Article(id=1220368079024996358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250611, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751731200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-06, revisedDate=1763481600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768888023381, onlineDateStr=2026-01-20, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768888023381, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768888023381, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768888023381, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220368072699986922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768888021873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768888582821, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220370425566118679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220370425570312984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=72, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220368079343763472, articleId=1220368079024996358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Study on Numerical Model and Optical Properties of Antireflective Microstructures for Butterfly Wings, columnId=1154057567442559335, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Material and Manufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Regarding the low-visibility issue of aerospace ground equipment in the visible light band, regulating the spectrum by using optical microstructures is one of the approaches to achieve stealth. Through reasonable structural design and optimization, the band can also be extended to infrared or even microwave, so as to realize multi-spectrum compatible stealth. Inspired by the periodic microstructures of butterfly wing scales, the inclined ridge-rib microstructures and nano-hole structures in butterfly wings are numerically characterized based on the spatial trigonometric function model, and the anti-reflective optical characteristics are analyzed by using the FDTD method. The results show that the two structures can provide solutions for the design of stealth metamaterials for aerospace equipment. Using a generalized model to digitize the structural characteristics is helpful for the subsequent efficient optimization and selection, so as to quickly obtain the optimal target optical performance.

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针对航天地面装备在可见光波段的低可视化问题,采用光学微纳结构调控光谱是实现隐身的途径之一。通过合理的结构设计优化,还可将波段拓展至红外甚至微波,从而实现多频谱兼容隐身。受蝶翅鳞片周期微纳结构启发,基于空间三角函数模型对蝶翅中的倾斜脊-肋微纳结构和孔洞结构进行数值表征,采用有限差分时域法(Finite Difference Time Domain,FDTD)对它们的减反射光学特征进行分析。结果表明,两种结构可为航天装备隐身超材料的设计提供解决方案,采取的通用型结构特征数值化模型方法有助于后续高效优化选型,以快速获得最优目标光学性能。

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赵鑫坤(1995—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为先进材料及工艺。

程蕾(1990—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器结构设计。

刘冬(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器先进结构设计。

王加攀(1997—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器结构总体设计。

雷豹(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器变形机构设计。

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x—2πX/Txm—2πM/TmTx—相邻脊结构的间距;Tm—相邻肋结构m方向的间距。

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基于蝶翅减反射微纳结构的数值模型及光学特性研究
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赵鑫坤 , 程蕾 , 刘冬 , 王加攀 , 雷豹
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 材料与制造技术 2025,48(6): 72-78
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 材料与制造技术 2025, 48(6): 72-78
基于蝶翅减反射微纳结构的数值模型及光学特性研究
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赵鑫坤, 程蕾, 刘冬, 王加攀, 雷豹
作者信息
  • 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 赵鑫坤(1995—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为先进材料及工艺。

    程蕾(1990—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器结构设计。

    刘冬(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器先进结构设计。

    王加攀(1997—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器结构总体设计。

    雷豹(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器变形机构设计。

Study on Numerical Model and Optical Properties of Antireflective Microstructures for Butterfly Wings
Xinkun ZHAO, Lei CHENG, Dong LIU, Jiapan WANG, Bao LEI
Affiliations
  • China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250611
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针对航天地面装备在可见光波段的低可视化问题,采用光学微纳结构调控光谱是实现隐身的途径之一。通过合理的结构设计优化,还可将波段拓展至红外甚至微波,从而实现多频谱兼容隐身。受蝶翅鳞片周期微纳结构启发,基于空间三角函数模型对蝶翅中的倾斜脊-肋微纳结构和孔洞结构进行数值表征,采用有限差分时域法(Finite Difference Time Domain,FDTD)对它们的减反射光学特征进行分析。结果表明,两种结构可为航天装备隐身超材料的设计提供解决方案,采取的通用型结构特征数值化模型方法有助于后续高效优化选型,以快速获得最优目标光学性能。

蝶翅  /  微纳结构  /  减反射  /  隐身  /  数值模型

Regarding the low-visibility issue of aerospace ground equipment in the visible light band, regulating the spectrum by using optical microstructures is one of the approaches to achieve stealth. Through reasonable structural design and optimization, the band can also be extended to infrared or even microwave, so as to realize multi-spectrum compatible stealth. Inspired by the periodic microstructures of butterfly wing scales, the inclined ridge-rib microstructures and nano-hole structures in butterfly wings are numerically characterized based on the spatial trigonometric function model, and the anti-reflective optical characteristics are analyzed by using the FDTD method. The results show that the two structures can provide solutions for the design of stealth metamaterials for aerospace equipment. Using a generalized model to digitize the structural characteristics is helpful for the subsequent efficient optimization and selection, so as to quickly obtain the optimal target optical performance.

