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Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), owing to its high power factor, high efficiency, and high power density, have been widely employed in aerospace vehicles to enable high-dynamic servo motion. However, during long-term tracking control or attitude holding, PMSMs are prone to interturn short-circuit faults (ITSC). Under servo operating conditions, the fault signals exhibit non-periodic characteristics in the time domain, which poses considerable challenges for fault diagnosis. To address this issue, an ITSC diagnosis method is proposed based on the high-frequency negative-sequence current. First, a simplified analytical model of PMSM with ITSC faults is established to reveal the characteristic impacts of the fault on electrical quantities. Second, a high-frequency voltage signal is injected into the control system, and the high-frequency current response of the motor is extracted through a band-pass filters. Finally, the negative-sequence component of the high-frequency current is calculated as the diagnostic indicator, enabling real-time fault identification. By employing the high-frequency negative-sequence current as the fault feature, the proposed method can effectively distinguish healthy and faulty states of the motor under servo conditions, while improving both diagnostic speed and robustness. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves reliable diagnosis under servo operating conditions with rapid variations in position, speed, and load, with a diagnostic time of less than one fundamental cycle, showing strong potential for engineering applications.

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永磁同步电机因具备高功率因数、高运行效率和高功率密度,已广泛用于航空航天飞行器中,可实现高动态的伺服运动。然而,在长期跟踪控制或姿态保持过程中电机容易发生匝间短路故障,且在伺服工况下故障信号具有时域非周期性特征,给故障诊断带来较大挑战。针对这一问题,提出一种基于高频负序电流的匝间短路故障诊断方法。首先,建立永磁同步电机匝间短路故障简化解析模型,揭示故障对电气量的特征影响;其次,在控制系统中注入高频电压信号,并利用带通滤波器提取电机的高频电流响应;最后,计算高频电流的负序分量作为故障诊断指标,实现故障的实时识别。将高频负序电流作为故障特征,能够有效区分伺服状态下电机的正常运行状态与匝间短路故障状态,并提升诊断速度与鲁棒性。仿真验证表明,所提方法可在电机位置、转速和负载快速变化等伺服工况下实现可靠诊断,诊断时间不超过一个基波周期,具有良好的工程应用潜力。

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傅 捷(1987—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为容错电机系统控制技术。

饶 尧(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电机伺服系统故障诊断与控制。

王 伟(1985—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为电机系统及其诊断与控制、伺服系统、电气化交通、电力设备状态监测与故障诊断。

郑再平(1979—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为机电作动系统总体技术、容错电机系统控制技术。

黄玉平(1967—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计。

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傅 捷(1987—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为容错电机系统控制技术。

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傅 捷(1987—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为容错电机系统控制技术。

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饶 尧(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电机伺服系统故障诊断与控制。

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饶 尧(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电机伺服系统故障诊断与控制。

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王 伟(1985—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为电机系统及其诊断与控制、伺服系统、电气化交通、电力设备状态监测与故障诊断。

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王 伟(1985—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为电机系统及其诊断与控制、伺服系统、电气化交通、电力设备状态监测与故障诊断。

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郑再平(1979—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为机电作动系统总体技术、容错电机系统控制技术。

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黄玉平(1967—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计。

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黄玉平(1967—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计。

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ArticleFig(id=1236665822232507163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189287760608, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main simulation parameters

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主要参数数值
额定功率/kW3.5
额定转速/(r·min-1)4 500
额定转矩/(N·m)22
定子电阻/Ω0.065 3
dq轴电感/mH0.285 8
永磁体磁链/Wb0.308 1
摩擦系数/(N·m·s)0.001 6
转动惯量/(kg·m2)0.000 2
极对数5
), ArticleFig(id=1236665822333170463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189287760608, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要参数数值
额定功率/kW3.5
额定转速/(r·min-1)4 500
额定转矩/(N·m)22
定子电阻/Ω0.065 3
dq轴电感/mH0.285 8
永磁体磁链/Wb0.308 1
摩擦系数/(N·m·s)0.001 6
转动惯量/(kg·m2)0.000 2
极对数5
), ArticleFig(id=1236665822433833760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189287760608, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Performance comparison of fault diagnosis methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况文献[15]方法本文方法
稳态特性诊断时间23.2 ms诊断时间4.8 ms
位置特性误判稳定识别
暂态特性误判稳定识别
频率特性特征反向、误判稳定识别
), ArticleFig(id=1236665822530302755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1236637189287760608, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

