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In response to the pressing demand for the large-scale and high-frequency development of space transportation, horizontal takeoff and horizontal landing-reusable launch vehicle (HTHL RLV) which does not rely on fixed launch sites and can operate as conveniently as aircraft, represents a crucial development direction for establishing a future scheduled space transportation system. The technical characteristics and developmental path of HTHL RLV are systematically elucidated, providing a comparative analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, and applicability of different technical approaches. On this basis, it focuses on key technical challenges and potential breakthroughs in the field, including multidisciplinary-coupled overall system design, wide-speed-range aerodynamic configuration, high-performance combined-cycle propulsion, lightweight structures, adaptive guidance and control, reusability, and intelligent operation and maintenance. Furthermore, prospective pathways for future technology development are also outlined.

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面向航天运输规模化、高频次发展的迫切需求,水平起降重复使用运载器(Horizontal Takeoff and Horizontal Landing-Reusable Launch Vehicle,HTHL RLV)无需依赖固定发射场,可实现类似航空器的便捷化运行,是构建未来航班化空天运输体系的重要发展方向。首先,系统阐述水平起降重复使用运载器的技术特征与发展脉络,对比分析技术途径的优缺点与适用性;然后,在此基础上,重点剖析该领域面临的多学科耦合总体设计、宽速域气动布局、高性能组合动力、轻质化结构、自适应制导控制、重复使用与智能运维等关键技术挑战与突破方向;最后,对未来技术发展路径进行展望。

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王 珏(1961—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要研究方向为液体运载火箭技术。

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王 珏(1961—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要研究方向为液体运载火箭技术。

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王 珏(1961—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要研究方向为液体运载火箭技术。

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Requirements of different orbit injection modes on dry mass coefficient and combined cycle specific impulse

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入轨形式推进剂类型干重系数要求/%吸气模态比冲/s
两级入轨甲烷<40>850
液氢<50>2 500
单级入轨甲烷<12>1 000
液氢<18%>3 000 s
), ArticleFig(id=1236665816494690841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189958849255, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同入轨形式对干重系数、组合动力比冲要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
入轨形式推进剂类型干重系数要求/%吸气模态比冲/s
两级入轨甲烷<40>850
液氢<50>2 500
单级入轨甲烷<12>1 000
液氢<18%>3 000 s
), ArticleFig(id=1236665816586965534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189958849255, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of combined cycle engine types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动力形式吸气模态速域比冲/s推重比加速性复杂度技术难度
TBCCMa=0~6+碳氢:600~2 0005~8

较强(涡轮模态),

弱(冲压模态)

较高
RBCCMa=2~8+

碳氢:400~1 600

液氢:1 800~3 700

6~12

强(火箭模态),

弱(冲压模态)

较低
ATRMa=0~4+

碳氢:700~1 100

液氢:2 500~3 500

8~12较低
TRREMa=0~7+碳氢:350~2 0004~6

较强(涡轮模态),

弱(冲压模态)

深度预冷Ma=0~6+液氢:3 500~5 0004~8
适度预冷Ma=0~5+

液氢:3 000~3 500

甲烷:800~1 200

8~12较低
), ArticleFig(id=1236665816716988960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189958849255, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同组合动力形式对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动力形式吸气模态速域比冲/s推重比加速性复杂度技术难度
TBCCMa=0~6+碳氢:600~2 0005~8

较强(涡轮模态),

弱(冲压模态)

较高
RBCCMa=2~8+

碳氢:400~1 600

液氢:1 800~3 700

6~12

强(火箭模态),

弱(冲压模态)

较低
ATRMa=0~4+

碳氢:700~1 100

液氢:2 500~3 500

8~12较低
TRREMa=0~7+碳氢:350~2 0004~6

较强(涡轮模态),

弱(冲压模态)