butterfly wing  /  microstructure  /  anti-reflection  /  stealth  /  numerical model
赵鑫坤, 程蕾, 刘冬, 王加攀, 雷豹. 基于蝶翅减反射微纳结构的数值模型及光学特性研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (6) : 72 -78 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250611
Xinkun ZHAO, Lei CHENG, Dong LIU, Jiapan WANG, Bao LEI. Study on Numerical Model and Optical Properties of Antireflective Microstructures for Butterfly Wings[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (6) : 72 -78 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250611
在现代高分辨率、多频谱融合的战场侦察体系下,航天装备的低可视化生存能力已成为决定性的战略要素之一1。相比于材料组分的调控,光学微纳结构具有灵活的可设计性,能够实现可见光的减反射,甚至能将隐身波段拓宽至红外和微波,为新一代航天装备的隐身设计提供极具潜力的创新解决方案2。此外,光学微纳结构还能实现深空探测成像系统与光谱仪的小型化、轻量化,显著提升分辨率与灵敏度3。用于卫星光通信,可提高数据传输效率4;用于航天器表面,还能助力航天装备的热管理5
自然界历经亿万年进化,已为光学微纳结构的设计提供了天然结构宝库6。其中,现存蝴蝶种类高达18万之多,其翅膀鳞片中的微纳结构基本覆盖了其他生物中的所有种类7-9,其光学特性覆盖求偶、光吸收、保护色、辐射制冷等功能10-12,有助于蝴蝶适应不同的地理环境和气候。部分蝶翅鳞片中的减反射微纳结构也为人工减反射结构的设计提供了无尽的灵感13
蝴蝶中常见的减反射结构包括纳米柱、孔洞结构等,例如,高寒地区蝴蝶黑色鳞片中的微纳结构对光具有较高的捕获能力,可降低光反射率,帮助蝴蝶最大限度地利用太阳光能量以维持躯体温度14;Greta oto蝴蝶翅膀具有较高的透明度,表征结果发现其翅膀内部分布的纳米柱结构可起到良好的减反射作用,启迪于蝶翅中的纳米凸起结构,已利用人工方法制备出具有凸起结构的减反射材料15。大量的工作已经证明蝴蝶中的部分结构具备减反射特性,但是缺乏统一的数值表征方法将结构特性量化并深入探究不同结构参数对减反射特性的影响。
先前的研究中,利用空间三角函数表征蝶翅微纳结构特性被证明具有良好适应性16,因为蝶翅结构具有一定的周期特征,完美契合空间三角数值模型,在此基础上加入无序数值因子甚至可以表征天然微纳结构的准周期特性17。由此,本研究基于通用化三角函数数值模型,对裳凤蝶和巴黎翠凤蝶中的倾斜脊-肋微纳结构和孔洞结构进行数值表征,采用有限差分时域法(Finite Difference Time Domain,FDTD)详细分析了两种结构中不同结构特征对减反射光学特性的影响。
已有的化石证据证明,早期鳞翅目昆虫鳞片中均为多层膜形貌18,因而被认为是昆虫中已知最原始的微纳构型,其结构特性在三维空间中也最为简单。微纳结构的主体特征在于具有周期性,而描述周期性最恰当的数值模型为三角函数。相关研究已经验证了其推广至三维后可将空间周期结构数值化。如图1所示,从三角函数sin(x)=t入手,其在一维数轴上的解集为周期排列的数据点;在二维平面直角坐标系中解集为周期排列的平行直线;如果拓展至三维空间,并将t由常数拓展为区间,那么式(1)中所有的解在三维空间中将组成具有一定厚度的多层膜结构16
fx, y, z=sinωx=tta
式中 a为影响结构填充率的常数;ω对应于2π/TT为相邻膜层的间距,经推导可得,膜厚的表达式如式(2)
h=T2πsin-1a
