸力与螺栓伸长量产生的应变之间的关系如式(1)所示:
F=AEεB
式中 E为螺栓材质的弹性模量;A为螺栓的横截面积;εB为螺母引起螺栓结构的轴向应变。对应图2所示的结构,螺栓上的轴向应变如式(2)所示:
εB=ΔL0/LB
定义有效作用系数,其为FP标距与螺母标距的比值。
αB=L0/LB
因此,螺栓受到的轴向力与FP腔长变化量之间关系为
F=αBAEεF
εF=ΔL0/L0
式中 εF为螺栓FP标距对应的应变值。
螺栓本体采用传热性能较好的金属材料制成,在温度变化较缓慢的状态下,可以假定其长度方向上具有相同的温度。此时,螺栓以及光纤组件会因热膨胀而使得轴向长度变化,进而引起FP腔长度变化。此时,在温度以及轴向预紧力的共同作用下,通过光纤FP微结构获得的综合应变值如下。
εF,T=εF+εT
其中,εT为以FP标距为基准,在无外力作用下因加热使得螺栓及光纤组件热膨胀产生的应变。螺栓受到轴向预紧力产生的应变为综合应变与仅因温度产生应变之差。因此,温度变化状态下,螺栓轴向预紧力计算关系如式(7)所示:
F=αBAEεF,T-εT
定义灵敏度系数k=1/αBA,其与螺栓以及紧固连接位置的几何尺寸有关。此时螺栓轴力为
F=EkεF,T-εT
式中 螺栓材质的弹性模量E、应变εT均是温度的函数。
试验系统如图3所示,其由M8规格的光纤智能螺栓、万能试验机、高温环境试验箱、螺栓轴向力加载工装、光纤信号采集设备组成。试验条件如表1所示,通过环境箱对螺栓加热指定温度后,通过万能试验机及加载工装对螺栓逐级施加轴向拉伸力载荷。在整个试验过程中,通过螺栓中的光纤EFPI/FBG微结构对FP腔长以及螺栓温度进行实时监测。
试验数据整理如图4所示,整个试验持续时间为9 540 s,最高升温率为12 ℃/min,螺栓温度从室温时序升高至500 ℃。通过实时测量螺栓中的光纤FP腔长,并经过FP标距计算获得式(6)所示的因温度载荷和力载荷综合效应产生的应变,并通过式(8)实时获得轴向机械力载荷值。
图4中可以看出,在没有施加力载荷的时间段内,综合应变的变化趋势与温度变化趋势一致,这是由于螺栓结构自由热膨胀使得光纤FP腔长发生变化而产生热效应信号。螺栓监测综合应变减去热效应信号,获得实际机械力载荷在零值附近,这与实际状态一致。
当螺栓温度升高到一定温度水平而恒定时,因热效应而产生的εT值保持恒定。此时,逐级施加力载荷,整体测量应变为热效应产生应变与力载荷效应产生应变的叠加,即εF,T=εF+εT。从综合效应产生的应变中剔除温度效应产生的应变,结合灵敏度系数,获得轴向力载荷。从图4中可以看出,本文所述方法可以很好地识别出500 ℃高温状态下施加的每级2 kN的力载荷。
温度恒定状态下的力载荷监测相对误差为
errT=1Ni=1NΔFi-ΔFsΔFs
式中 N为加载次数;ΔFs为力载荷加载过程中每一级施加的拉伸力值;ΔFi为螺栓经过式(8)计算获得第i级力载荷。定义温度T时,获得的每一级力载荷变化量的标准差为
ST=i=1NΔFi-ΔF¯2N-1
式中 ΔF¯为温度T时获得力载荷变化量的均值,ΔF¯=1Ni=1NΔFi。光纤式智能螺栓轴力监测数据的相对误差以及标准差整理如表2所示。
表2中可以看出,在室温至500 ℃范围内,制备的光纤式智能螺栓对轴向力监测的相对误差最大值为3.10%,最大标准差为0.067 0。本文中提出的光纤式智能螺栓可用于航天器结构高温、缓变温环境下轴向预紧力状态监测。
本文提出光纤EFPI/FBG复合传感微结构与螺栓相结合的思路,形成了能够用于航天器结构高温、缓变温环境下连接预紧力状态实时监测的光纤式智能螺栓。螺栓中嵌入的光纤EFPI微结构能够对螺栓轴向变形状态进行实时监测,嵌入的光纤FBG微结构能够对螺栓所处的温度状态进行实时监测。这两种状态的实时监测数据通过本文中提出的方法能够准确获得螺栓受到的轴向预紧力载荷。
通过万能试验机以及高温环境试验箱,对采用M8规格螺栓制成的光纤式智能螺栓在高温下的轴向力载荷监测方法进行了试验研究。试验采用时序加热的方式从室温升高至500 ℃,最大升温率为12 ℃/min,拉伸力载荷采用每级2 kN,逐级加载的方式在温度相对恒定的状态下施加至最大载荷10 kN。试验结果表明,光纤式轴力螺栓获得高温轴向力载荷的最大相对误差为3.1%,标准差为0.067。这种结合有光纤EFPI/FBG微结构的光纤式智能螺栓能够用于航天飞行器结构预紧力状态监测。

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2026年第卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260313
  • 接收时间:2025-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-07-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-11
  • 修回日期:2025-04-28
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    1.北京强度环境研究所,北京,100076
    2.空间物理重点实验室,北京,100076
    3.航天材料及工艺研究所,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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