深度预冷Ma=0~6+液氢:3 500~5 0004~8
适度预冷Ma=0~5+

液氢:3 000~3 500

甲烷:800~1 200

8~12较低
), ArticleFig(id=1236665816821846567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189958849255, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of propellants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推进剂

密度/

(g·cm-3)

比冲/s贮存条件成本可重复使用性
煤油0.8~0.9280~310常温(易于贮存)较差
液氢0.42330~360-162 ℃(较难贮存)较低良好
甲烷0.07420~455-253 ℃(难贮存)良好
), ArticleFig(id=1236665816914121261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189958849255, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同推进剂对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推进剂

密度/

(g·cm-3)

比冲/s贮存条件成本可重复使用性
煤油0.8~0.9280~310常温(易于贮存)较差
液氢0.42330~360-162 ℃(较难贮存)较低良好
甲烷0.07420~455-253 ℃(难贮存)良好
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水平起降天地往返运输技术发展展望
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王珏 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 特约稿件 2026,49(1): 1-8
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 特约稿件 2026, 49(1): 1-8
水平起降天地往返运输技术发展展望
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王珏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 2.天地往返高效运输技术全国重点实验室,长沙,410073
  • 王 珏(1961—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要研究方向为液体运载火箭技术。

Future Prospects for Horizontal Takeoff and Horizontal Landing Space Transportation Technology
Jue WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, 100076
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Reusable Aerospace Transportation Technology, Changsha, 410073
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260101
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面向航天运输规模化、高频次发展的迫切需求,水平起降重复使用运载器(Horizontal Takeoff and Horizontal Landing-Reusable Launch Vehicle,HTHL RLV)无需依赖固定发射场,可实现类似航空器的便捷化运行,是构建未来航班化空天运输体系的重要发展方向。首先,系统阐述水平起降重复使用运载器的技术特征与发展脉络,对比分析技术途径的优缺点与适用性;然后,在此基础上,重点剖析该领域面临的多学科耦合总体设计、宽速域气动布局、高性能组合动力、轻质化结构、自适应制导控制、重复使用与智能运维等关键技术挑战与突破方向;最后,对未来技术发展路径进行展望。

天地往返  /  水平起降  /  重复使用运载器

In response to the pressing demand for the large-scale and high-frequency development of space transportation, horizontal takeoff and horizontal landing-reusable launch vehicle (HTHL RLV) which does not rely on fixed launch sites and can operate as conveniently as aircraft, represents a crucial development direction for establishing a future scheduled space transportation system. The technical characteristics and developmental path of HTHL RLV are systematically elucidated, providing a comparative analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, and applicability of different technical approaches. On this basis, it focuses on key technical challenges and potential breakthroughs in the field, including multidisciplinary-coupled overall system design, wide-speed-range aerodynamic configuration, high-performance combined-cycle propulsion, lightweight structures, adaptive guidance and control, reusability, and intelligent operation and maintenance. Furthermore, prospective pathways for future technology development are also outlined.