对于更加复杂的三维周期结构,只需在式(1)的基础上引入周期性数值因子即可。
闪蝶科的蝴蝶大多都具有明亮的颜色,图2a展示的是蓝闪蝶图片,明亮的蓝色有助于更好地吸引异性并恫吓天敌,从而在物种竞争中取得优势。已有的研究表明蓝闪蝶的结构色来源于其竖直排列的脊-肋微纳结构16图2b展示的是其鳞片截面的透射电镜图,透射样品取自蝶翅翼膜,用小刀裁取样品后在丙酮-环氧树脂溶液中浸渍,浸渍结束后将样品放置在包埋模具槽中,缓缓加入纯环氧树脂后放置在烘箱中直至固化,之后利用超薄切片机将所得树脂包埋块进行切片,最后将切片放置在铜网上,利用透射电镜进行观察。
将脊-肋结构进行数值化,已有的分析表明,在式(1)的基础上引入单项式cos(ω1x)sin(ω2x),可得到竖直脊-肋结构数值表达式16
ftx,y,z=sinωt1x+Atcosωt1xsinωt2y=tttta
裳凤蝶的翅膀则呈现出相对较暗的色调,如图3a所示,前翅为黑色,后翅为暗黄色。图3b图3c分别为后翅暗黄色鳞片的俯视视角和侧向的扫描电镜图(由于生物翅膜及鳞片的导电性较差,制样时用小刀将翅膜上的鳞片轻轻刮至导电胶上,采用场发射扫描电子显微镜进行观察),相比于蓝闪蝶的竖直脊-肋结构,裳凤蝶鳞片的微结构则有明显的倾斜,最大倾角超过60°,但结构主体与蓝闪蝶类似,均呈现出以脊结构为主干,两侧排布有侧肋的特点。
由于两种蝴蝶结构主体一致,从数值模型方面,也应具有相似性。以y=a为例(a为常数),要使其倾斜,获得一个倾斜角,通过在y项上增加一个kx项,从而使其获得arctan(k)的倾斜角,其表达式为y-kx=a。在式(3)的基础上,引入具有倾斜结构特征的数值因子。则裳凤蝶的数值模型可表达为
fsx,y,z=sinx+Ascosxsinz-ky=tstsa
图4展示了蓝闪蝶和裳凤蝶鳞片的微纳结构模型对比,其中图4a式(3)对应的竖直脊-肋三维模型,图4b式(4)对应的倾斜脊-肋三维模型,从结构形式看,图4b中的三维模型与扫描电镜下的观察相符,说明在竖直脊-肋结构对应数值模型的基础上引入倾斜特性数值因子可对倾斜脊-肋结构进行数值化表达,证明以式(4)表达裳凤蝶黄色鳞片中的倾斜脊-肋状结构具有准确性。
对于倾斜脊-肋结构,关键的结构特性包含脊间距、肋间距、倾斜角等,各参数示意见图5式(4)中,k与倾斜角θ的关系为θ= arctan(k)。
由于倾斜脊-肋与竖直的脊-肋状结构相比较,脊结构相对肋结构仍然保持垂直,只是脊-肋平面整体倾斜于基膜表面。所以可通过坐标变化,定义平面m=z-kym平面即为树干所在平面。将倾斜脊-肋的参考平面转化到m平面上,使得计算推演更加简便,如图5b所示。定义m=z-ky,将原始公式变换如下:
fsx, y, z=sinx+Ascosxsinm=tstsa
单个肋的长度等于x2x1的横坐标之差,脊的宽度等于脊中心线ltx2横坐标之差的两倍。每个脊-肋结构中线横坐标的表达式如下:
Tx4±k1Txk1=0, 1, 2, 
每个肋顶点纵坐标的表达式如下:
Tm4±k12Tmk1=0, 1, 2, , 15
容易得出x1x2的纵坐标分别为Tm/4和3Tm/4,中线lt的横坐标为Tm/4,带入x1x2的纵坐标后,可代入原函数表达式,从而解出其横坐标表达式,分别为
x1=Tx2πsin-1asAs2+1-tan-1As
x2=Tx2πsin-1asAs2+1+tan-1As
故肋长与脊宽的表达式分别为
x2-x1=Txπtan-1As
2lt-x2=Tx2-Txπsin-1asAs2+1-Txπtan-1As
可以看出,由于脊宽和肋长的表达式中并不涉及变量m,故肋长和脊宽与倾斜程度无关。随着参数Asa增大,脊宽呈减小趋势,肋长则随参数As的增大而增大。
巴黎翠凤蝶广泛分布于中国浙江、江西、河南等地,如图6a所示,其翅膀大部分区域被黑色鳞片所覆盖,这种黑色鳞片对太阳光具有较高的吸收能力,可帮助蝴蝶最大限度地吸收热量以维持正常生命活动。图6b为单鳞片内部的俯视形貌,脊与脊之间被密集的孔洞形貌所占据,相邻孔洞中心间距平均为800 nm,孔洞孔径大小平均为645 nm,孔壁厚平均为155 nm。