故障诊断方法性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况文献[15]方法本文方法
稳态特性诊断时间23.2 ms诊断时间4.8 ms
位置特性误判稳定识别
暂态特性误判稳定识别
频率特性特征反向、误判稳定识别
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基于高频负序电流的永磁电机伺服系统匝间短路故障诊断方法
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傅捷 1, 2 , 饶尧 3 , 王伟 3 , 郑再平 1, 2 , 黄玉平 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2026,49(1): 58-66
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2026, 49(1): 58-66
基于高频负序电流的永磁电机伺服系统匝间短路故障诊断方法
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傅捷1, 2, 饶尧3, 王伟3, 郑再平1, 2, 黄玉平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
  • 2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
  • 3.东南大学,南京,210096
  • 傅 捷(1987—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为容错电机系统控制技术。

    饶 尧(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电机伺服系统故障诊断与控制。

    王 伟(1985—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为电机系统及其诊断与控制、伺服系统、电气化交通、电力设备状态监测与故障诊断。

    郑再平(1979—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为机电作动系统总体技术、容错电机系统控制技术。

    黄玉平(1967—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计。

Interturn Short-circuit Fault Diagnosis Method for Permanent Magnet Motor Servo Systems Based on High-frequency Negative Sequence Current
Jie FU1, 2, Yao RAO3, Wei WANG3, Zaiping ZHENG1, 2, Yuping HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Institute of Precision Mechatronics and Controls, Beijing, 100076
  • 2.Innovation Center for Control Actuators, Beijing, 100076
  • 3.Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260108
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永磁同步电机因具备高功率因数、高运行效率和高功率密度,已广泛用于航空航天飞行器中,可实现高动态的伺服运动。然而,在长期跟踪控制或姿态保持过程中电机容易发生匝间短路故障,且在伺服工况下故障信号具有时域非周期性特征,给故障诊断带来较大挑战。针对这一问题,提出一种基于高频负序电流的匝间短路故障诊断方法。首先,建立永磁同步电机匝间短路故障简化解析模型,揭示故障对电气量的特征影响;其次,在控制系统中注入高频电压信号,并利用带通滤波器提取电机的高频电流响应;最后,计算高频电流的负序分量作为故障诊断指标,实现故障的实时识别。将高频负序电流作为故障特征,能够有效区分伺服状态下电机的正常运行状态与匝间短路故障状态,并提升诊断速度与鲁棒性。仿真验证表明,所提方法可在电机位置、转速和负载快速变化等伺服工况下实现可靠诊断,诊断时间不超过一个基波周期,具有良好的工程应用潜力。

永磁同步电机  /  伺服控制  /  匝间短路故障  /  高频注入  /  负序电流

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), owing to its high power factor, high efficiency, and high power density, have been widely employed in aerospace vehicles to enable high-dynamic servo motion. However, during long-term tracking control or attitude holding, PMSMs are prone to interturn short-circuit faults (ITSC). Under servo operating conditions, the fault signals exhibit non-periodic characteristics in the time domain, which poses considerable challenges for fault diagnosis. To address this issue, an ITSC diagnosis method is proposed based on the high-frequency negative-sequence current. First, a simplified analytical model of PMSM with ITSC faults is established to reveal the characteristic impacts of the fault on electrical quantities. Second, a high-frequency voltage signal is injected into the control system, and the high-frequency current response of the motor is extracted through a band-pass filters. Finally, the negative-sequence component of the high-frequency current is calculated as the diagnostic indicator, enabling real-time fault identification. By employing the high-frequency negative-sequence current as the fault feature, the proposed method can effectively distinguish healthy and faulty states of the motor under servo conditions, while improving both diagnostic speed and robustness. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves reliable diagnosis under servo operating conditions with rapid variations in position, speed, and load, with a diagnostic time of less than one fundamental cycle, showing strong potential for engineering applications.