space transportation  /  horizontal takeoff and horizontal landing  /  reusable launch vehicle
王珏. 水平起降天地往返运输技术发展展望. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , 49 (1) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260101
Jue WANG. Future Prospects for Horizontal Takeoff and Horizontal Landing Space Transportation Technology[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , 49 (1) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260101
自2018年开始,星链等低轨组网任务逐渐兴起,全球低轨发射量由2020年突破100次增加到2025年的300次以上。低轨互联网基础设施建设任务爆发式增长,对航天运输系统在运载能力、效费比方面提出更高的发展要求,以满足大规模进出空间需求1-2。重复使用天地往返运输系统是航天运输向规模化、高频次应用的重要发展方向,其研发在推动总体、动力、结构以及控制技术发展的同时,也将带动材料科学、先进制造、人工智能等领域技术的突破,形成技术溢出效应,促进新型航天产业生态发展3-4
天地往返运输系统按照动力形式可分为火箭动力与组合动力两种类型,按照起降方式可分为垂直起降(Vertical Takeoff and Landing,VTVL)重复使用运载器、垂直起飞水平着陆(Vertical Takeoff and Horizontal Landing,VTHL)重复使用运载器和水平起降(Horizontal Takeoff and Horizontal Landing,HTHL)重复使用运载器等5。自20世纪80年代开始,各国围绕天地往返运输的各种技术路线开展了大量新概念、新方案、新技术的先期探索与攻关验证工作,并取得了许多重要的研究成果。
低成本、安全可靠地进入空间是各国航天领域追求的目标,20世纪80年代初期,美国为提高航天运输的经济性,基于火箭动力技术路线相继实施了航天飞机、X-33火箭动力重复使用运载器等计划,试图进一步降低发射成本、提高可靠性和安全性。航天飞机于1981年成功首飞并运营,但其过度追求规模和功能的多用途,未达到预期经济指标,历时30年共飞行135次,于2011年遗憾退出历史舞台6。1995年,美国启动冒险星计划,基于火箭动力构建单级入轨飞行器,由于其缩比验证机X-33的复合材料低温贮箱技术长期没有突破,并且预算大幅超支,该计划于2001年3月被迫终止7
进入21世纪后,美国于2005年成立商业乘员和货物项目办公室,由该办公室牵引支持SpaceX公司实现了运载火箭垂直起降和部分重复使用技术突破和工程应用。截至目前,猎鹰9 Block5最大重复使用次数达32次,大幅降低了发射成本8。SpaceX公司为了进一步降低成本,提高运载效率,兼顾“地-月”“地-火”空间运输需求,推出了以全流量补燃液氧甲烷火箭发动机为主动力的超重-星舰运载系统,预期其运输成本较猎鹰9再降低一个数量级。截至目前,超重-星舰已完成了11次飞行试验,实现了一系列重要的技术突破,一旦服役应用,将依托“大当量运输+完全重复使用”模式,给天地往返运输带来革命性影响,并助力美国提升全球大当量物资点对点快速投送与“地-月”“地-火”往返运输能力,强化其在深空探索、太空资源开发领域的领先地位。
