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Research advances in fluid-structure interaction (FSI) during vehicle water entry, encompassing theoretical modeling, experimental testing, and numerical simulation are reviewed. The theoretical analysis systematically traces the evolution from classical potential flow theory to nonlinear multiphysics-coupled models, while critically analyzing their applicability and limitations in complex entry scenarios. Experimental investigations summarize measurement techniques for capturing transient parameters and revealing physical mechanisms, highlighting their crucial role in validating theoretical and numerical frameworks, with particular attention to instrumentation constraints and boundary condition effects. Numerical advancements are examined through grid-based and meshless methodologies, emphasizing their computational characteristics in resolving multiphase flow evolution and FSI dynamics. Finally, current technical bottlenecks are identified, followed by forward-looking perspectives on multiscale coupling modeling and intelligent algorithm integration.

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综述航行器入水流固耦合领域的研究进展,涵盖理论建模、试验测试与数值模拟三个方面。理论研究方面,梳理了从经典势流理论到非线性多物理场耦合模型的发展脉络,剖析了各类模型在复杂入水现象中的适用边界与局限性。试验研究层面,归纳了试验测试技术在入水瞬态参数捕获与物理机制揭示中的应用效能,阐明试验验证对理论模型与数值仿真的支撑作用,同时探讨了测试设备与边界条件约束对研究深度的影响。数值模拟方面重点评述有网格/无网格法的创新应用,揭示其在多相流演化、流固耦合动力学等复杂流动中的数值特性。最后,总结当前入水流固耦合方法研究的技术瓶颈,并对多尺度耦合建模、智能算法融合等前沿方向进行展望。

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康会峰(1980—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为飞行器数值仿真及试验技术。

朱吉发(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为跨介质入水。

夏广庆(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为天地一体化智能应用验证平台开发。

杨 柳(1990—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为多相流动、流固耦合、复杂湍流及储能过程流动与传热。

张太平(1997—),男,主要研究方向为跨介质入水。

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朱吉发(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为跨介质入水。

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夏广庆(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为天地一体化智能应用验证平台开发。

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杨 柳(1990—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为多相流动、流固耦合、复杂湍流及储能过程流动与传热。

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张太平(1997—),男,主要研究方向为跨介质入水。

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航行器入水流固耦合方法研究进展
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康会峰 1, 2 , 朱吉发 2 , 夏广庆 1, 2 , 杨柳 1, 3 , 张太平 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2026,49(1): 39-49
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2026, 49(1): 39-49
航行器入水流固耦合方法研究进展
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康会峰1, 2, 朱吉发2, 夏广庆1, 2, 杨柳1, 3, 张太平2
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学,工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点试验室,大连,116024
  • 2.北华航天工业学院,河北省跨气水介质飞行器重点试验室,廊坊,065000
  • 3.河北工业大学,能源与环境工程学院,天津,300401
  • 康会峰(1980—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为飞行器数值仿真及试验技术。

    朱吉发(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为跨介质入水。

    夏广庆(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为天地一体化智能应用验证平台开发。

    杨 柳(1990—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为多相流动、流固耦合、复杂湍流及储能过程流动与传热。

    张太平(1997—),男,主要研究方向为跨介质入水。

Research Progress on Fluid-structure Interaction Methods for Water Entry of Vehicles
Huifeng KANG1, 2, Jifa ZHU2, Guangqing XIA1, 2, Liu YANG1, 3, Taiping ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024
  • 2.Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cross-Media Flight Vehicles, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, 065000
  • 3.School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260106
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综述航行器入水流固耦合领域的研究进展,涵盖理论建模、试验测试与数值模拟三个方面。理论研究方面,梳理了从经典势流理论到非线性多物理场耦合模型的发展脉络,剖析了各类模型在复杂入水现象中的适用边界与局限性。试验研究层面,归纳了试验测试技术在入水瞬态参数捕获与物理机制揭示中的应用效能,阐明试验验证对理论模型与数值仿真的支撑作用,同时探讨了测试设备与边界条件约束对研究深度的影响。数值模拟方面重点评述有网格/无网格法的创新应用,揭示其在多相流演化、流固耦合动力学等复杂流动中的数值特性。最后,总结当前入水流固耦合方法研究的技术瓶颈,并对多尺度耦合建模、智能算法融合等前沿方向进行展望。