permanent magnet synchronous motor  /  servo control  /  interturn short-circuit fault  /  high-frequency injection  /  negative sequence current
傅捷, 饶尧, 王伟, 郑再平, 黄玉平. 基于高频负序电流的永磁电机伺服系统匝间短路故障诊断方法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , 49 (1) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260108
Jie FU, Yao RAO, Wei WANG, Zaiping ZHENG, Yuping HUANG. Interturn Short-circuit Fault Diagnosis Method for Permanent Magnet Motor Servo Systems Based on High-frequency Negative Sequence Current[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , 49 (1) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260108
永磁同步电机(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,PMSM)具有高功率因数、高运行效率和高功率密度的特性,随着稀土永磁材料的应用及电力电子技术的发展,其在高性能伺服控制领域得到广泛应用1-3。然而,PMSM在长期跟踪控制或姿态保持过程中容易出现各种机械和电气故障。已有研究表明,在电机各类故障中,定子绕组故障约占21%~37%,其中匝间短路故障(Interturn Short-Circuit Fault,ISCF)是一种最为常见且危害严重的故障形式4。电机定子绕组绝缘退化,可能导致槽内线圈之间短路,ISCF会对PMSM产生一系列的危害:大电流流过短路线圈,会削弱磁矫顽力,并使永磁体永久退磁。如果故障检测和保护措施不及时,则会进一步导致绕组发生接地短路、相间短路及不可逆的铁心损坏等二次故障,并在此过程中迫使电机发生永久性损坏5
目前针对ISCF最首要的任务是故障诊断,文献[6]将匝间短路故障诊断主要方法分为3类:a)基于模型的方法;b)基于数据驱动的方法;c)基于信号分析的方法。杭俊等7提出一种基于电流残差矢量模平方的ISCF诊断方法,利用龙伯格观测器预估由故障引起的交直轴电流残差,有效实现了故障的检测和定位。然而,基于模型的故障诊断方法对电机的参数依赖性较大,电机参数不匹配或参数估计误差较大时容易造成误诊断。为提高故障诊断的鲁棒性,Song等8提出了一种基于贝叶斯优化的残差卷积神经网络算法,用来评估PMSM中ISCF的严重程度,试验表明可以检测到17个故障严重程度等级。基于数据驱动的方法有很强的问题处理能力和鲁棒性,但是存在在线难度大、实时性较差以及可移植性较差等问题。相比之下,基于信号分析方法的计算量小,且对系统模型精度的依赖性小。文献[9]利用零序电压/零序电流的基波分量幅值进行故障诊断,并利用零序分量与定子电流基波分量的初始相位差定位故障位置。在此基础上,文献[10]提出一种基于负序分量的故障诊断方法,进一步提高了早期ISCF诊断的精度。此外,文献[11]利用故障情况下无功功率的二次谐波进行ISCF的诊断,具有较高的信噪比。
然而,航空航天飞行器用伺服系统运行于伺服工况的过程中,PMSM的电气信号具备时域非周期特性,使得上述基于时域稳态信号的故障诊断方法无法适用。为此,本文提出一种基于高频负序电流的ISCF诊断方法,在高频域中对故障所产生的特征信号进行处理,解耦了基频信号幅值和频率变化对于故障诊断的影响。所提方法在控制算法易于实现的同时,极大提高了PMSM在位置、速度、负载伺服工况下ISCF诊断的鲁棒性。
三相静止坐标系下健康状态的PMSM的相电压方程可以表示为
ua=Rsia+(L-M)diadt+ωeψfsinθeub=Rsib+(L-M)dibdt+ωeψfsinθe-2π3uc=Rsic+(L-M)dicdt+ωeψfsinθe+2π3
式中 uaubuciaibic分别为三相绕组的电压和电流;Rs为定子电阻;L为定子自感;M为定子互感;ωe为电角速度;ψf为永磁体磁链;θe为电角度。
PMSM健康状态下的电磁转矩可以计算为
Te=eaia+ebib+ecicωm
