Article(id=1261021850562380272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1261021842173714450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260205, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=1758988800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778580637826, onlineDateStr=2026-05-12, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778580637826, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778580637826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778580637826, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261021842173714450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='49', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778580635827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778581006660, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261023397702676951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1261021842173714450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261023397702676952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1261021842173714450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261021851678065142, articleId=1261021850562380272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Study on Dynamic Simulation Method of Bipropellant Propulsion System for Attitude Control, columnId=1154057566893105509, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Propulsion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve the design goals of high performance and reliability of propulsion systems for attitude control in the future, study on the dynamic characteristics has important scientific and engineering value. The dynamic simulation method for the MMH/NTO dual component propulsion system for attitude control is studied based on AMESim software. Firstly, the dynamic models of each components are determined and their simulation modules are established based on the system scheme. Secondly, the simulation model of each component is built by the AMESim software and the simulation model of the whole system is established. Finally, the processes of tank pressurization and multi thrust chamber pulse and interactive working are simulated. The changes in key parameters like pressure and flow rate of the thrust chamber are analyzed and the modeling method is verified. Meanwhile, the stability of the check valve is analyzed. The influences of working parameters and structural parameters on the stability of the valves are discussed. The results indicate that the dynamic simulation model established in this study can be used to accurately simulate the processes of multi thrust chamber pulse interaction. The inlet pressure and the throttle area of the check valve have an obvious impact on the stability of the system. The dynamic simulation method can be used for dynamic characteristics and stability analysis, which can provide useful references for the system scheme design and dynamic characteristics study.

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为实现姿控发动机未来高性能和高可靠性的设计目标,开展姿控动力系统动态特性研究具有重要的科学和工程价值。基于AMESim数值仿真软件对MMH/NTO双组元姿控动力系统开展了动态仿真方法研究。首先,根据系统方案确定了各部组件的动力学模型。随后,通过AMESim搭建了各部件的仿真模块,形成了全系统仿真模型。最后,对多推力室脉冲交互工作过程开展仿真,分析了系统运行期间各推力室压力、流量等关键参数的变化,验证了系统建模方法的可靠性,并对单向阀开展了稳定性分析,讨论了工作参数和结构参数对阀门稳定性的影响。结果表明,姿控动力系统能够准确模拟贮箱增压、多推力室脉冲交互工作等过程,单向阀入口压力及节流面积对系统稳定性均有显著影响。研究建立的姿控动力系统动态仿真方法能够用于开展系统响应特性以及稳定性研究,相关方法能够为未来姿控系统方案设计及动态特性研究提供参考。

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祖毅真(1998—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机系统动态特性。

王延涛(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术。

孙翊(1977—)男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术。

张 方(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体动力系统研究。

向伟彬(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体动力系统研究。

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祖毅真(1998—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机系统动态特性。

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祖毅真(1998—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机系统动态特性。

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王延涛(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术。

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王延涛(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术。

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孙翊(1977—)男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术。

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孙翊(1977—)男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术。

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向伟彬(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体动力系统研究。

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向伟彬(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体动力系统研究。

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journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1261021850562380272, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of different orifice area on the stability of check valve, figureFileSmall=6OjZ3mwoOL/0mcyoFDkvFg==, figureFileBig=zX9cS3KpxyVXCm4TbVP0XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261025941275402492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1261021850562380272, language=CN, label=图10, caption=节流面积对单向阀稳定性影响, figureFileSmall=6OjZ3mwoOL/0mcyoFDkvFg==, figureFileBig=zX9cS3KpxyVXCm4TbVP0XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261025941770330367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1261021850562380272, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the thrust chamber

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推力/N室压/MPa混合比
2 00021.65
1 80021.65
40021.65
5021.65
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推力室参数

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推力/N室压/MPa混合比
2 00021.65
1 80021.65
40021.65
5021.65
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Physical properties of propellant

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参数HeNTOMMH
密度/(kg·m-3)0.178 61 446874
黏度/(kg·m-1·s-1)0.018 640.000 420.000 85
弹性模量/MPa2 1601 721
比热/(J·kg-1·K-1)5 2381 5152 930
热导率/(W·m-1·K-1)0.142 60.153 50.251 7
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氦气及推进剂物性参数