航行器  /  入水  /  多相流动  /  冲击载荷  /  流固耦合

Research advances in fluid-structure interaction (FSI) during vehicle water entry, encompassing theoretical modeling, experimental testing, and numerical simulation are reviewed. The theoretical analysis systematically traces the evolution from classical potential flow theory to nonlinear multiphysics-coupled models, while critically analyzing their applicability and limitations in complex entry scenarios. Experimental investigations summarize measurement techniques for capturing transient parameters and revealing physical mechanisms, highlighting their crucial role in validating theoretical and numerical frameworks, with particular attention to instrumentation constraints and boundary condition effects. Numerical advancements are examined through grid-based and meshless methodologies, emphasizing their computational characteristics in resolving multiphase flow evolution and FSI dynamics. Finally, current technical bottlenecks are identified, followed by forward-looking perspectives on multiscale coupling modeling and intelligent algorithm integration.

vehicle  /  water entry  /  multiphase flow  /  impact load  /  fluid-structure interaction
康会峰, 朱吉发, 夏广庆, 杨柳, 张太平. 航行器入水流固耦合方法研究进展. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , 49 (1) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260106
Huifeng KANG, Jifa ZHU, Guangqing XIA, Liu YANG, Taiping ZHANG. Research Progress on Fluid-structure Interaction Methods for Water Entry of Vehicles[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , 49 (1) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260106
入水作为典型的多场耦合强非线性动力学问题,其流固耦合作用机制已成为海洋装备耐波性设计与空天飞行器跨域操控的核心基础科学问题。
