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The concept of time-sequenced on-orbit separation for series-parallel multi-satellite assemblies is proposed. A separation spring assembly is designed under the premise of fully utilizing the launch vehicle fairing envelope. The separation velocity is derived through dynamic formula calculations, and the separation spring assembly is optimized based on the synchronization requirements of separation velocities. A rigid-flexible coupling dynamic analysis is conducted for the separation process of series-parallel satellites under different separation timing sequences, revealing the relative motion states of sub-satellites and upper stages during separation. Additionally, the collision probability at different stages is analyzed.

, authors=Jun LIN1, 2, Baojun LIN1, 2, 3, Hongcheng CHEN1, 2, Yuan SHEN1, 2, Shaoqian Li1, 2, authorsList=Jun LIN, Baojun LIN, Hongcheng CHEN, Yuan SHEN, Shaoqian Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1286676571536736368, articleId=1286676567816388699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=基于串并联耦合下多星时序分离技术研究, columnId=1154057568814092874, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), columnName=运载器及导弹总体技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

结合一箭多星的发展趋势,提出了串并联多星组合体在轨时序分离的概念,在充分利用运载整流罩包络的前提下设计了分离弹簧组件。通过动力学公式计算推导分离速度,根据分离速度的同步性设计弹簧组件参数。依据不同分离时序对串并联卫星分离过程进行刚柔耦合动力学分析,得到了分离过程中各个子星和上面级的相对运动情况,对不同时刻碰撞可能性进行了分析。

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林俊(1997—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为卫星结构与机构设计和动力学仿真分析及优化。

林宝军(1963—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为卫星总体设计及计算机控制与应用。

陈鸿程(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天结构与机构设计。

沈苑(1980—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器信息系统及信号与信息处理。

李绍前(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为卫星总体设计。

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林俊(1997—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为卫星结构与机构设计和动力学仿真分析及优化。

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李绍前(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为卫星总体设计。

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Advantages and disadvantages of different launch configurations

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种类适合数量空间利用率优点缺点
承力筒式4颗以上60%力学性能好,抗扭、抗弯和抗剪的刚度和强度较好;结构简单,连接简单,承载能力强[6]不适合中小型卫星,布局难度大,空间利用率低,模块化程度低
串联式2~3颗50%适合大型卫星,使整星外形更加紧凑,适合爆炸螺栓连接整流罩纵向长,组合体刚度差,对上面级分离姿态要求高,成本较高[7]
并联式2~6颗70%节省了整流罩空间卫星整体呈长方形、质心高,力学振动响应差
串并联式10颗以上85%空间利用率高,可实现批量化生产下部的卫星需要承受上部卫星的发射载荷,卫星结构设计难,可靠性低
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不同发射构型优缺点[5]

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种类适合数量空间利用率优点缺点
承力筒式4颗以上60%力学性能好,抗扭、抗弯和抗剪的刚度和强度较好;结构简单,连接简单,承载能力强[6]不适合中小型卫星,布局难度大,空间利用率低,模块化程度低
串联式2~3颗50%适合大型卫星,使整星外形更加紧凑,适合爆炸螺栓连接整流罩纵向长,组合体刚度差,对上面级分离姿态要求高,成本较高[7]
并联式2~6颗70%节省了整流罩空间卫星整体呈长方形、质心高,力学振动响应差
串并联式10颗以上85%空间利用率高,可实现批量化生产下部的卫星需要承受上部卫星的发射载荷,卫星结构设计难,可靠性低
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Mass properties summary

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种类质量/kg

惯性积Ixx /

(kg·m2

惯性积Iyy /

(kg·m2

惯性积Izz /

(kg·m2

卫星35068.85144.68112.72
上面级16 96433 90052 30052 300
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质量特性

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种类质量/kg

惯性积Ixx /

(kg·m2

惯性积Iyy /

(kg·m2

惯性积Izz /

(kg·m2

卫星35068.85144.68112.72
上面级16 96433 90052 30052 300
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Satellite spring preload

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卫星编号123456789101112
预载荷/N1 872.11 743.71 621.71 506.51 398.81 299.51 209.51 130.11 062.71 008.71 398.8969.3
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卫星弹簧预载荷

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卫星编号123456789101112
预载荷/N1 872.11 743.71 621.71 506.51 398.81 299.51 209.51 130.11 062.71 008.71 398.8969.3
), ArticleFig(id=1286693003649594367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676567816388699, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Series-parallel separation scenarios

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工况分离时序分离初始姿态角速度偏差
滚动角速度y/((°)·s-1俯仰角速度z/((°)·s-1偏航角速度x/((°)·s-1
工况一同时分离000
工况二200
工况三222
工况四逐颗分离000
工况五200
工况六222
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串并联分离工况