人类一直在追求安全、便捷、航班化的天地往返运输,基于吸气式组合动力的水平起降重复使用运载器是实现空天一体化的理想方式和重要途径。在1982年,英国就已提出霍托尔单级入轨运载器概念方案。1986年,美国启动国家空天飞机计划(NASP/X-30),目标是实现水平起降、单级入轨,将运输成本降至航天飞机的5%,但由于技术指标过高,超燃冲压发动机等核心技术一直未能突破,该项目于1995年被迫终止9-10。2000年以后,美国在重复使用运载器发展的技术路线及政策上出现了两方面转变:一方面,技术途径由单级入轨转向多级入轨,发展策略更加务实;另一方面,吸气式动力技术的应用由天地往返转向高超声速导弹等军事领域,以期先实现超燃冲压发动机的技术突破,再梯次发展应用于高超声速飞机和空天飞机中。美国依托X-51A等项目成功验证了超燃冲压发动机的工作性能11,在此基础上,ATRX公司近期计划研发马赫5级高超声速验证平台,为后续小卫星发射与太空旅游的水平起降重复使用运载器奠定基础12。Hermeus公司研制的高超声速原型机夸特马已完成多项地面试验以及首次飞行试验,并规划了未来的军民应用13。英国REL公司在霍托尔空天飞机的基础上,提出了云霄塔单级入轨运载器方案,该运载器以氢燃料预冷组合动力发动机为主动力,成功突破了预冷器、换热器等关键技术瓶颈14。尽管该公司由于研发周期过长与资金链断裂等问题于2024年宣布破产,但英国仍继续推进相关研究,2025年7月,由欧空局资助、Frazer-Nash公司牵头的无敌号计划正式启动,旨在基于氢燃料预冷组合动力发动机技术,研制马赫5级可重复使用空天飞行器15
结合天地往返运输系统发展现状与脉络,可以看出未来发展趋势如下:
a)垂直起降火箭动力重复使用运载器是当前实现“大当量运载、高频次发射”的现实途径,已进入工程应用阶段。以全流量补燃猛禽发动机为主动力的两级完全重复使用运载器超重-星舰一旦投入应用,将对航天运输格局产生重大影响。
b)水平起降重复使用运载器是实现“航空-临空-太空”一体化运输的理想形式,然而,其发展仍面临空天宽域高性能组合动力、高效轻质结构、极端环境重复使用等一系列关键技术挑战,目前尚处于关键技术攻关与系统验证阶段。未来,随着相关技术的逐步突破,有望推动空天运输产业实现重要变革。
c)水平起降重复使用运载器的研制应遵循科学技术发展规律,采取渐进式发展策略,可按照“规模由小到大、先技术验证后能力验证、先两级入轨后单级入轨”的思路逐步推进,从而实现能力的持续提升与阶段跨越。
水平起降重复使用运载器(Horizontal Takeoff and Horizontal Landing Reusable Launch Vehicle,HTHL RLV)是采用组合动力,从机场水平起降,在稠密大气、临近空间、近地轨道自由跨域飞行的飞行器,通常由动力系统、结构与热防护系统(含贮箱)、起降系统、综合航电系统、控制系统与热控系统等分系统组成。水平起降重复使用运载器布局16图1所示,其飞行过程包括:水平起飞段,吸气爬升段,火箭爬升段,转弯返回段,能量管理段,进场着陆段。
水平起降重复使用运载器无需依赖固定发射场,可实现类航空器的便捷化运行,具备任务响应灵活、运营维护经济、飞行环境缓和、运输效率高等特点,是重复使用航天运输系统的重要发展方向。这类运载器主要面向中小吨位载荷的灵活运输与应急发射任务,其核心优势在于敏捷化与强适应性,借助广泛分布的机场和自身机动飞行能力,可显著拓宽发射窗口与可用轨道,从而成为传统大运力火箭的有力补充。其采用的组合动力发动机可利用空气中的氧气作为氧化剂,并借助气动升力有效减小重力损失,从而最大程度降低燃料消耗,提高整体运载效率,航班化运营后,单位载荷发射成本有望显著降低。此外,水平起降重复使用运载器具备在航空、临近空间及近地轨道之间跨域飞行的能力,为空天一体化运输提供了可行的技术实现途径,能够支撑快捷灵活的航班化空天运输、临空高速投送、洲际高速货运、太空旅游等多样化任务实施,为构建新型空天应用产业生态奠定坚实基础。
水平起降重复使用运载器的技术实现途径多样,主要差异体现在入轨形式、动力形式与推进剂类型3个方面。