航行器入水流固耦合研究为飞行器的性能优化和安全性设计提供了重要依据。以导弹打击水下目标为例,当航行器从空气域进入水域时,弹体撞击水面会遭受强烈的冲击力,可能导致内部零部件失效和弹体结构受损,从而影响航行器的打击效果1。然而,要深入解决这一问题,必须依赖流固耦合方法的研究与开发。流固耦合方法作为分析和预测复杂流固相互作用行为的关键工具,涵盖了数值模拟技术、理论模型构建和试验验证手段等多个研究方向。通过探究高精度耦合方法,可以更真实地模拟入水过程中结构体的载荷传递和结构响应,从而提高数值仿真计算结果的准确性。近年来,随着科学技术的持续发展,入水流固耦合问题的研究在理论、试验和数值模拟方面取得了显著进展。理论研究为理解入水过程中基本物理机制提供了框架,试验研究通过高精度测量手段验证了理论模型的准确性,并揭示了复杂入水现象的细节。数值仿真则借助先进算法和高性能计算平台,为深入分析耦合机理和预测入水冲击提供了有力工具。系统总结和概括航行器入水流固耦合方法的研究现状与未来展望具有重要意义,不仅有助于推动相关领域的理论研究,也可为工程实践提供重要的参考价值。
图1展示了入水领域的关键词聚类结果,可以明显划分为4个研究主题,其中集群#0“流固耦合”强调了入水过程中结构与流体的相互作用机制,关注结构变形破坏以及减载设计;集群#1“冲击载荷”对应入水瞬态冲击及动力响应研究,涉及压力分布与冲击缓解技术;集群#2“入水试验”集中反映了试验在该领域中的关键作用,包括超弹性球体、加热球体及不同几何体的入水试验;集群#3“空泡演化”则表明流体动力学领域对空泡演化等多相流现象的广泛关注。
整体来看,图1揭示了入水研究既涵盖理论与数值方法,也包含试验验证与复杂流动机理的知识结构。图2进一步展示了关键词的时序共现演化,反映了该领域研究主题的发展趋势。早期(2000年—2010年)的研究以“入水试验”和“多相流”为主,奠定了理论与试验基础;中期(2010年—2018年),“流固耦合”逐渐成为核心主题,推动了数值模拟与试验研究的结合;近期(2019年至今),“可压缩性、气垫、超空泡、缓冲减载”等跨介质相关关键词快速升温,表明研究重点正在向复杂非线性流动机理和减载控制策略拓展。尤其是“流固耦合”不仅出现较早,而且在2020年后呈现出显著增长趋势,成为研究的关键方向,并与冲击载荷、空泡演化等主题形成紧密联系。图1图2相互印证,揭示了入水研究从早期试验主导,到理论与数值方法深化,再到跨介质复杂问题拓展的演进过程。
本文从理论建模、试验测试和数值模拟3个角度,概述了航行器入水流固耦合问题的最新研究进展,探讨了流固耦合机制和冲击载荷的关键问题与挑战。在理论建模方面,研究了多相流模型、耦合界面处理方法及高速冲击下固体本构关系;试验测试方面,分析了流固耦合现象、空泡演化规律;数值模拟方面,总结了高精度算法、并行计算技术和大规模模拟的应用现状与发展趋势。本文旨在为航行器入水流固耦合问题的研究提供参考,推动相关领域的理论研究与工程实践发展。
入水冲击作为典型的流固耦合问题,其研究历史可追溯至20世纪20年代。早期研究中,Von Karman2于1929年首次探讨了水上飞机浮筒着陆时的冲击压力,提出了浮筒入水时的最大冲击压力公式,并通过试验验证了理论模型。随后,Wagner3在1932年基于势流理论,修正了自由液面变形的影响,提出了适用于小倾斜升角的入水冲击压力近似解法,但其模型存在适用范围限制。Korobkin4于1992年进一步发展了非对称和斜入水理论,揭示了入水倾斜角度对流体冲击行为的显著影响。
在入水冲击的三维研究中,Scolan等5于2003年将二维入水问题扩展至三维,提出了MLM方法,用于预测楔形体入水时的砰击载荷和压力变化。Semenov等6于2013年改进了Wagner模型,引入三维效应,探讨了钝体结构物在不可压缩流体中的入水冲击问题。May7在1970年对入水问题的理论和数据进行了综述,指出精确描述冲击减速度的详细数据仍较为匮乏。
气体效应在入水冲击中的作用逐渐受到关注。Verhagen8研究平板入水问题时,发现空气被压缩形成气垫可有效缓解入水冲击力。Lange等9于2011年进一步研究了水中高气体含量对冲击压力的影响,发现气体可压缩性不仅延缓了冲击压力上升时间,还显著降低了冲击压力峰值,使结构体入水更加稳定。
在结构优化方面,潘光10于2013年对鱼雷跨介质入水的动量方程和冲量理论进行了简化,并研究了空泡在入水过程中的作用。寇莹11优化了Wagner的平板理论,提出了椭圆拟合理论方法,用于计算斜升角下二维楔形体匀速入水时的冲击力。张明12于2018年基于数值仿真结果,推导了结构入水砰击载荷的冲击理论公式模型,为评估入水冲击效应提供了理论工具。