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参数HeNTOMMH
密度/(kg·m-3)0.178 61 446874
黏度/(kg·m-1·s-1)0.018 640.000 420.000 85
弹性模量/MPa2 1601 721
比热/(J·kg-1·K-1)5 2381 5152 930
热导率/(W·m-1·K-1)0.142 60.153 50.251 7
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双组元姿控动力系统动态仿真方法研究
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祖毅真 1 , 王延涛 1, 2 , 孙翊 1 , 张方 3 , 向伟彬 3
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2026,49(2): 37-44
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2026, 49(2): 37-44
双组元姿控动力系统动态仿真方法研究
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祖毅真1, 王延涛1, 2, 孙翊1, 张方3, 向伟彬3
作者信息
  • 1.青岛空天动力研究院,青岛,266580
  • 2.西安交通大学,西安,710049
  • 3.湖北航天技术研究院总体设计所,武汉,430040
  • 祖毅真(1998—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机系统动态特性。

    王延涛(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术。

    孙翊(1977—)男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术。

    张 方(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体动力系统研究。

    向伟彬(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体动力系统研究。

Study on Dynamic Simulation Method of Bipropellant Propulsion System for Attitude Control
Yizhen ZU1, Yantao WANG1, 2, Yi SUN1, Fang ZHANG3, Weibin XIANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Qingdao Aerospace Power Institute, Qingdao, 266580
  • 2.Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049
  • 3.System Design Institute, Hubei Aerospace Technology Academy, Wuhan, 430040
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260205
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为实现姿控发动机未来高性能和高可靠性的设计目标,开展姿控动力系统动态特性研究具有重要的科学和工程价值。基于AMESim数值仿真软件对MMH/NTO双组元姿控动力系统开展了动态仿真方法研究。首先,根据系统方案确定了各部组件的动力学模型。随后,通过AMESim搭建了各部件的仿真模块,形成了全系统仿真模型。最后,对多推力室脉冲交互工作过程开展仿真,分析了系统运行期间各推力室压力、流量等关键参数的变化,验证了系统建模方法的可靠性,并对单向阀开展了稳定性分析,讨论了工作参数和结构参数对阀门稳定性的影响。结果表明,姿控动力系统能够准确模拟贮箱增压、多推力室脉冲交互工作等过程,单向阀入口压力及节流面积对系统稳定性均有显著影响。研究建立的姿控动力系统动态仿真方法能够用于开展系统响应特性以及稳定性研究,相关方法能够为未来姿控系统方案设计及动态特性研究提供参考。

姿控动力系统  /  AMESim  /  数值仿真  /  动态特性  /  稳定性

To achieve the design goals of high performance and reliability of propulsion systems for attitude control in the future, study on the dynamic characteristics has important scientific and engineering value. The dynamic simulation method for the MMH/NTO dual component propulsion system for attitude control is studied based on AMESim software. Firstly, the dynamic models of each components are determined and their simulation modules are established based on the system scheme. Secondly, the simulation model of each component is built by the AMESim software and the simulation model of the whole system is established. Finally, the processes of tank pressurization and multi thrust chamber pulse and interactive working are simulated. The changes in key parameters like pressure and flow rate of the thrust chamber are analyzed and the modeling method is verified. Meanwhile, the stability of the check valve is analyzed. The influences of working parameters and structural parameters on the stability of the valves are discussed. The results indicate that the dynamic simulation model established in this study can be used to accurately simulate the processes of multi thrust chamber pulse interaction. The inlet pressure and the throttle area of the check valve have an obvious impact on the stability of the system. The dynamic simulation method can be used for dynamic characteristics and stability analysis, which can provide useful references for the system scheme design and dynamic characteristics study.