入轨形式包括两级入轨(Two-Stage-To-Orbit,TSTO)和单级入轨(Single-Stage-To-Orbit,SSTO)。其中单级入轨形式更为简洁、便利,但其实现难度巨大,以干重系数为例,单级入轨的云霄塔飞行器干重系数为16.43%17,在相同动力与入轨能力要求下,两级入轨运载器干重系数为25.83%~34.70%18。单级入轨要求飞行器轻质化水平提升57%以上或动力系统全程综合比冲提升33.43%。不同入轨形式对干重系数、组合动力比冲要求如表1所示,两级入轨要求的干重系数和动力性能指标需求更低,技术难度更小,可实现性大幅提升。
水平起降重复使用运载器一步实现SSTO技术难度较大,且同等条件下的运载效率相比TSTO显著降低,后续应按照先技术验证后能力验证、先两级入轨后单级入轨的分步实施发展思路,推动天地往返运输能力的构建。
动力形式方面,水平起降运载器需使用组合动力发动机19,包括涡轮冲压组合循环(Turbine-Based Combined Cycle,TBCC)发动机20-21、火箭冲压组合循环(Rocket-Based Combined Cycle,RBCC)发动机22-23、涡轮火箭(Air Turbo Rocket,ATR)发动机24、火箭涡轮冲压三组合(Turbine-Based Rocket and Ramjet Combined,TRRE)发动机25以及预冷组合循环发动机等,不同组合动力形式性能指标对比如表2所示。其中,TBCC发动机和ATR发动机,分别适用于高速巡航与加速投送任务,但由于工作速域相对有限,且TBCC发动机存在“推力陷阱”问题,其执行航天运输任务时需与火箭模态、预冷技术等组合应用20。RBCC发动机具有系统简单的优势,但其低速段主要以火箭模式工作,耗油率较大,吸气模式加速性能相对较弱,更适用于助推发射或空基投送的巡航型飞行器。TRRE发动机具备3种模态的技术优势、工作速域较宽,但是系统复杂度极高,发动机推重比提升困难,冲压模态加速性能较弱。深度预冷组合循环发动机具有比冲高、加速性好的优点,但其采用氦循环预冷换热系统,整体复杂度高,推重比指标低,技术难度较大。适度预冷组合循环发动机具有加速性能强、推重比高、系统复杂度适中的优点,对于重复使用航天运输任务的适用性较强。
推进剂类型方面,重复使用运载器主要考虑采用液氧煤油、液氧液氢和液氧甲烷等推进剂。3类推进剂性能对比如表3所示,其中,煤油具有密度较高、易使用的优势,可采用常温异形贮箱,有利于减小飞行器整体尺寸规模,但其比冲相对较低,重复使用性较差。液氢比冲最高,适用于单级入轨等具有高比冲需求的航天运输任务,且重复使用性好,但是其低密度会导致运载器整体规模增大、结构效率下降,且需注意金属材料氢脆问题,使用难度大、要求高。甲烷的比冲、成本和易用性等性能均介于煤油和液氢之间,适合中等性能需求,同时甲烷理论上具备火星就地制造条件,未来执行星际任务潜力较大。
水平起降重复使用运载器兼具航空飞机、火箭、卫星、飞船等多种飞行器的特点,系统复杂,各专业间深度耦合,运载器设计需实现多学科强约束的权衡设计与总体性能全局最优。
a)多场域下重复使用指标体系设计。多次重复使用、高运载效率、快周转运行的使用需求对水平起降重复使用运载器各系统性能和指标提出了极致要求,应基于系统工程方法论,建立飞行性能关键参数的多场耦合分析模型。通过多学科协同优化框架,解析“气动-动力-轨迹-结构-控制”等专业参数的强非线性耦合规律,量化核心指标敏感性因子,构建指标评价体系,驱动全系统协同优化设计。
b)飞发一体联合优化设计。水平起降重复使用运载器总体设计需以飞发一体化为核心,系统解决全域飞行条件下气动-推进耦合、进气道-发动机动态匹配及质心-稳定性协同等关键难题;需重点突破“宽域进气道-核心机-喷管”协同设计、“气动-动力-轨迹”联合优化技术,实现全剖面总体性能综合提升,通过飞发一体化结构设计和多源能源智能管控技术实现结构效率与能源利用率的双向提高,促进性能边界拓展。
c)基于全系统数字样机的性能优化与评估。水平起降重复使用运载器高度复杂且多专业深度交叉耦合,迫切需要研究多专业紧耦合高协同的数字化评估方法,构建全系统数字化功能、性能样机,分别建立质量、能源、控制等虚实结合的仿真流程,实现飞行器性能的全系统仿真优化。