近年来,柔性结构和多因素耦合研究成为热点。Jalalisendi等13研究了柔性细长物体入水时的水弹性效应,提出了一种结合Euler-Bernoulli梁理论和Wagner力公式的数学模型。Chatjigeorgiou14改进了Von Karman和Wagner模型的入水冲击过程计算。Dyment15提出了一种理论模型,用于研究可变性球体在高弗劳德数条件下的空泡形成机制。Wu等16于2020年结合理论与试验,探讨了带缓冲头帽的圆柱射弹的入水动力学响应与减载效果,并提出了入水冲击减速的经验公式。Sun等17基于不可压缩势流理论,分析了三维锥体结构在入水过程中水平与旋转运动对压力变化的影响。Hulin等18于2022年改进了Wagner模型,进一步完善了入水冲击压力的理论预测方法。
综上,入水流固耦合理论研究历经二维理论构建、三维模型拓展至气体效应解析与结构优化设计的系统发展,涵盖非对称入水、复杂几何构型与动态边界条件等工程化场景,并突破了多场耦合理论建模技术。
早期跨介质入水研究受试验条件限制,主要采用自由落体方式开展低速试验。然而,随着试验技术进步,特别是高速摄像机、粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术以及各类传感器的广泛应用,研究逐渐转向高速入水分析。通过高速摄影技术,能够实时捕捉结构体入水后空泡的动态演变过程,同时借助先进的传感器系统对入水后的各项参数(如加速度、压力分布等)进行精确测量,并通过数据采集设备完成数据的记录与分析,从而为揭示空泡演化规律及其影响参数提供了坚实的技术支撑。随着试验条件的逐步完善19-20以及高速摄像技术的发展40,入水试验研究开始向高速领域拓展。
Bottom21于1919年通过浮舟模型分析水上飞机着陆冲击特性,为低速入水研究奠定基础。骆寒冰等22通过铝制加筋板自由落体试验,测量加速度与砰击压力,揭示了水弹性效应特征。Worthington等23利用电火花照明系统捕捉液滴与球体低速入水时的溅落现象,记录了“火山口”形成、气泡破裂等动态过程。魏英杰等24结合超弹性球体试验与数值模拟,揭示了低速入水时空泡演化规律。Korkmaz等25通过疏水表面球体试验发现改性表面可调控流体分离模式,为表面工程应用提供依据。甄梓坤等26通过向前喷气协助圆盘头部航行体入水试验,揭示了气射流冲击产生的开口空泡形成与演化规律,为航行体的降载设计提供了重要参考。Yang等27研究超弹性球体在入水和撞击刚性表面过程,通过试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,揭示了其通过自身大变形实现冲击缓释与阻力减小的机理。
为系统对比入水体构型、姿态、热状态及图像计量方法对空泡形成与演化的影响,已有研究开展了多类型低速入水试验并进行了定量分析。王瑞琦等28针对不同头型弹丸开展低速垂直入水高速摄影图像对比,指出在相近入水条件下空泡形态与闭合方式对头型高度敏感,锥头/圆头/截锥头与平头之间表现出显著不同的空泡发展与闭合特征。郑葳等29则从数据处理角度出发,提出基于图像预处理与Canny边缘检测的空泡轮廓提取流程,实现空泡形态特征参数的自动化计量,为空泡演化规律的定量表征提供了方法支撑。在热效应方面,加热球体入水试验表明球体表面加热会诱发汽泡脱离与溅水膜分离等现象,并与入水空泡的扩张、收缩及深闭合过程耦合,体现出“汽化—空泡”共同作用下的演化特征30。此外,唐楚淳等31对斜截体头型弹丸进行低速垂直入水研究发现,斜切角不仅影响裹体空泡能否形成,还会改变弹体入水姿态演化、速度衰减及空泡发展过程;夏维学等32以圆柱体入水为例,将空泡壁面运动特性与空泡阶段演化联系起来,并采用无量纲时间T刻画空泡口扩张、表面闭合及闭合后体积变化等关键阶段,为从壁面运动角度理解空泡演化机理提供了依据。
进一步,相关试验研究在上述几何构型与图像计量分析基础上,逐步拓展到热效应、流场结构与载荷响应等多物理场耦合问题,以揭示入水冲击与空泡演化的综合机理。Li等33发现球体温度通过蒸汽层作用改变空泡形态,核态沸腾区域形成粗糙空泡。Speirs等34通过试验证实水射流预接触可降低冲击载荷,She等35通过粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术揭示了球鼻艏入水流场的动态演变规律。顾建农等36建立弹头速度衰减数学模型。WEI等37结合风洞试验发现鱼雷入水冲击对弹道轨迹的破坏机制。朱鑫等38提出砰击压力极值计算方法,但因传感器精度限制,压力分布数据存在偏差。