式中 ωm为机械角速度;eaebec分别为三相绕组的反电势,具体形式为式(1)每行的最后一项。
不失一般性,当PMSM的a相定子绕组发生ISCF时,故障等效电路如图1所示。由图1可知,故障可以等效为在电机绕组故障部分增加了一个短路回路。短路接触电阻Rf用来模拟绕组绝缘劣化的程度;短路故障电流if在短路匝中循环流动。a相绕组可以分成a1和a2两个部分,其中a1为健康部分,a2为故障部分。
假设PMSM中铁的磁导率为无限大,且不存在磁饱和,在三相静止坐标系下PMSM的电压和电流可以表示为
us=[ua1ua2ubuc]Tis=[ia(ia-if)ibic]T
式中 usis分别为电压和电流矩阵;ua1ua2分别代表非短路和短路绕阻部分两端的电压。假设a相的总圈数为Ns,其中Nf个圈短路,短路圈数比μ=Nf/Ns。那么,故障PMSM的电阻、电感和反电动势如下:
Rs=Rsdiag1-μμ11Ls=(1-μ)2L(1-μ)μL(1-μ)M(1-μ)M(1-μ)μLμ2LμMμM(1-μ)MμMLM(1-μ)MμMMLes=ea1ea2ebec=-ψfωe     [(1-μ)sinθeμsinθesin(θe-2π/3)sin(θe+2π/3)]T
故障电阻和故障反电动势与μ成正比,而故障电感与μ2成正比。
结合式(3)式(4),ISCF的电压方程可以表示为12
ua=Rsia+Lsdiadt-μRsif-eaub=Rsib+Lsdibdt-μMdifdt-ebuc=Rsic+Lsdicdt-μMdifdt-ec0=μRs(ia-if)+μLsdiadt-μ2Ldifdt+μea
PMSM故障状态下的电磁转矩可以计算为
Te=eaia+ebib+ecic-efifωm
式中 故障回路反电势ef=μea
基于式(5)式(6),可以建立PMSM的ISCF模型。从式(5)式(6)可以看出,ISCF会对相电流幅值产生影响,对故障相的电流ia影响最大,且会导致三相电流产生不平衡分量。此外,ISCF也会造成电磁转矩降低,为了维持相同的转矩和转速,故障电机相较健康电机会输出更大的定子电流。
由于伺服工况的特殊控制要求,伺服控制系统通常包含3个典型的控制闭环:位置调节器(Adjustable Position Regulator,APR)、速度调节器(Adjustable Speed Regulator,ASR),以及电流调节器(Adjustable Current Regulator,ACR)13。其中,APR闭环采用比例控制,而ASR和ACR闭环则多采用比例积分控制。在此控制方式下,PMSM的电气信号呈现出时域上的非周期性特征。针对这一问题,本文提出一种基于高频负序电流的故障诊断方法,其总体结构如图2所示,主要包括旋转高频电压注入环节、高频电流响应提取环节以及高频负序电流计算环节。
高频电压信号注入通过将高频信号直接叠加在基波指令电压上实现,如图2所示,下标h表示高频分量。旋转高频电压(Rotating High Frequency Voltage,RHFV)注入是在基波指令电压上叠加一个旋转高频电压信号 uRHFV*实现注入,可写为
uRHFV*=uαh*uβh*=Umh*cos(ωht)sin(ωht)=Umh*cos(2πfht)sin(2πfht)
式中 Umh*为注入电压的幅值;ωhfh分别为RHFV的角频率和频率;uαh*α轴的高频电压参考值;uβh*β轴的高频电压参考值。假设注入PMSM的高频电压等于Umh*,则有:
uαh=uαh*uβh=uβh*
值得说明的是,RHFV中注入频率需要进行合理的选择。当注入频率过低接近电机的基波频率时,基频信号和高频信号之间会相互干扰,无法实现高频信号与基频信号解耦,从而影响电机的运行性能和故障诊断的性能;当注入频率过高接近逆变器的开关频率时,控制系统将不足以解析该信号,无法实现高频信号的可靠注入,从而造成逆变器输出电压的失真。根据文献[14]的研究,开关频率与注入电流频率的比值通常大于15。因此,当逆变器的开关频率为10 kHz时,注入信号的频率可以选择为1 000 Hz。
由于控制系统向PMSM注入了高频电压信号,在PMSM中会产生相应的高频电流响应,高频电流信号需要通过带通滤波器(Band Pass Filter,BPF)进行提取。为了降低体积和成本,本文选择数字BPF避免额外硬件电路的使用。由于二阶滤波器在复杂性、性能和稳定性之间提供了一个很好的平衡,能够满足大多数应用的需求,本文采用二阶巴特沃斯型滤波器对电流中的高频分量进行提取。
在连续时间域中,二阶BPF的传递函数可以表示如下:
G(s)=kω0ss2+kω0s+ω02