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工况分离时序分离初始姿态角速度偏差
滚动角速度y/((°)·s-1俯仰角速度z/((°)·s-1偏航角速度x/((°)·s-1
工况一同时分离000
工况二200
工况三222
工况四逐颗分离000
工况五200
工况六222
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基于串并联耦合下多星时序分离技术研究
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林俊 1, 2 , 林宝军 1, 2, 3 , 陈鸿程 1, 2 , 沈苑 1, 2 , 李绍前 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2026,(3): 1-6
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) |运载器及导弹总体技术 2026 , (3) : 1 -6
基于串并联耦合下多星时序分离技术研究
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沈苑(1980—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器信息系统及信号与信息处理。

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林俊1, 2, 林宝军1, 2, 3, 陈鸿程1, 2, 沈苑1, 2, 李绍前1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院,上海,201304
  • 2.上海微小卫星工程中心,上海,201210
  • 3.中国科学院大学,北京,100049
作者简介:

林俊(1997—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为卫星结构与机构设计和动力学仿真分析及优化。

林宝军(1963—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为卫星总体设计及计算机控制与应用。

陈鸿程(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天结构与机构设计。

沈苑(1980—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器信息系统及信号与信息处理。

李绍前(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为卫星总体设计。

Research on Multi-satellite Time-sequenced Separation Technology Base Series-parallel Configuration
Jun LIN1, 2, Baojun LIN1, 2, 3, Hongcheng CHEN1, 2, Yuan SHEN1, 2, Shaoqian Li1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201304
  • 2.Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites, Shanghai, 201210
  • 3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260301
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结合一箭多星的发展趋势,提出了串并联多星组合体在轨时序分离的概念,在充分利用运载整流罩包络的前提下设计了分离弹簧组件。通过动力学公式计算推导分离速度,根据分离速度的同步性设计弹簧组件参数。依据不同分离时序对串并联卫星分离过程进行刚柔耦合动力学分析,得到了分离过程中各个子星和上面级的相对运动情况,对不同时刻碰撞可能性进行了分析。

堆叠式卫星  /  平板卫星  /  多星组合体  /  时序分离  /  多体动力学

The concept of time-sequenced on-orbit separation for series-parallel multi-satellite assemblies is proposed. A separation spring assembly is designed under the premise of fully utilizing the launch vehicle fairing envelope. The separation velocity is derived through dynamic formula calculations, and the separation spring assembly is optimized based on the synchronization requirements of separation velocities. A rigid-flexible coupling dynamic analysis is conducted for the separation process of series-parallel satellites under different separation timing sequences, revealing the relative motion states of sub-satellites and upper stages during separation. Additionally, the collision probability at different stages is analyzed.

