Article(id=1286676581187818018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260309, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1756396800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-29, revisedDate=1777392000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784697202249, onlineDateStr=2026-07-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784697202249, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784697202249, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1784697202249, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1286676566465819629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784697198739, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1784702152269, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=67, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1286676581393338915, articleId=1286676581187818018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Study on Adapter Separation Process and Separation Parameters, columnId=1154067058611446771, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Support, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Adapter separation is a critical phase during the launch tube ejection process of cold-launch missiles. Its operational state influences relative positional relationships between adapter groups, as well as between adapters and the missile itself, directly impacting launch safety. Despite its importance, systematic studies on modeling the separation process and quantifying its states remain underdeveloped. This study aims to investigate the separation time and velocity of the adapter by adopting a method that combines numerical calculation, dynamic simulation, and experimental data comparison to analyze the separation process and force conditions. By establishing theoretical models for the separation process, the Runge-Kutta numerical algorithm is applied to derive solutions for separation time and lateral velocity. Dynamic simulations are further conducted to replicate the separation behavior, while experimental data analysis interpreting real-world conditions. Results demonstrate strong agreement between numerically calculated separation times/lateral velocities, simulation outputs, and experimental measurements, validating the feasibility of theoretical framework. Building on this foundation, the effects of critical parameters are explored—including angle of attack, lateral wind speed, and initial installation force of the pin assembly spring—on separation time and lateral velocity. Key influencing factors are identified, providing actionable insights for optimizing adapter design in cold-launch systems.

, authors=Di ZHU, Ziqi LI, Zheng ZHAO, Qiong WU, Yongjie LEI, authorsList=Di ZHU, Ziqi LI, Zheng ZHAO, Qiong WU, Yongjie LEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1286676586556527178, articleId=1286676581187818018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=导弹适配器分离过程及分离参数分析, columnId=1154067058737275892, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), columnName=发射技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

适配器分离是冷弹射导弹出筒过程的重要环节,其工作状态影响适配器组间、适配器和导弹的相关位置,进而影响发射的安全性。针对适配器分离过程与状态研究不足的问题,以适配器分离时间和速度为研究目标,采用数值计算—动力学仿真—试验数据对比的方法,对适配器分离过程和受力状态开展分析。通过建立适配器分离理论模型,采用Runge-Kutta数值算法获得分离时间和横向速度的数值解,结合动力学仿真与试验数据解析,验证了理论模型的可行性。在此基础上,进一步分析了迎风角、横向风速、销钉组件弹簧初始安装力等分离参数对适配器分离时间和横向速度的影响,明确了影响适配器分离的主要因素,可为适配器的设计提供参考。

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朱 迪(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构设计与仿真技术。

李子祺(1999—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构设计与仿真技术。

赵 政(1998—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构设计与仿真技术。

吴 穹(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射系统总体技术。

雷勇杰(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为发射系统总体技术。

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α—适配器分离的角位移; β—适配器迎风角; S1—适配器内表面在x轴上的投影面积; S2—适配器迎风面在x轴上投影的面积; L3—销钉组件到适配器下端点的距离; v1—导弹轴向速度; v2—横向风速; F1—迎风面载荷; F2—横向风载; F3—弹簧力; F4—非迎风面载荷; F5—销钉随导弹向上运动的提拉力;F6—销钉受到的摩擦力。

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articleId=1286676581187818018, language=CN, label=图18, caption=横向风速v2对适配器分离时间与横向速度影响规律, figureFileSmall=grJxCt2rPcJmSUT6UlmcFA==, figureFileBig=+2Q6CllWOS4r5xr+lpq59w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1286676594919969433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676581187818018, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=The influence of mating length between pin and bushing on adapter separation time and lateral velocity, figureFileSmall=Rt9+2JHD4zTxqfl/67PqwQ==, figureFileBig=BA114P8QQiHfiTPYLYacLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1286676594991272602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676581187818018, language=CN, label=图19, caption=销钉和销孔配合长度L2对适配器分离时间与横向速度影响规律, figureFileSmall=Rt9+2JHD4zTxqfl/67PqwQ==, figureFileBig=BA114P8QQiHfiTPYLYacLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1286676595075158683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676581187818018, language=EN, 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Adapter separation time and lateral velocity

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参数理论模型动力学模型试验结果
时间/ms26.727.825
横向速度/(m·s-1)0.760.680.55
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适配器分离时间和横向速度

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参数理论模型动力学模型试验结果
时间/ms26.727.825
横向速度/(m·s-1)0.760.680.55
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导弹适配器分离过程及分离参数分析
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朱迪 , 李子祺 , 赵政 , 吴穹 , 雷勇杰
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 发射技术 2026,(3): 67-73
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) |发射技术 2026 , (3) : 67 -73
导弹适配器分离过程及分离参数分析
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赵 政(1998—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构设计与仿真技术。