propulsion system for attitude control  /  AMESim  /  numerical simulation  /  dynamic characteristics  /  stability
祖毅真, 王延涛, 孙翊, 张方, 向伟彬. 双组元姿控动力系统动态仿真方法研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , 49 (2) : 37 -44 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260205
Yizhen ZU, Yantao WANG, Yi SUN, Fang ZHANG, Weibin XIANG. Study on Dynamic Simulation Method of Bipropellant Propulsion System for Attitude Control[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , 49 (2) : 37 -44 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260205
未来各类空间飞行器中姿态控制、轨道转移、对接和交会等任务对姿控动力系统的性能和稳定性提出了更高的要求1-2。系统运行期间多次起动、关机对发动机寿命和可靠性要求较高,同时需要具备良好的变推力能力,对控制精度要求较高。姿控动力的性能及可靠性取决于其动态特性,为实现姿控发动机未来高比冲、高脉冲、快速响应以及高可靠性3的设计目标,开展系统动态响应特性和稳定性分析具有重要的科学和工程价值。
姿控发动机动态特性研究通常通过试验热试车开展4-5,然而开展试验过程复杂、成本高,而数值仿真方法具有低成本、快速有效、重复性好等优点,在系统方案可行性论证及动态特性分析方面具有良好的优势。
对于液体火箭发动机,开展动态特性系统仿真通常有两种方法,一种为独立设计开发系统仿真软件,另一种为运用已有平台进行二次开发并建立仿真模块库。
美国惠普公司、欧洲航天局及日本JAXA分别开发了ROCETS6、ESPSS7以及REDS8等液体火箭发动机系统仿真软件,并用于多款发动机的动态过程仿真分析。在中国,戴佳等9通过Simulink开发了UDMH/N2O4发动机的动态模型,以此开展了某发动机阀门开关时序对系统起动特性的影响研究。Liu等10采用Modelica建立了液体火箭发动机组件模型并构建仿真系统,获得了其瞬态性能。刘昆11开发了LRETMMSS发动机仿真软件,以此建立了某型号分级燃烧循环液氧液氢补燃发动机的动态仿真模型。张黎辉等12通过C++语言编写了发动机动态仿真软件,通过其开展了不同发动机的动态响应特性研究。张峥岳等13基于AMESim软件建立了液体火箭发动机仿真模块,开展了起动关机过程推进剂水击压力动态特性研究。
在针对姿控动力系统的动态特性仿真研究方面,杨林涛14利用AMESim开展了不同因素对发动机起动过程中响应特性的影响以及燃烧室中压力振荡的传递特性等研究。许少聪15通过AMESim软件建立了液氧液甲烷姿轨控发动机动态仿真模型,开展了响应特性和水击效应等动态过程研究,探究了燃烧时滞、阀门工作时序、喷注压降等不同因素对系统动态特性的影响。
可以看出,准确建立仿真模型是姿控动力系统开展动态特性研究的基础。基于此,本文针对某MMH/NTO双组元姿轨控发动机,开展其系统动态特性的数值仿真方法研究。首先,根据系统方案确定了各部组件的动力学模型。其次,通过AMESim软件开发各部件的仿真模块,从而搭建全系统仿真模型。最终,对系统推力室交互工作过程开展研究,分析系统关键参数的变化,验证系统动态响应分析的可靠性,并开展阀门部件的稳定性分析。研究形成的系统动态仿真方法能够为未来姿控系统方案设计及动态特性研究提供有益参考。
本研究采用的姿控动力系统组成如图1所示,采用恒压挤压式双组元系统,推进剂组合为MMH/NTO,系统包括1台2 000 N摇摆发动机、2台1 800 N发动机、2台400 N发动机、4台50 N发动机以及贮箱、气瓶、充气阀、加排阀、单向阀、安全阀、压力传感器、温度传感器、过滤器及管路系统等组件。
该系统方案中,姿控系统通过脉冲或稳态工作模式调整航天器的飞行姿态和轨道。系统工作时,首先开启高压气瓶后的电爆阀,使氢气通过电爆阀、减压阀、单向阀组件进入推进剂贮箱,使贮箱开始建压过程。当贮箱压力达到额定值后,贮箱后阀门打开使推进剂进入喷注器前的电爆阀入口。根据发动机工作指令开启电爆阀,使推进剂由集液腔进入不同推力的燃烧室,推进剂混合燃烧并产生高温燃气,由喷管排出产生推力。