随着高速摄像机、PIV技术及微纳传感器的发展,研究逐步转向高速领域。Sun等39通过弓形船舶剖面试验发现入水角度对冲击载荷的显著影响。张岳青等40利用高速摄影证实楔形体密闭空腔可降低冲击加速度。赵珂等41则发现带空腔圆柱体的空腔直径对射流冲击具有调控作用。Zhang等42对比4种弹头发现平头结构稳定性最优但冲击峰值最高,而隋宇彤等43通过截锥体试验证实鼻形参数显著影响空泡行为。Sui等44通过高速截断圆锥体试验揭示了鼻形参数与空泡动力学的关联性。Zhao等45通过研究不同密度和速度的球体对水中空腔、冲击波及运动特性的影响,提出了基于能量守恒的空腔演化分析模型。
在此基础上,为进一步从试验影响层面直观地梳理高速入水的空泡演化与运动稳定性机理,相关文献开展了不同构型射弹的高速垂直/斜入水对比试验,并通过高速摄影与数值结果互证其关键特征。高词松等46进行了圆锥空化器超空泡射弹的倾斜入水对比,高速摄影记录了射弹入水后空泡迅速生成并裹体发展,给出了试验与数值结果的一致性验证;Chen等47-48通过不同头型细长弹(平头、半球头、卵形头等)的高速垂直入水试验,量化评估了头型、入水速度与初始入水姿态角对弹道/航迹稳定性的影响;Mansoor等49的高速斜入水时序图像展示了空泡从溅射与开口形成,到增长、颈缩夹断(pinch-off),再到自由液面闭合的典型过程。
在高速入水动力学试验不断深入的同时,流场测量技术也在快速发展,其中PIV技术因其能够实现非接触、全场、瞬态的速度场获取,成为揭示入水流动机理的重要手段。早期Mansoor等49利用高速PIV技术观测了超疏水球体入水空腔的演化过程,揭示了壁面约束对空腔形态及射流形成的影响。随后,Facci等50通过数值合成数据系统评估了基于PIV的压力场重建精度,奠定了该技术在入水动力学试验中的定量分析基础。近年来,She等51利用时序分辨PIV捕捉了球鼻艏入水过程中的瞬态流场与二次冲击压力,进一步展示了PIV在复杂几何下的全场测量能力。而Puttinger等52则将高分辨PIV用于多相界面射流研究,为入水流动的大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)模型验证提供了试验基准。Prasad等53在多相入水综述中总结了PIV技术在空腔演化、撞击压力重建及界面动力学分析中的重要作用,显示出该技术在未来多相入水研究中的广阔前景。
综上所述,跨介质入水试验研究经历了由低速自由落体向高速复杂工况的演进过程,实现了从单一流体动力响应观测到多物理场耦合机制揭示的技术跨越。试验体系的演化不仅得益于高速摄影、PIV测速与分布式光纤传感等先进测量技术的引入,也体现出试验设计在动态参数获取、时空分辨率及多维数据融合方面的系统提升。现阶段研究已能够对入水过程中的瞬态流固耦合行为进行定量刻画,揭示了入水速度、姿态、结构形貌及材料属性等关键参数对冲击载荷、空泡演化与能量耗散机制的耦合影响规律。这一进展为跨介质飞行器的减载设计、入水姿态控制及结构优化提供了坚实的试验基础与理论支撑,同时为建立统一的入水动力学模型与多尺度仿真框架奠定了重要科学依据。
目前,针对入水流固耦合问题的数值仿真研究主要依据网格类型划分为有网格法和无网格法两类。具体而言,有网格法的典型数值仿真方法包括有限差分法、有限体积法以及有限元法。而无网格法则主要采用光滑粒子水动力学方法(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)与移动粒子半隐式方法(Moving Particle Semi-implicit Method,MPS)。图3详细划分了仿真研究中的网格方法54-56