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吴 穹(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射系统总体技术。

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雷勇杰(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为发射系统总体技术。

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朱迪, 李子祺, 赵政, 吴穹, 雷勇杰
作者信息
  • 湖北航天技术研究院总体设计所,武汉,430010
作者简介:

朱 迪(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构设计与仿真技术。

李子祺(1999—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构设计与仿真技术。

赵 政(1998—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构设计与仿真技术。

吴 穹(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射系统总体技术。

雷勇杰(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为发射系统总体技术。

Study on Adapter Separation Process and Separation Parameters
Di ZHU, Ziqi LI, Zheng ZHAO, Qiong WU, Yongjie LEI
Affiliations
  • Hubei Aerospace Technology Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260309
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适配器分离是冷弹射导弹出筒过程的重要环节,其工作状态影响适配器组间、适配器和导弹的相关位置,进而影响发射的安全性。针对适配器分离过程与状态研究不足的问题,以适配器分离时间和速度为研究目标,采用数值计算—动力学仿真—试验数据对比的方法,对适配器分离过程和受力状态开展分析。通过建立适配器分离理论模型,采用Runge-Kutta数值算法获得分离时间和横向速度的数值解,结合动力学仿真与试验数据解析,验证了理论模型的可行性。在此基础上,进一步分析了迎风角、横向风速、销钉组件弹簧初始安装力等分离参数对适配器分离时间和横向速度的影响,明确了影响适配器分离的主要因素,可为适配器的设计提供参考。

适配器  /  分离过程  /  受力状态  /  分离参数  /  理论模型

Adapter separation is a critical phase during the launch tube ejection process of cold-launch missiles. Its operational state influences relative positional relationships between adapter groups, as well as between adapters and the missile itself, directly impacting launch safety. Despite its importance, systematic studies on modeling the separation process and quantifying its states remain underdeveloped. This study aims to investigate the separation time and velocity of the adapter by adopting a method that combines numerical calculation, dynamic simulation, and experimental data comparison to analyze the separation process and force conditions. By establishing theoretical models for the separation process, the Runge-Kutta numerical algorithm is applied to derive solutions for separation time and lateral velocity. Dynamic simulations are further conducted to replicate the separation behavior, while experimental data analysis interpreting real-world conditions. Results demonstrate strong agreement between numerically calculated separation times/lateral velocities, simulation outputs, and experimental measurements, validating the feasibility of theoretical framework. Building on this foundation, the effects of critical parameters are explored—including angle of attack, lateral wind speed, and initial installation force of the pin assembly spring—on separation time and lateral velocity. Key influencing factors are identified, providing actionable insights for optimizing adapter design in cold-launch systems.