式中 G(s)为BPF的传递函数;s为拉普拉斯变换变量;ω0为带通滤波器的中心角频率;k为滤波器增益系数,在二阶巴特沃斯滤波器中k2
为了使BPF在实际控制系统中成功应用,需要将BPF进行离散化设计,变换形式如下:
s=2fs1-z-11+z-1
式中 fs为系统的采样频率;z为离散域变换变量。然而,如果直接使用双线性变换进行离散化,会发现转换前的模拟滤波器和转换后的数字滤波器的幅频响应并不一致。因此,需要对数字滤波器进行补偿,模拟截止频率与数字截止频率的关系如下:
fa=fsπtanπfdfs
式中 fa为模拟截止频率;fd为数字截止频率。结合式(9)~式(11),可以得到:
H(z)=b0+b1z-2c+a1z-1+a2z-2
其中,各系数的表达式如下:
Ω=tanπfdfsb0=kω0Ωb1=-b0c=1+kω0Ω+ω02Ω2a1=2ω02Ω2-2a2=1-kω0Ω+ω02Ω2
二阶离散数字BPF的计算过程如图3a所示,在500 Hz中心频率、10 kHz采样频率情况下的连续和离散数字BPF的Bode图如图3b所示。从Bode图可以看出,离散数字BPF与连续数字BPF的幅频特性几乎一致,能够对低频和高频信号进行滤除。
根据式(12)提取三相电流的高频分量iahibhich,对所提取的高频分量做进一步处理,从而提取故障引起的高频负序分量。基于Fortescue变换矩阵,系统中基频正序、负序和零序电流分量计算方法如下:
ipscinscizsc=131αα21α2α111iaibic
式中 ipscinscizsc分别为正序、负序和零序电流;α为旋转因子,且α=ej2π/3。因此,系统的高频负序电流可以计算为
insch=13(iah+α2ibh+αich)
式中 insch为高频负序电流。将insch作为ISCF的故障特征,当insch的幅值大于事先给定的阈值时,判断系统发生ISCF,并且故障指示(Fault Indicator,FI)输出为1;当insch的幅值小于事先给定的阈值时,判断系统处于健康状态,并且故障指示FI输出为0。
为了验证所提的基于高频负序电流的ISCF诊断方法的有效性,在仿真系统中搭建了PMSM故障模型。所研究的PMSM的主要参数如表1所示。为了方便说明,在仿真中ISCF设置为a相,且故障严重程度均设置为匝间短路比μ=0.25,短路接触电阻Rf=0.1 Ω。为了降低对基频信号的影响,选择RHFV注入信号的幅值为5 V,频率为1 000 Hz。
图4给出了PMSM参考转速为500 r/min,负载转矩为22 N·m下故障前后的仿真波形。在t=1 s前,PMSM维持健康状态,在t=1 s后引入ISCF,可以看到,由于定子绕组不对称,在故障后三相电流发生不平衡,且故障相相电流ia的幅值最大,故障匝中的短路电流if幅值约为38 A。此外,ISCF也会导致PMSM的速度和转矩产生一定的脉动。
在相同的运行状态下,向控制系统中引入高频电压信号,注入信号如图5a所示,此时在三相电流中会产生幅值约为3.5 A的高频电流分量,如图5b所示。故障特征为高频负序电流的幅值,在t=1 s前,健康情况下该幅值不会超过0.15,因此将故障阈值设置为0.15。在t=1 s后引入ISCF,可以看到在故障后故障特征迅速增大并超过故障阈值,此时故障指示FI由0切换为1表明系统发生ISCF。故障发生到故障监测的时间为4.8 ms,小于PMSM运行的一个电周期的时间。
本文将PMSM伺服状态分为3种工况,分别为位置特性、暂态特性以及频率特性测试。位置特性测试是指单峰值为5.5周(即电机机械旋转一圈,下同)、周期为20 s的正弦波,负载设置为0.5倍电机额定转矩负载;暂态特性测试是指单峰值为4.2周、周期为2 s的方波指令,负载设定为0.5倍电机额定转矩负载;频率特性测试是指单峰值为0.5周、频率为8 Hz的正弦波指令,负载设置为空载。
图6为位置特性测试下PMSM运行波形以及故障诊断波形。从图6可以看出,实际位置信号能够很好地跟踪参考正弦信号,并且该特性测试控制下转速也为正弦波,最大转速约为1 060 r/min。在t=10 s处引入ISCF,可以看到故障特征依旧迅速大于给定阈值,故障诊断时间约为7.0 ms,依旧小于一个电周期。此外,在发生故障之前,高频负序电流始终小于故障阈值,不会发生误诊断现象。
图7为暂态特性测试下PMSM运行波形以及故障诊断波形。从图7可以看出,参考位置信号为方波信号,而实际跟踪信号为梯形波信号。在暂态特性测试过程中,最大转速约为2 450 r/min;当到达指定位置时,PMSM则静止在原处。在t=2 s处引入ISCF,可以看到即使电机停运,故障特征依旧能够显现,故障诊断时间约为12.4 ms,远小于一个电周期的时间。此外,在故障之前,高频负序电流始终小于故障阈值,不会发生误诊断现象。因此,所提方法对于PMSM零低速运行状态依旧有效。