在有网格法的典型数值仿真方法中,有限差分法、有限体积法与有限元法作为三大基础手段,共同构成了入水问题研究的主要数值框架。有限差分法作为数值模拟中最为基础且应用广泛的方法之一,在早期入水问题研究中奠定了重要的理论与实践基础。随着计算力学和高性能计算的发展,入水问题的研究逐渐呈现出方法迭代与技术融合的趋势。基于约束插值剖面(Constrained Interpolation Profile,CIP)的有限差分法在复杂工况模拟中展现出独特优势,如文献[57]通过三维CIP方法成功模拟了物体垂直/倾斜入水过程,结合Poisson方程迭代算法实现了精确压力求解。后续研究进一步将CIP方法与密度函数界面捕捉技术结合,有效处理了弹性体入水的水弹性响应问题58,并通过消息传递接口(Message Passing Interface,MPI)并行计算显著提升了二维多相流问题的计算效率59。这些改进使有限差分法在特定场景下仍保持竞争力。
在有限差分法的基础上,研究者们进一步借助有限体积法及其相关技术对入水过程中的空泡演化进行更为精细的刻画。陆雷等60基于N-S方程、VOF多相流模型及动网格技术,对球体垂直入水空泡的形成与演化过程开展了数值模拟研究。结果表明,球体入水初期会受到较强冲击载荷并产生喷溅,随后形成与大气相连的入水空泡,并依次经历发展、闭合及溃灭等阶段。数值结果进一步揭示,空泡闭合的主要驱动力来自周围流体压力,且在闭合后会产生上下两股高速射流。值得注意的是,计算得到的空泡形态与试验结果吻合良好,验证了基于VOF动网格方法在捕捉空泡演化细节方面的精确性与可靠性。这一成果不仅丰富了球体入水动力学的理论认知,也为多相流动数值模型的有效性验证提供了重要参考。类似的,张晨星等61-62进一步采用VOF模型研究低速与高速入水下的空泡演化规律,揭示了自由液面运动导致空泡扩张与收缩时间不对称的流体动力学机制,为提升多相流模拟精度提供了理论支撑。此外,Facci等63开发的VOF-FVM紧耦合算法,则为波浪能收集装置研究开辟了新途径。Yuan等64基于IDDES湍流模型与VOF方法,数值研究了双空心圆柱倾斜入水过程中的空腔演化与运动特性,揭示了圆柱间距离和速度对相互干扰、姿态稳定性及碰撞风险的影响,为多结构入水工程设计提供了理论参考。
相比有限差分与有限体积法,有限元法在处理复杂几何边界、大变形以及流固耦合问题方面具有天然优势。Aquelet等65通过任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法与显式有限元法的结合,实现了楔形体入水压力场的精准预测。魏洪亮等66采用LS-DYNA中的ALE流固耦合方法对高速入水过程进行模拟,研究表明入水速度是决定过载水平的主导因素,入水角度影响较小,缩比定律得到有效验证。魏海鹏等67发展的流固耦合模型为飞行器减载设计提供了新思路,而曹力飞等68提出的定步长交替算法将流固耦合计算效率提升40%。在超空泡问题研究中,郝常乐团队69-70构建的VOF-空化双向耦合模型,成功捕捉了结构变形引起的流场突变现象。
当前研究在多方法协同应用方面取得突破,底瑛棠等71构建的CFD-DEM-IBM多尺度模型实现了跨尺度流动模拟。Jiao等72提出的CFD-FEM工具揭示了三维楔形不对称入水流动机理。然而,Lu等73的试验研究表明,现有数值模型对结构柔性影响的预测误差仍达15%~20%。付梦思等74通过LS-DYNA的任意拉格朗日-欧拉(Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian,ALE)方法对航行器入水冲击过程进行数值模拟与试验验证,展示了ALE算法在入水冲击数值模拟中的有效性。Huang等75-76的研究进一步探讨了波浪环境下弹丸入水过程的空腔演化与轨迹稳定性,揭示了波浪诱导的空腔不对称和尾击现象。未来研究需着重突破多相流界面捕捉精度(现有方法在气液界面重构误差约5%)、并行计算加速比(当前MPI并行效率约65%)等关键技术瓶颈,而冯鹏辉团队77在多相可压缩性方向的研究为高马赫数入水仿真提供了重要基础。未来加强试验验证与数值模拟的协同创新,将是推动入水问题研究持续发展的关键路径。
综上所述,当前跨介质入水数值仿真研究在方法体系、计算精度与物理机理揭示方面均取得了显著进展。有限差分法、有限体积法与有限元法已分别在界面追踪、多相流动及流固耦合模拟中形成了较为成熟的技术体系,并通过多物理场耦合及并行计算策略实现了从二维定常到三维非定常的跨越。与此同时,多方法融合的发展趋势日益显著,CFD-DEM-IBM、CFD-FEM等多尺度、多场协同模型有效提升了复杂入水过程的解析能力。然而,现有模型在界面重构精度、材料非线性响应及柔性结构动力学耦合等方面仍存在一定偏差,尤其在高马赫数入水条件下,对压缩性效应、湍流-空化耦合及局部能量耗散机制的预测仍显不足。