adapter  /  separation process  /  force conditions  /  separation parameters  /  theoretical model
朱迪, 李子祺, 赵政, 吴穹, 雷勇杰. 导弹适配器分离过程及分离参数分析. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , (3) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260309
Di ZHU, Ziqi LI, Zheng ZHAO, Qiong WU, Yongjie LEI. Study on Adapter Separation Process and Separation Parameters[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , (3) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260309
适配器是冷弹射发射筒的重要组成部分,其工作性能影响导弹的支撑可靠性、发射定位精度、出筒时适配器—导弹运动的同步性以及出筒后适配器分离的安全性。目前,关于适配器出筒过程与受力状态的研究和分析材料较少,有学者分析了适配器在筒弹间隙内过盈配合时压缩量对导弹出筒摩擦力的影响1-2;文献[3]明确了适配器销钉组件和内表面与导弹接触材料性能的相关要求;文献[4]以适配器销钉组件的位置和风速为变量,通过适配器出筒动力学仿真,评估了销钉组件的位置和风速变化对适配器—导弹接触力的影响;文献[5]采用CFD气动耦合仿真分析技术,通过模拟出适配器的出筒分离过程,得出气动载荷使适配器产生翻转运动的结论;文献[6]采用简化的燃气射流载荷加载方法,分析了不同风速、风向及燃气衰减规律下的适配器落点及与火箭弹的二次碰撞问题;文献[7]对适配器进行流场仿真,模拟风动试验并获取气动参数表,将气动载荷加载到动力学仿真模型中,获得了适配器的落点数据;文献[8]分析了弹簧刚度、迎风角度、导弹速度和横向风速对适配器分离时间的影响,得出了弹簧刚度和横向风速是影响适配器分离的主要因素,但未考虑海绵胶板的压缩弹力和适配器销钉组件从导弹定位销孔内脱离前摩擦力的作用。
本文对适配器出筒过程进行受力分析并建立理论模型,通过Runge-Kutt算法9获得适配器销钉从导弹销孔分离的时间和横向速度数值解。将数值解与动力学模型仿真结果和试验结果对比,三者的分离时间较为吻合,验证了理论模型计算分离时间和横向速度的可行性,并评估了适配器结构和横向风速等参数对分离时间和横向速度的影响,得出了相关结论。
适配器一般由多层材料粘接而成,具有一定压缩适应性,从内到外依次为可压缩性较大的海绵胶板、轻质高强泡沫、复合胶板,适配器上安装一组或多组销钉,用于定位和分离。适配器结构如图1所示。
为便于分析计算,对适配器出筒过程进行如下简化和假设:
a)导弹沿垂直方向出筒,忽略弹射倾斜角度、导弹俯仰和偏航方向的影响;
b)适配器出筒分离时间较短,取适配器完全出筒时刻的数值作为其出筒分离过程中的轴向速度(导弹轴向)和过载的过程计算值;
c)适配器出筒后内表面与导弹未发生粘连;
d)适配器销钉从导弹销孔内脱出时未发生卡滞,且忽略弹簧阻尼的影响;
e)适配器销钉和导弹销孔配合面的摩擦系数保持不变;
f)忽略筒口燃气流对适配器的影响。
适配器出筒过程可分为3个阶段:
a)出筒前,导弹离台开始运动,适配器与导弹在筒内同步运动,直至适配器前端面与筒口平齐;
b)出筒中,适配器前端面开始超出筒口,直至适配器后端面与筒口平齐;
c)出筒后:适配器开始与导弹分离,直至其垂直方向位置低于导弹尾端面。
为有效抑制导弹在筒内的径向晃动,一般将发射筒、适配器、导弹之间的装配尺寸设计为过盈配合,即以一定的压紧力压缩适配器海绵胶板层后,将其与导弹一起装填至弹筒中。
出筒前,适配器内、外表面同时受到导弹和筒体沿径向的支反力作用,该支反力可达数十千牛量级。适配器与导弹、适配器与发射筒构成两对接触面,其摩擦系数关系为
μ1>μ2
式中 μ1为适配器—导弹接触面的摩擦系数;μ2为适配器—发射筒接触面的摩擦系数。
出筒前,两对接触面摩擦力的差值大于适配器出筒所需的提拉力,即适配器出筒过程中,销钉和导弹定位销孔无额外接触力。
出筒前适配器的受力状态如图2所示。
出筒过程中,适配器部分结构处于筒外,部分结构处于筒内,筒外部分受到横向风载荷和迎风载荷的作用,筒内部分因筒弹间隙约束,且硬质泡沫具有一定的刚度,其径向位置保持不变,即弹簧弹力不变,海绵胶板继续保持受压变形状态。适配器内表面和处于筒内的外表面分别受到导弹、筒体的支反力和摩擦力作用。出筒过程中适配器的受力状态如图3所示。
出筒后,适配器外表面完全出筒,其上的支撑约束解除,适配器开始与导弹分离。因适配器海绵胶板材料的黏弹性,在脱离导弹前无法恢复至初始状态,即其对适配器分离产生的推力作用可忽略不计。
图4所示,适配器在弹簧力、重力、横向风载、迎风载荷等共同作用下开始分离,依次经历销钉组件弹簧恢复和销轴滑移出销孔两个运动阶段:
a)弹簧恢复阶段:在适配器销钉组件压缩状态的弹簧作用下,适配器与导弹分离,直至弹簧恢复至压缩前安装状态;
b)销轴滑移出销轴孔阶段:适配器在弹簧力作用后获得一定的初速度,并在分离气动力作用下继续分离,销轴受到销孔摩擦力的作用。
出筒后,适配器的受力状态如图5所示。
参考文献[7],建立以销钉组件中心为原点的局部坐标系,如图6所示,该坐标系的x轴始终沿着适配器的径向方向,y轴始终沿着适配器的轴向方向。
适配器分离时间和横向速度定义为:
a)分离时间:自适配器完全出筒到销轴滑移出销孔的时长;
b)分离横向速度:销轴完全脱离销孔时,适配器在局部坐标系沿x方向的速度。
运动关系的数学表达式如下:
y'(t)=v(t)
y''(t)=a(t)
式中 y(t)为适配器的运动距离;v(t)为适配器分离的横向速度;a(t)为适配器分离的横向加速度。根据图5的受力示意,因分离过程中arctan(y(t)/L3)<2°,假设分离过程中适配器是绕A点进行转动的,建立其分离过程的受力方程如下:
F1=12cρv12S2sin(α+β)
F2=12cρv22(S1+S2cosβ)cosα
F3=f0+k(L1-y(t))
F4=12cρv12S1sinα
F5=m(g+ad)
F6=F5μ3
式中 c为空气阻尼系数;ρ为空气密度;f0为弹簧初始安装力;k为弹簧刚度;m为适配器质量;g为重力加速度;ad为导弹轴向过载;μ3为适配器上销钉和导弹上销孔摩擦系数。
y(t)[0  L1]时,加速度a1
a1=F3+(mg+F1+F4)sinα-F2cosα
y(t)[L1  L1+L2]时,加速度a2
a2=(mg+F1+F4)sinα-F2cosα-F6
F1F6代入加速度方程,有:
a1=f0+k(L1-y(t))+mg+12cρv22(S1+S2cosβ)cos2α
a2=(mg+12cρv12S2sinα+β+12cρv12S1sinα)×          sinα-12cρv22(S1+S2cosβ)cos2α-m(g+ad)μ3
根据几何关系α=arctan(y(t)/L3),并通过Matlab软件Runge-Kutta方法求解上述方程,横向风速v2为0 m/s时,适配器分离的速度、时间和位移如图7所示,分离总时长26.7 ms,分离时刻的横向速度为0.76 m/s。
通过Adams软件建立适配器出筒分离的动力学模型,考虑适配器质心、转动惯量和风载作用点等结构参数的影响,如图8所示。弹簧力作用使适配器具有一定的横向速度后带动销轴从导弹销孔内脱出,结果见图9图10,适配器分离时长27.8 ms,分离时刻的横向速度为0.68 m/s。
图11为无风工况下弹射试验过程,通过光测数据分析,适配器分离时长为25 ms,横向速度通过其横向位移和时间计算为0.55 m/s。
表1为通过数值计算、动力学仿真和试验数据分析得到的适配器分离时间和横向速度,从表中可以看出三者差异较小,验证了上述理论模型分析分离时间和分离横向速度的可行性。同时试验过程适配器分离的横向速度较小,进一步说明具有黏弹性的受压缩海绵胶板材料对分离过程产生的推力作用可忽略不计。
在上述理论数值计算模型的基础上进一步评估适配器迎风角β、销钉组件参数(包括弹簧初始安装力f0与弹簧刚度k、销钉和导弹上销孔的配合长度L2与摩擦系数μ3)、导弹运动参数(轴向速度v1与轴向过载ad)、横向风速v2对适配器分离时间和横向速度的影响,得出了各分离参数对分离时间与横向速度的影响程度,具体为:
a)迎风角β和导弹的轴向速度v1:这两种因素主要影响迎风载荷F1和非迎风载荷F4,因迎风面的面积较小,且销钉从导弹销孔内脱出时适配器的角位移α<2°,非迎风面承受风载的有效面积较小,因此对适配器分离时间与横向速度几乎无影响,如图12图13所示。
b)初始安装力f0和弹簧刚度k:这两种因素影响弹簧力F3。随着初始安装力f0和弹簧刚度k增大,分离加速度增大,分离时间下降,横向速度增大,如图14图15所示。
c)导弹轴向过载ad和摩擦系数μ3:这两种因素影响销钉脱出销孔时的摩擦力F6。导弹轴向过载ad和摩擦系数μ3增大时,摩擦力F6增大,分离时间增加,横向速度下降,如图16图17所示。
d)横向风速v2:该因素影响横向风载F2,对分离时间与横向速度有较大影响,横向风速v2增加时,分离时间增加,横向速度下降,如图18所示。
e)销钉和销孔配合长度L2:该因素影响摩擦力F6的能量,由曲线斜率分析,对分离时间有较大影响,对横向速度有一定的影响,销钉和销孔配合长度L2增加时,分离时间增加,横向速度有一定下降,如图19所示。
通过本文分析可以得出以下结论:
a)适配器横向分离速度较小,说明受海绵胶板黏弹性影响,虽然出筒前适配器受导弹作用了数十千牛量级的支反力,但出筒后该支反力消失,海绵胶板在分离过程中对适配器产生的推力作用可忽略不计。
b)初始安装力、弹簧刚度、导弹轴向过载和摩擦系数、横向风速、销钉和销孔配合长度为影响适配器分离时间和横向速度的主要因素,对适配器的分离时间和横向速度起着主导作用。
c)迎风角和导弹的轴向速度为次要因素,对适配器的分离时间和横向速度几乎无影响。

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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260309
  • 接收时间:2025-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-07-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-29
  • 修回日期:2026-04-29
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    湖北航天技术研究院总体设计所,武汉,430010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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