multi-satellite stack  /  flat satellite  /  multi-satellite assemblies  /  time-sequenced separation  /  multibody dynamics
林俊, 林宝军, 陈鸿程, 沈苑, 李绍前. 基于串并联耦合下多星时序分离技术研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , (3) : 1 -6 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260301
Jun LIN, Baojun LIN, Hongcheng CHEN, Yuan SHEN, Shaoqian Li. Research on Multi-satellite Time-sequenced Separation Technology Base Series-parallel Configuration[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , (3) : 1 -6 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260301
现代航天事业竞争日益激烈,卫星在经济、军事和政治领域均发挥着关键作用。传统卫星存在着研制周期长、结构空间利用率低等问题1,且难以快速响应局部战争冲突和卫星故障。小型化、模块化、高性能、高运载空间利用率以及高效机变的卫星是未来航天发展的重要趋势,而堆叠式卫星批量化生产有助于提升体系对抗能力2。因此,如何在特定时期、特定目标上空快速部署多颗卫星,成为了有重大意义的关键技术,而多星分离技术正是其中的核心。
本文结合小卫星一箭多星的发展趋势,提出了串并联多星组合体在轨分离的概念,串并联耦合下的卫星不同于单星或者中心承力筒式卫星,在分离技术方案和分离程序上有很大区别,且地面试验成本较高3。本文对弹簧组件选型、分离动力学理论计算和刚柔耦合动力学仿真等方面进行了研究,并对分离过程中小卫星的碰撞可能性进行分析。
目前多星发射的构型设计主要有中心承力筒式、串联式、并联式和串并联式4,不同发射构型的优缺点如表1所示5-7
运载火箭可重复使用和一箭多星高容积发射是实现大规模星座高效建设的两个重要手段8。Starlink和千帆星座组批卫星采用了串并联的设计,将平板式卫星分成两列,使用竖直的锁定摆动杆装置堆叠排列9。该设计不使用主动分离弹簧机构,靠堆叠卫星层间微小速度差被动式分离,火箭分离时主动起旋降低了多星分离碰撞的风险;没有释放机构,比如弹簧或爆炸螺栓,大大减轻了质量;多颗卫星共用1个机械接口进行连接10,在轨成批完成部署。
航天行云科技有限公司将拉紧摆动杆的一端连接星箭解锁底座、另一端固定连接末端卫星的压紧顶帽,多个星间分离装置的承力筒从上至下依次连接在压紧顶帽和星箭解锁底座之间,实现了一次6颗卫星同步分离,该一箭多星分离装置结构简单、不占用整流罩空间,展开动作简便11。Iridium Next和OneWeb卫星采用侧挂式布局进行一箭多星发射,卫星构型为等腰梯形5。此卫星构型在上升段过程中力学响应得到一定下降,但由于对地面的载荷设备安装在远离星箭分离一侧,导致力学响应放大,需要对地面结构进行加强设计,以保证星箭对接面的力学传递合理性。
本文以一箭12星为例,串并联卫星结构布局如图1所示,共由12颗卫星耦合堆叠而成,每颗卫星之间用爆炸螺栓3点交错连接,3个爆炸螺栓同时起爆解除连接后,同时弹射分离。由于同步时序分离理论计算难以得到准确值,逐颗时序分离的理论计算结果更具有借鉴意义。串并联组合体卫星的初始质量特性参数如表2所示。
串并联卫星单颗简化模型如图2所示,卫星通过3个对称布置的弹簧提供动力进行分离,x轴为卫星分离方向,F1~F3为弹簧提供的弹力12
根据能量守恒和动量守恒定理,可以列出:
mivi+mv=0
12mivi2+12mv2=12i=13kiΔxi2
式中 mi 为分离卫星质量;vi 为分离卫星获得的速度;m为剩余组合体质量;v为剩余组合体获得的速度;i为弹簧编号,1颗星共3个弹簧;ki 为第i颗弹簧刚度系数;Δxi为第i颗弹簧压缩量。
通过求解得到分离卫星获得的速度:
vi=mi=13kiΔxi2mimi+m
设计逐颗时序分离,每颗以相同的0.5 m/s速度分离。由于套筒尺寸一致,在选型的过程中弹簧刚度一样,设计ki =30 N/mm,选择不同预载荷的弹簧。通过MATLAB求解,每颗卫星弹簧预载荷如表3所示。
利用动力学仿真软件ADAMS建立堆叠式卫星,并仿真模拟整个卫星在轨分离过程,对不同时序分离策略下各个卫星分离速度与姿态进行仿真分析,并分析相邻卫星间距变化情况,进行碰撞可能性分析。相比较于理论分析,ADAMS仿真更能模拟出卫星质量特性、卫星初始姿态信息、弹簧弹力、刚度、安装位置等参数对多星分离的影响12,并且可以对各个参数进行灵敏度分析13。理论推导和仿真结果进行对比,验证了仿真结果的准确性。
图3所示,堆叠式卫星在轨分离刚柔耦合动力学简化仿真模型由堆叠式刚体卫星动力学模型、弹簧组件等部分组成,动力学模型由堆叠卫星、上面级组成,弹簧组件由固定连接单元、套筒、弹簧、分离触发传感器等组成。分离过程中,组合体在太空失重环境下飞行,整个系统在不受外力作用下保证动量和能量守恒,整个系统作为惯性系参考。
弹簧与下层卫星和套筒固定连接,套筒存在移动副,在弹簧作用下可以沿x轴运动,套筒上表面与上层卫星存在接触力。