根据发动机设计方案,使用热力学计算软件CEA进行推进剂介质的热力学计算。燃烧效率和喷管效率分别取0.97和0.96,得到不同量级推力室推进剂质量流量及喉部直径,用于系统调整计算和核对计算结果。其中,各推力室室压及混合比如表1所示。
动力学模型决定了系统仿真模型的准确性,本节依照模块化思想分别建立了姿控系统贮箱、燃烧室等部组件的动力学模型。
系统采用氦气增压,液体推进剂MMH/NTO组合,主要物性参数如表2所示,计算中不考虑温度变化对推进剂物性的影响。
假设气体介质在气体容腔中流动为绝热过程,根据理想气体状态方程得:
pV=mRT
式中 VTp分别为气体容腔的体积、温度及压力;R为工作介质的性能参数;m为气体质量。
通过对时间求导得到气体容腔的数学模型为
dpdtV+pdVdt=RTdmdt+mRdTdt
dTdt=VmRdpdt+pmRdVdt-Tmdmdt           =Tpdpdt+TVdVdt-RT2pV(qmi-qmo)
式中 qmiqmo为进、出口质量流量。
同时,根据能量守恒方程得:
dpdt=γpρVq-γpVdVdt
dpdt=γRVqmiTi-qmoT-pRdVdt
式中 Ti为气体容腔入口温度;γ为工作介质的比热比。
电爆阀简化为阶跃信号控制的气体节流口模型,节流口处一维等熵流动质量流量公式为
qm=CdAPiRTiφpepi
φpepi=2γγ-1pepi2γ-pepiγ+1γε>2γ+1γγ-12γ+11γ-12γγ+1               ε<2γ+1γγ-1
式中 Cd为流量系数,无量纲;A为节流口面积;piTi分别为节流口进口处的介质压力和温度;pe为节流口出口处的介质压力;ε为压力比。
减压阀和安全阀则简化为由容腔、节流口和阀芯运动组件构成的模型,阀芯状态如下:
md2xdt2=Fsf+Ftf+Fp+Ffric+Fspr+Fdamp
式中 m为运动组件等效质量;x为运动组件的位移;Fsf为稳态气动力;Ftf为瞬态气动力;Fp为静压力;Ffric为摩擦力,包括动摩擦力和静摩擦力;Fspr为弹簧力;Fdamp为阻尼力,包括气流阻尼力和弹簧元件阻尼力。
流体管路较长或波动效应明显时,采用分布参数模型。假设推进剂温度及流体密度保持不变,忽略其与液体管路间的热交换,考虑管路摩擦以及推进剂的惯性,连续方程和分布参数为
pt=-BApqx
1B=1Bf+1Bw
qt=Apρpx-gApsinθ-uqx-fq2sign(q)2dAp
式中 B为等效体积弹性模量;Bf为流体体积流量;Bw为管路杨氏模量;Ap为管路流通面积;q为质量流量;ρ为流体密度;d为管路直径;θ为管路夹角(水平方向);f为摩擦损失系数;g为重力加速度。
液体管路较短时,采用集中参数模型,连续方程和运动方程如下:
dpdt=-BApLq2-q1
dqdt=-ApρLp2-p1-gApsinθ-           uLq2-q1-fq2sign(q)2dAp
式中 u为流体速度。
将推进剂看作不可压缩流体,将液体阀门等效为通过信号控制的可变节流孔,其前、后压力方程为
dp1dt=ρa2V1Q1-qρ
dp2dt=ρa2V2qρ-Q2
节流面上的质量流量为
q=τCdA¯2ρ(p1-p2)
式中 p1p2为液体阀门进口和出口处的流体压力;V1V2为流体单元的体积;Q1为阀门进口的体积流量;Q2为阀门出口的体积流量;CdA¯为阀门额定流通面积与流量系数的乘积;τ为阀门的相对开度,τ=CdA/CdA¯
假设气体介质在气体容腔中的流动为绝热过程,通过能量守恒及气体状态方程得到的气体容腔模型为
dTgdt=Tgpgdpgdt+TgVgdVgdt-qgmiRgTg2pgVg
dpgdt=γRgVgqgmiTgi-pgRgdVgdt
式中 Tgi为气体容腔入口温度;Tgpg分别为气体容腔内的温度及压力;Vg为气体容腔体积;Rg为气体介质的气体常数;qgmi为气体容腔的进口质量流量。
隔膜贮箱液体容腔的数学模型为
dVldt=-dVgdt
pl=pg+patm-ploss
ploss=ϕ(Vg)
式中 Vl为液体容腔体积;pl为液体容腔内压力;patm为大气压力;ploss为隔膜贮箱压力损失;ϕ为气体容腔和隔膜贮箱压力损失量函数。
贮箱出口处的液体质量流量为
ql=CdAl2ρl(pl-p0)
式中 p0为隔膜贮箱出口压力;Cd为隔膜贮箱出口流量系数;Al为贮箱出口节流面积;ρl为贮箱介质的密度。
集液腔内压力与进、出口位置流量间的方程为