近年来,无网格法在入水问题中的研究取得显著进展,主要体现在SPH和MPS方法的创新应用与算法优化。基于SPH方法的研究聚焦于复杂流固耦合问题的模拟能力提升,胥飞78通过SPH方法揭示了船体入水过程中的垂向阻力演变规律,郑春耀等79则拓展了该方法在多液滴撞击自由液面场景的应用。针对传统SPH方法的计算精度瓶颈,施书文等80开发的WCSPH-SPIM耦合模型通过无网格流固耦合框架实现了界面捕捉精度的突破,而Yang等81提出的GPU加速自适应粒子细化技术,通过黎曼求解器与虚拟细粒子移动技术,将多相流耦合问题的计算效率提升约40%。这些改进使得SPH方法在入水冲击载荷预测和自由液面变形模拟中展现出独特优势。
MPS方法在入水冲击动力学研究领域同样表现突出。Sun等82开发的MPS-模态叠加耦合算法创新性地将刚体运动与弹性变形解耦计算,显著提升了流固耦合问题的求解效率。杨超团队83通过平底结构入水冲击的数值-试验对比研究,验证了MPS方法在不连续流场模拟中的可靠性,其压力峰值预测误差控制在8%以内。针对传统MPS方法的压力振荡缺陷,Zha等84-85提出的高阶改进算法通过不确定性量化分析将数值偏差降低15%,而Huang等86开发的MPS-FEM耦合框架有效改善了结构变形预测精度。值得注意的是,Nazari等87开发的弱可压缩MPS模型在气液界面捕捉稳定性方面较传统方法提升显著,为多相入水问题研究提供了新思路。
当前研究在方法融合与工程应用方面持续推进,但仍面临计算效率与精度的平衡难题。尽管SPH方法在自由表面捕捉方面具有天然优势,但其三维复杂工况模拟的计算耗时仍较有限元法高出3~5倍78-81;MPS方法虽通过并行优化将计算规模扩展至百万粒子量级,但在倾斜入水工况下的角度敏感性预测仍存在10%~15%的偏差87。未来研究需重点突破多尺度耦合建模技术,如Yang等81提出的VFP-PST粒子分布优化技术可延伸应用于跨相界面动力学研究,同时应加强如Han等88揭示的倾斜角度效应与试验数据的关联性验证,建立标准化数值-试验对照体系以提升方法可靠性。Vagnoli等89提出了一种基于移动最小二乘的局部显式强迫修正方法,在保持浸入边界法高效率的同时显著提高了边界精度与数值稳定性,也为高精度流固耦合仿真提供了新的思路。
当前跨介质入水数值研究已逐步形成以“有网格-无网格”协同建模为核心的多尺度计算体系。基于网格的有限体积法(Finite Volume Method,FVM)与ALE方法在解析冲击载荷演化和空泡动力学特征方面展现出较高精度,但在大变形、多相破碎及高速湍流入水场景中仍受网格畸变与耗散误差的限制。无网格粒子法(SPH、MPS)则凭借拉格朗日特性在自由表面破碎、多相界面重构及相变耦合等复杂流动问题中表现突出,但其高分辨率计算代价与压力振荡问题尚未完全解决。未来研究需在跨尺度建模与算法融合方向实现突破,通过发展粒子-网格自适应耦合框架与改进型湍流-空化模型,实现复杂入水流场的统一描述与高精度预测;同时,结合物理约束的智能数值建模将成为提升计算效率与模型泛化能力的重要途径。总体而言,构建兼具高精度界面捕捉、多场耦合解析与智能优化能力的统一仿真体系,是推动跨介质入水问题研究与工程应用深入发展的关键方向。
跨介质入水流固耦合研究通过理论建模、试验技术与数值方法的多维创新,构建了涵盖三维多场耦合模型、高速弹道靶多模态测量体系及有网格-无网格协同算法的高精度分析框架,系统揭示了自由液面破碎、空泡演化与冲击载荷的动力学机制,攻克了动态边界约束与大变形耦合等工程难题。面向空天海洋跨域协同的复杂工况需求,研究亟待突破多分辨率理论架构、全工况试验验证与跨尺度智能仿真引擎等关键技术,推动装备研发从基础理论向工程实用化跃升,如图4所示。
跨介质入水流固耦合研究通过理论建模、试验验证与数值模拟的多维推进,在自由液面破碎、空泡动态演化、冲击载荷及结构响应等核心问题上取得突破性认知。主要包括以下内容:
a)理论体系正从经典模型的理想化假设逐步拓展至三维非线性域,涵盖非对称入水、复杂几何构型与动态边界条件等工程化场景,并推动了多场耦合理论建模的发展。尽管现有理论在理想化条件下的流固耦合问题中表现良好,但在实际应用中,复杂工况(如非对称入水、动态边界)往往超出了经典模型的适用边界。因此,三维非线性建模逐渐成为研究的重要方向。这类模型不仅能够更真实地反映飞行器入水过程中的运动与受力特性,还能有效处理复杂的几何与动态条件。