面对天地往返、水平起降带来的前所未有的多物理场耦合、多学科冲突及宽包线适应性等挑战26,需协调极宽速域飞行条件下性能与稳定控制的矛盾,实现气动与推进系统的深度一体化27-30,气动设计流程由传统各部件独立设计向高度集成化、智能化、数据驱动、多学科交叉融合方向演进。
a)面向全域飞行性能的气动外形多目标优化。传统基于单一设计点优化的构型难以兼顾天地往返全域飞行性能要求,为此,需形成融合参数化建模、数据驱动降维、高效梯度求解与多目标协同搜索的智能化综合框架31。在此基础上,深度学习与强化学习方法等智能手段,在提升自主探索最优优化路径的效率方面已展现出巨大潜力。
b)宽域下进排气变构协同设计与智能控制。吸气式组合动力发动机在极宽飞行马赫数范围(通常为0~7以上)因气动-推进耦合特性剧烈变化导致进气不稳定、燃烧效率下降及推力波动等问题,需突破变构型进排气气动设计方法与智能变构型控制策略,以维持发动机在整个飞行剖面内的稳定工作与高效输出。
水平起降天地往返跨域飞行任务要求动力系统能够从零速开始一直工作到极高马赫数以上,动力系统不仅要能适应外界环境的剧烈变化,还需要通过多参数综合匹配保证最优性能产出,既要求极度轻质化的结构设计,还需要保证高可靠性和多次重复使用。必须通过航空航天动力技术、材料科学、控制工程等多学科交叉融合,利用跨越式的思维创新引导技术突破,实现动力系统综合性能的优化。
a)多特征耦合下的动力协同匹配与高效热功转化。吸气式组合发动机中,多介质、多流路间能量梯级传递形成了复杂联合循环,换热、增压、燃烧及膨胀过程相互影响,热功传递频繁、流路耦合严重,全系统参数协调匹配和优化难度剧增。需要在跨域飞行中实现气动、传热、燃烧等多特征深度耦合下的协同匹配,保障核心部组件能稳定工作在安全阈值边界,实现完整任务剖面内动力系统安全可靠工作和高效率能量输出。
b)全包线智能化全局寻优控制技术。根据跨域飞行任务需求,发动机控制系统既要能够在恶劣外界干扰环境中安全、可靠地工作,还需通过全局寻优充分发挥动力最优性能。发动机输入和输出参数以及控制变量较传统发动机大幅增加,各变量、回路之间都存在深度耦合的特性,需要借助人工智能和模型预测的新技术,实现强鲁棒性、高可靠性和抗干扰能力的发动机控制方案设计。
c)高性能发动机轻质化结构设计。基于飞行器对发动机的宽域工作、高推重比与多次重复使用要求,发动机面临高温、高压、临氢及复杂力热载荷,需实现高可靠、高性能与极致轻质化的平衡,必须通过“总体-动力-结构”一体化集成、拓扑优化与先进增材工艺结合、新型轻质耐热材料应用、极端多场耦合条件结构寿命精细化评估等途径来寻求突破。
极端复杂的飞行任务剖面和载荷环境,导致飞行器结构轻质化面临极大挑战,传统的各系统内部独立设计模式难以满足其严苛要求,需构建“冷-热”等多专业耦合技术体系与“结构-功能”等多系统集成架构,通过“材料-结构-工艺-功能”多维度协同设计,实现深度耦合的一体化设计范式,以攻克高效轻质化设计的技术瓶颈。
a)多物理场耦合一体化分析。通过提升跨专业设计技术体系能力,开展流-固、力-热等多物理场耦合分析与优化,消除专业边界与保守系数,实现设计方案轻质优化。
b)“结构-功能”一体化设计。回归第一性原理,统筹分析各系统间组成部分设计的根本理念,整合系统间重叠功能结构,如承力贮箱的机身承载与容纳功能一体化设计、贮箱壁防热绝热材料一体化设计、贮箱增压需求与承载需求匹配设计,实现系统级减重32-33
c)“材料-构型-工艺-功能”一体化设计。充分利用多物理场耦合分析与优化技术,支撑舵翼前缘、驻点等高温承载区域的轻量化点阵结构应用,支撑机身非贮箱段空间桁架与多层热防护蒙皮一体化方案应用1734-35
针对高动态跨域飞行面临的非定常气动效应、多约束任务耦合及强扰动等复杂工况,传统分层制导控制架构难以满足跨声速突变、推力骤降等场景下的响应需求,需构建“集群智能决策-实时轨迹重构-自演进容错控制”一体的制导控制体系,最终形成终端精度百米级、控制重构毫秒级的全自主闭环制导控制能力。