dpdt=BAoLq1-q2=a2Vq1-q2
将喷注器等效为不变容腔和节流孔板的组合,根据上下游的压降Δp=p-1p2,可得:
λ=hdν2Δpρ
cq=cqmaxtanh2λλcrit
体积流量则为
Q=cqAo2Δpρ
式中 Q为体积流量系数;hd为水力直径;ν为运动黏度;λcrit为流体的特征参量;Ao为节流孔面积。
对于燃烧室,通过燃烧时滞模拟推进剂变为高温燃气的过程,对燃烧室进行一些必要假设:a)用时滞常数τ代表燃烧室内推进剂瞬间转变为高温燃气的时刻;b)任何时刻内,燃烧室中的燃气均为均匀分布状态,同时为完全气体;c)不考虑液体沸点较高状态下的气蚀现象以及推进剂的喷注充填过程,不考虑液体密度和黏度随时间的变化;d)为简化燃烧反应过程,不考虑湍流燃烧过程,同时忽略气液两相间的影响;e)忽略燃烧室壁面传热和摩擦,燃气不考虑暂留时间,呈绝热、无黏流动状态。
推进剂和燃烧产物的质量积累模型如下所示:
dmfdt=qmfi-qmfe-mfτf
dmodt=qmoi-qmoe-moτo
dmgdt=qmgi-qmge+moτo+mfτf
式中 qm为质量流量;τ为转化时间;下标中,f为燃料,o为氧化剂,g为燃烧产物,i为燃烧室流入,e为燃烧室流出。
简化的零维燃烧室数学模型通过质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程推导得到:
dKcdt=1+KcρcVcm˙co(t-τc)-Kcm˙cf(t-τc)
VcRcTcdpcdt+ΓAtRcTc-VcRcTc2RcTcKcdKcdt=            m˙co(t-τc)-Kcm˙cf(t-τc)
式中 Rc为燃气气体常数;Tc为燃气温度;Kc为混合比;m˙com˙cf分别氧化剂和燃料流量;pc为燃烧室压力;Vc为燃烧室体积;At为喷管喉部面积;τc为燃烧时滞;Γ为与喉部状态相关的常数。
对于喷管,同样通过质量守恒定律、动量守恒定律、能量守恒定律以及气体状态方程推导其数学模型:
qg=pcAtRcTcγ2γ+1γ+1γ-1,                           papc2γ+1γγ-1pcAtRcTc2γγ-1papc2γ-papcγ+1γ papc>2γ+1γγ-1
式中 Pa为环境压力。
在AMESim子模型编辑器中建立NTO和MMH两种推进剂的物性子模型,默认值均采用常温下的介质属性。
对于减压阀和单向阀,对气体容腔、运动组件和节流孔等部件详细建模,并通过超级元件功能进行封装,如图2~3所示。其中端口1作为阀门出口,端口2作为阀门入口。建模时,根据设计参数在参数模式下修正模型参数,以符合试验结果。
通过AMESet平台进行二次开发编程创建贮箱模型,设定气体和液体两个端口,调用内部函数变量、定义边界和编辑变量间数学方程。气体容腔和隔膜贮箱压力损失量的函数需要通过试验结果拟合后,添加入程序。建模过程中,需要定义贮箱初始参数和液体出口节流孔参数,选择推进剂的介质类型。
对于推力室,通过二次开发建立燃烧室模型,设置氧化剂和燃料端口,设置燃烧室容积、喉部面积和背压等实参及内部变量。同时,考虑了两种燃烧时滞的设置方法,一种通过延迟信号模块直接将燃烧时滞加入到喷注组件中,另一种方法是在建立燃烧室模型时设置燃烧时滞,并考虑推进剂积存量。
将各部组件通过系统模型库的液体管路、三通及节流孔板等元器件进行连接,设置姿控环管路。其中,贮箱前的气体管路选用仅考虑压缩性和摩擦效应的气动管道子模型。对于液体管路,当不考虑水击效应时,推进剂管路中不存在填充过程,选用不考虑管壁摩擦特性的集中参数模型,用于贮箱增压、介质供应和推力室工作过程中的系统介质匹配等仿真。当考虑推进剂管路对增压系统的反馈时,采用考虑惯性效应的CIR分布参数模型。
最终,根据系统方案设置管路长度、直径和分支口,在推力室主阀前增加孔板来控制单台发动机的流量,最终形成姿控系统的全仿真模型,如图4所示。
在姿控系统全模型中开展多推力室脉冲交互工作过程仿真。首先单独开启50 N推力室(T1)对比不同燃烧室建模方式下的建压过程,见图5。其中,第1种燃烧时滞设置方式与文献[16]中基本相同,推力室仿真结果压力变化规律同样基本保持一致,推力室建压时刻直接取决于燃烧时滞的设定。而采用第2种方案进行仿真计算时,开始建压时刻和系统供应流量至推力室的时刻一致。相比之下,后者推力室建压过程更加缓慢,起动压力峰值更大,经后续研究分析对比,该模型在计算振荡特性等方面具有优势。