为验证位置信号快速变化情况下故障诊断的鲁棒性,图8给出频率特性测试下PMSM运行波形以及故障诊断波形。从图8可以看出,实际位置信号能够跟踪参考位置信号,在伺服运行过程中,最大转速约为1 530 r/min。在t=2 s处引入ISCF,故障诊断时间约为11.4 ms,小于一个电周期的时间。此外,在故障之前,高频负序电流始终小于故障阈值,也不会发生误诊断现象。
为突出本文所提方法在故障诊断中的快速性和准确性,本文将其与文献[15]中基于基频负序电流变化量的诊断方法进行对比分析。该对比方法无需高频信号注入,其计算原理与式(13)式(14)一致。图9给出了对比诊断方法下的稳态故障诊断波形,其故障特征为基频负序电流的幅值insc。在t=1 s前,电机处于健康状态,此时insc幅值始终小于0.3 A,因此将0.3 A设置为故障阈值。在t=1 s后引入ISCF后,故障特征迅速增大并突破阈值,对应的故障指示器FI由0跳变为1,表明系统检测到ISCF。需要指出的是,该方法的故障发生至故障识别的时间为23.2 ms,显著大于本文所提方法的诊断时间。
在相同的伺服特性测试(位置、暂态和频率特性)以及相同的故障严重程度下,进一步对比了两种方法的诊断可靠性。故障诊断结果分别如图10~12所示。
图10给出了对比诊断方法下的位置特性故障诊断波形。在t=10 s之前,PMSM运行正常,在t=10 s后引入ISCF。可以看到,在PMSM处于健康时,基于基频负序电流的故障特征insc随电机转速变化而产生明显波动,尤其在转速过零点处波动幅值可达49,远超设定阈值,即便在健康状态下,FI指示始终保持高电平。在ISCF发生后,故障特征insc并没有明显变化,导致该方法无法有效识别位置特性测试下的ISCF。
图11给出了对比诊断方法下的暂态特性故障诊断波形。在t=2 s前,PMSM处于健康状态,在t=2 s后引入ISCF。在健康电机运行时,故障特征insc仅在电机转动时出现下降趋势;当电机短暂停止时,insc始终大于故障阈值,FI始终保持高电平;在ISCF发生后,insc的幅值变化依然不显著,因而对比诊断方法无法识别暂态特性测试下的ISCF。
图12给出了对比诊断方法下的频率特性故障诊断波形。在t=2 s前,PMSM保持健康状态,在t=2 s后引入ISCF。在健康PMSM空载条件下,由于三相电流幅值较小且存在一定不对称性,故障特征insc维持在0.81 A左右;当电机发生ISCF时,故障反而增大了电流幅值并改善了电流对称性,导致insc幅值下降至0.15 A左右。由此可见,该方法不仅未能检测到故障,反而出现了故障特征幅值减小的异常情况,进一步说明其在频率特性测试下无法有效识别ISCF。
综上所述,文献[15]中基于基频负序电流变化量的诊断方法在稳态下具有一定的识别能力,但诊断时间较长,且在位置、暂态及频率特性测试下均表现出较大的局限性,存在误判的风险,两种方法的具体对比结果如表2所示,这也从侧面验证了本文所提方法在复杂伺服工况下诊断的鲁棒性与优越性。
本文以航空航天飞行器中永磁电机伺服系统为应用背景,研究了一种基于高频负序电流的永磁同步电机匝间短路故障诊断方法,提高了在高动态伺服控制下的故障诊断的速度和鲁棒性。利用仿真软件搭建了永磁同步电机简化故障模型,并对基于高频负序电流的故障诊断方法进行了分析和验证。仿真结果表明,所提出的故障诊断方法诊断速度快,故障诊断时间小于一个基波周期;对电机的位置、速度、转矩变化鲁棒性高,不受电机运行工况的影响:在健康情况下不会出现误诊断,而在故障后能够及时对故障做出判断。此外,由于所提出的故障诊断方法不依赖于电机模型,因此可以广泛应用于三相交流电机系统,具有较高的适用性。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260108
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
  • 修回日期:2025-11-16
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    1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
    2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
    3.东南大学,南京,210096
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