a)动态任务协同规划与决策方法。构建分布式多智能体决策架构,发展时空约束下的动态可达域在线预测技术,融合深度强化学习与多智能体协调策略,突破大规模集群资源分配与航迹冲突消解瓶颈,实现分钟级在线协同响应与自主任务分配。
b)跨域实时轨迹优化重构方法。建立气动/推进/控制耦合的数字孪生模型,开发故障特征驱动的轨迹预测网络,结合参数凸优化与硬件加速技术,突破非线性动力学跳变与故障轨迹重构的耦合优化瓶颈36,实现跨声速突变等极端工况下的秒级在线轨迹生成。
c)智能容错控制自主演进理论。构建环境感知-策略演进的闭环控制架构,发展多源扰动融合观测与执行机构健康评估技术,创新非线性预测控制与人工智能算法融合策略37,突破强扰动与双舵卡死等极端工况下的稳定性保持瓶颈,实现毫秒级控制重构与策略实时进化。
水平起降重复使用运载器需要解决极端服役环境条件下,重复使用寿命正向设计以及运行监测与维护的难题,保证严酷环境下运载器重复飞行的可靠性,创建运维保障中心,在检修、维护、发射、值守、管理等多方面提供重要保障。
a)多场耦合环境定义与表征。相比传统飞机载荷谱38-39,重复使用运载器载荷环境呈现力-热-声-振多物理场强耦合特征,其精确预示面临多项关键力学问题40,包括跨域非流线体构型气动热环境与结构传热双向耦合建模、多源气动噪声的多尺度传播机制、多场耦合机理与振动疲劳行为表征、宽域可调进排气非定常载荷机理及高精度仿真等。
b)结构重复使用寿命正向设计。当前轻质结构、热防护与热结构材料的热物理特性和热疲劳特性数据库需进一步完善,通过损伤机理和失效模式研究,建立低频次高载荷结构使用寿命评估方法,实现结构损伤容限分析与耐久性设计。
c)智能健康监测与运维管理。基于先进传感器集成组网,依托人工智能和数字孪生技术,对服役期间运载器关键部件进行实时监测,结合地面仿真环境高精度数字孪生模型,实现对结构健康状态的精准评估和剩余寿命的科学预测,支撑运维策略快速制定。
水平起降重复使用运载器具有任务响应灵活、运营维护经济、飞行环境缓和、运输效率高等特点,是推动航空与航天技术深度融合、实现航班化天地往返高效运输的重要发展方向。尽管当前在飞发一体化设计、宽速域高性能组合动力、高效轻质结构与热防护、极端服役环境下重复使用可靠性等方面仍面临一系列关键技术挑战,但其持续攻关与突破将有力推动天地往返运输系统的创新发展。
展望未来,水平起降重复使用运载器应坚持渐进式发展策略,稳步推进关键技术攻关与集成验证工作。随着组合动力、轻质结构、智能控制等关键技术的不断突破与工程化落地,水平起降重复使用运载器有望实现从技术验证到能力构建的跨越,为空天一体化运输提供可行技术方案。其在航班化航天运输、临空高速投送、洲际高速货运、太空旅游等多样化任务场景中展现出的应用潜力,也将为构建新型空天产业生态、提升空间进出能力提供重要支撑。
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2026年第49卷第1期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260101
  • 接收时间:2026-01-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-30
  • 修回日期:2026-02-05
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    1.中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
    2.天地往返高效运输技术全国重点实验室,长沙,410073
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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