选用第2种推力室中考虑燃烧时滞的建模方式,进一步进行1 800 N(T6)和400 N(T8)推力室工作组的交互工作仿真,工作时序如图6所示。首先,开展系统稳态仿真,在系统设计要求以及管路流阻、阀门流阻和喷注器流阻等计算和试验的基础上匹配系统参数,确定合适的孔板结构参数,匹配不同推力室工作时需要的流量。选用Stabilizing+Dynamic的计算模式进行仿真,计算时间为0.5 s,允许公差为10-5,系统动态仿真计算结果如图7所示。
图7a7b可以看出,姿控系统模型中设定各发动机工作时序后能够模拟多推力室的脉冲、交互过程,获取各推力室在工作时的压力、流量等参数。同时,在多推力室交互工作过程中,各推力室起动、关机和周期性工作会影响同一机组中其他推力室的工作性能,压力波动会在姿控环内传递,如图7c所示,证明该系统能够被进一步用于姿控管路优化、水击特性等有动态特性的研究工作中。
稳定性分析是系统动态特性研究的另一重要环节,是衡量系统抗干扰能力的主要指标。系统中通过压差驱动启闭的阀门组件在特殊工况下可能存在自激振荡现象。
对单向阀模型开展稳定性分析,给定系统额定的入口压力源(3.7 MPa)和出口背压节流孔元件开展仿真,时域分析结果如图8所示,可以看出,单向阀处于稳定工作状态,阀门全部打开,稳定工作时的流阻为0.18 MPa。
同时开展不同入口工作压力以及不同节流元件面积对单向阀稳定性的影响分析,如图9图10所示。
图9可知,随着单向阀入口压力逐渐减小,单向阀进入不稳定工作状态,出口压力脉动振幅和阀芯位移振幅逐渐增大,而振荡频率则保持不变。由图9c可知,单向阀出现不稳定时,阀芯在最大位移处重复振荡,由全部打开到半打开状态,因此对出口压力波动影响较小。通过阀门稳定工作时刻(0.5 s时)特征值计算,存在正实部的特征值,特征频率为 118.28 Hz与时域分析结果(118.92 Hz)保持一致。
图10可知,随着单向阀节流面积逐渐减小,单向阀进入不稳定工作状态,出口压力和脉动振幅逐渐增大,而振荡频率则基本保持不变。出现自激振荡时,随着节流面积的减小,阀芯由全部打开到半打开的不稳定状态,转化为由关闭到半打开的不稳定状态,从而对出口压力波动的影响越来越大。同理,可以根据相关方法进行弹簧预紧力及刚度等因素的分析以及单向阀稳定性分析等工作。
本文基于AMESim软件建立了MMH/NTO双组元姿控动力系统的动态仿真方法,主要结论如下:
a)建立了各部组件的动力学模型并通过AMESim仿真平台建立了其仿真模块,搭建了姿控发动机的全系统仿真模型。该模型能够有效模拟贮箱增压、推力室启闭、交互工作及管路水击等动力学过程,能够用于姿控动力系统的动态特性研究。
b)建立推力室仿真模型时,将燃烧时滞作为延迟信号考虑到喷注组件中,推力室建压时刻直接取决于燃烧时滞的设定。而在燃烧室模型中设置燃烧时滞时,推力室建压时刻和系统供应流量至推力室时刻一致,推力室建压过程更加缓慢,起动压力峰更大。
c)单向阀模型在系统工作参数下处于稳定工作状态。单向阀入口压力逐渐减小,阀门进入不稳定工作状态,出口压力脉动振幅和阀芯位移振幅逐渐增大,而振荡频率则保持不变。单向阀节流面积逐渐减小,单向阀进入不稳定工作状态,出口压力和脉动振幅逐渐增大,阀芯转化为由关闭到半打开的不稳定状态,从而对出口压力波动的影响越来越大。
在未来工作中,需要通过试验对仿真模型进行进一步验证及优化,并开展管路水击等动态特性及稳定性分析研究,从而为姿控动力系统的推力调节、压力振荡抑制以及系统方案优化设计等研究提供有益参考。
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2026年第49卷第2期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260205
  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-05-12
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09
  • 修回日期:2025-09-28
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    1.青岛空天动力研究院,青岛,266580
    2.西安交通大学,西安,710049
    3.湖北航天技术研究院总体设计所,武汉,430040
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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