依靠较成熟的弹射分离方式进行多刚体的分离释放,罗操群等14分析了不同分离释放方案的优缺点。本方案根据串并联卫星分离时序不同,分为同时分离和逐颗分离。由于上面级姿态与轨道控制系统的误差,同时考虑串并联卫星初始姿态角速度偏差的6种工况,如表4所示。
若同时分离则不需要分离触发传感器,只需要在上面级起旋到预定角速度时让串并联卫星组合体的所有固定副同时失效,所有弹簧组件开始作用。弹簧选取刚度ki =30 N/mm,预载荷800 N,预载荷长度80 mm。
逐颗分离通过设置分离触发传感器来感知上一层卫星与下一层卫星之间的距离,在到达特定距离时让固定副失效,使上下卫星层与层之间解锁分离。
输入弹簧组件参数、分离时序和分离初始姿态角速度偏差等参数,对不同工况开展刚柔耦合动力学仿真分析,得到串并联卫星同时分离过程。
图4所示,分离时序为同时分离的工况一时,堆叠卫星组的中间层卫星先分离,而前端和末端的卫星后期分离。随着分离过程的进行,不同层和同层卫星之间的距离随着时间逐渐拉开增大。同时分离的工况一二均不存在碰撞风险,但工况三存在碰撞风险。
图5为典型工况一分离姿态,工况二、三分离姿态与工况一类似,主要差别在于分离初期卫星角速度差异。通过观察可知,相邻两颗卫星间位移呈现线性变化趋势,不存在越来越近的情况,近场没有碰撞风险;堆叠卫星在分离6 s后速度趋于稳定,分离速度集中在700 mm/s以内,角速度1.5 s后趋于稳定,稳定后角速度均不超过5°/s。近场安全后,可通过反作用轮进行快速消旋来降低角速度。
分析可知,当初始俯仰角速度和偏航角速度有偏差时,稳定后分离角速度就越大,且存在着角速度突变的情况,因此同时分离时应避免产生俯仰角速度和偏航角速度。
图6所示,分离时序为逐颗分离的工况四时,等到上一颗卫星到达安全距离后,才触发下一颗卫星的解锁,卫星间初期的安全距离得到了保障。但由于套筒的导向存在偏差,卫星实际上会产生三轴角速度,在分离过程中会翻滚但角速度还在姿态轨道控制的可控范围内。
观察分离过程可知,工况四部分相邻卫星间距离存在拉近的可能。工况五、六不同层与同层卫星之间距离不断增大,始终保持着安全距离,且在工况五、六的情况下不出现快速翻滚的情况,整体不存在碰撞的风险,但是存在分离后角速度过大的风险,给姿态轨道控制分系统带来控制上的问题。
由于缺乏试验数据,本文采用理论推导和ADAMS仿真相结合的方法进行对比验证。图7展示了工况四卫星分离过程中的相邻卫星间距离、速度与角速度的变化曲线,可以看出,理论推导所需的0.5 m/s的分离速度和仿真曲线整体的变化趋势及结果基本一致,从而验证了ADAMS模型具有较好的准确性。
理论推导和仿真结果存在偏差的主要原因如下:
a)MATLAB数值仿真的模型未考虑弹簧在实际接触过程中作用力方向的变化,而是将其直接等效为垂直于星体安装面方向;
b)数值仿真将所有弹簧的势能等效转化为分离卫星的动能,忽略了3个弹簧作用点因作用行程的差异而导致的势能差异;
c)分离过程中,弹簧套筒和星体表面存在摩擦力。
因此ADAMS有限元仿真模型更能够真实模拟堆叠卫星在轨的分离过程。
分离安全性分析分为近场分析和远场分析。近场分析为卫星星箭分离开始一直到卫星帆板展开后是否有碰撞危险;远场分析为卫星长期在轨运行中在每个轨道周期运动过程中是否存在距离过于接近的情况15
考虑帆板展开长度,将第12颗星分离后相邻卫星最近距离15 m以内定义为近场,超过15 m后至分离时间200 min的时段定义为远场。
由于工况五、六逐颗分离卫星间距离一直保持着远距离,这里只考虑同步分离情况,工况一中12颗星的星间距离在200 min内远场的变化趋势如图8所示,12颗星相对距离总体上呈周期振荡趋势。可以看出,星与星靠近后的距离很小,第一次再接近发生在第102 min,两星最小距离小于5 m,第二次再接近发生在第141 min,两星最小距离小于5 m,存在碰撞风险,因此必须在102 min之前进入轨道控制模式。
本文提出了串并联多星组合体在轨时序分离的概念,并考虑了采用同时分离或者逐颗分离的方式实现多颗卫星快速组网,在轨灵活布置。在同步分离的方式下,串并联卫星不再需要星间的分离爆炸解锁组件,大大降低了成本和质量,但弹簧组件无法节省,而且对上面级在分离时刻的俯仰角速度和偏航角速度提出了要求。在逐颗分离的方式下,通过理论计算设计弹簧组件的具体参数保证在逐颗分离时每颗卫星的分离速度达到预期的目标值,并通过仿真软件验证了近场分离姿态与近远场碰撞的可能性。

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2026年第卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260301
  • 接收时间:2025-09-18
  • 首发时间:2026-07-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-18
  • 修回日期:2026-04-20
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    1.中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院,上海,201304
    2.上海微小卫星工程中心,上海,201210
    3.中国科学院大学,北京,100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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