b)试验技术经历了从低速自由落体(液滴/球体溅落)到高速弹道靶试验的快速发展,依托高速 PIV、分布式光纤传感等手段,形成了多模态试验体系,用于揭示复杂结构体入水瞬态过程及速度与姿态对冲击动力学的定量作用规律。随着试验技术的进步,特别是在实时获取航行器入水过程中的速度、姿态与冲击载荷方面取得了重要进展。然而,在极端工况(如高速、气垫效应)下,试验设计与数据分析仍存在一定困难,尤其在提升试验可重复性与数据精度方面仍面临挑战
c)数值方法呈现出有网格与无网格协同发展的创新格局:VOF-ALE流固耦合技术能够有效模拟冲击载荷与空泡演化过程;SPH/MPS等粒子法在自由表面追踪与大位移问题上展现出显著优势;MPS半隐式算法在相变与传质模拟中表现出独特适用性;针对大变形流固耦合问题,提出了协同流固耦合算法。具体而言,VOF-ALE方法在处理中低速入水时能够较为准确地捕捉空泡与结构的耦合效应,但在高速工况下,其计算成本与数值稳定性问题成为主要瓶颈。相比之下,SPH/MPS方法在自由表面追踪和大位移模拟方面表现突出,但在追求高精度计算时仍面临较高的计算复杂度挑战。
当前航行器入水流固耦合技术虽已建立基础理论框架并实现工程初步应用,但面对空天-海洋跨域协同的复杂工况需求,仍需构建协同理论架构,建立真实的试验平台,发展跨尺度数值引擎。
a)理论架构革新。
发展跨介质多分辨率算法与自适应时空离散策略,构建涵盖冲击响应至空泡演化的统一理论框架;深化气体-液体-结构多相耦合机理,建立含气垫层可压缩性、相变效应的多物理场耦合模型。尽管已有的理论框架能够模拟简单工况下的入水行为,但在面临复杂工况时,如高速、多相流、结构柔性等问题,现有方法仍显得不足。因此,如何通过多分辨率算法与自适应离散策略提升模型的适应性与计算效率,成为未来研究的关键。
b)构建递进式试验平台。
包括标准验证与极端测试环境,通过标准化参数验证基础理论,在极端工况下测试边界效应,并通过多因素耦合环境模拟逼近真实场景,最终形成从理想条件到复杂环境的全场景覆盖验证体系,从而促进跨介质装备研发的工程化与实用化。随着试验技术的发展,尤其是多模态数据的集成,如何将试验结果与数值仿真有效对接,已成为进一步验证与完善理论和方法的重要环节。
c)数值范式突破。
构建“分子动力学(纳米润湿效应)-连续介质(宏观流动)-数字孪生(实时工况映射)”跨尺度耦合计算框架,可实现从界面分子到结构动力响应的跨尺度时空自适应耦合仿真。跨尺度数值模拟正逐渐成为流固耦合仿真技术的重要发展方向,特别是随着数字孪生技术的成熟,实时监测与模拟有望成为工程化应用的重要支撑手段。然而,如何将分子动力学与宏观流动模型以及数字孪生技术有机融合,实现实时自适应仿真,仍是一个亟需突破的难题。
  • 国防基础科研项目(JCKY2022407C009)
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2026年第49卷第1期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260106
  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19
  • 修回日期:2025-12-30
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国防基础科研项目(JCKY2022407C009)
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    1.大连理工大学,工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点试验室,大连,116024
    2.北华航天工业学院,河北省跨气水介质飞行器重点试验室,廊坊,065000
    3.河北工业大学,能源与环境工程学院,天津,300401
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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