对于孔洞结构的数值模型,在式(1)的基础上,引入单项式cos(ωy),可得到孔洞结构数值表达式:
fhx, y, z=sinωhxcosωhy=ththa
表达式对应的结构模型如图7a所示,其中,ωh对应于2π/Th,孔洞参数示意如图7b所示,相邻孔洞的中心间距为Th/2,孔洞壁厚等于xh2xh1x方向距离,其横坐标表达式为
xh2=-xh1=Th2πsin-1a
故孔结构壁厚的表达式为
Dh=2xh2=Thπsin-1a
孔直径的表达式为
Lh=2xh3-xh2=12-1πsin-1aTh
式(14)式(15)可知,孔壁厚Dh与参数ah呈正相关,孔直径Lh与参数ah呈负相关。
FDTD法是在三维空间用立方体网格剖分,并在时域用迭代的方法求解微分方程,由于采用立方体网格,剖分较为简单,同时在时域求解,一次时域计算后利用傅里叶变换即可得到整个频域的响应。相比于有限元法,其对于宽频计算较为适合,且计算速度相对较快,对于计算机的内存消耗也相对较小20。因此,本研究利用FDTD法对倾斜脊-肋结构的光学特性进行仿真模拟。
蝴蝶鳞片的主要成分是甲壳素,对于其光学参数,折射率实部为1.56,虚部为0.06,仿真光学波段为可见光,波长为380~780 nm。由式(4)决定倾斜脊-肋结构的倾斜程度的参数为k,故而在模拟中,通过选取不同的k值来探究其对光学反射率等的影响。
图8为不同k值下的倾斜脊-肋模型反射率随波长的变化情况。其他条件保持相同,随着k值的不断增加,即倾斜角的增大,峰值出现缓慢的红移,但峰值强度显著降低,k低于0.2时变化不大,仍然保持在50%以上,但之后随着k值的增大剧烈下降,当k值达到0.6时只有10%的反射率。
图9为不同肋间距Tm下的倾斜脊-肋结构反射率,随着间距增加,反射峰的峰值略有减小,但峰位迅速红移:肋间距从200 nm逐渐增加到300 nm的过程中,反射率的峰值从55%下降到45%,反射峰位从479 nm移动到660 nm。
综上,当倾斜脊-肋结构的倾角增大时,反射率峰值显著降低,说明裳凤蝶黄色鳞片亮度相比蓝闪蝶较低的原因主要由倾角导致。肋间距主要影响反射峰位,当间距增大时,峰位逐渐由蓝光向红光移动。对于航天装备在可见光范围的低可视化隐身需求,以及针对沙漠、森林、海洋等不同环境下颜色可调以达到伪装的需求,可设计微纳倾斜脊-肋结构,通过提高脊-肋结构倾斜角降低亮度,达到减反射效果,通过调整脊-肋结构肋间距,实现低可视化条件下不同颜色种类的灵活调控。
孔洞构型的主要结构参数包括孔洞深度Hh、孔洞直径Dh和相邻孔洞间距Th,相关参数的解析解已在1.3节中进行推导。FDTD光学仿真所用材料均为蝶翅黑色鳞片对应材质甲壳素,DhTh分别为800 nm和645 nm,Hh在200~1 000 nm范围变化时,可见光吸收率的变化如图10a所示,随着孔洞深度的增加,可见光各波长处的吸收率均得到明显增强,平均吸收率从Hh为200 nm时的15.23%增至Hh为1 000 nm时的68.09%。ThHh分别为800 nm和800 nm,Dh在100~700 nm范围变化时,可见光吸收率的变化如图10b所示,随着孔洞直径增大,吸收率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在Dh= 400 nm处,平均吸收率取得最大值,直径继续增大时吸收率下降明显并在600 nm左右波长处出现较为明显的吸收峰。DhHh分别为200 nm和800 nm,Th在300~800 nm范围变化时,可见光吸收率的变化如图10c所示,当相邻孔洞间距较低时,Th增大可促进结构对光的吸收,当Th在500~800 nm范围变化时,对可见光波段吸收率影响较小,平均值基本稳定在62%左右。
综上,孔洞结构具有优异的减反射效果,以最大限度增大结构对光的吸收率,增大蝴蝶对光的捕获能力,随着孔洞深度和相邻孔间距的增大,吸收率呈现增强的趋势。其中孔深对吸收率的影响尤为明显。对于航天装备在可见光范围的低可视化隐身需求,可设计孔洞结构达到减反射目的。将孔洞的尺寸等比例放大至与微波相同数量级的波段,通过合理的结构参数优化并匹配吸波材料组分,还可实现对雷达波段的宽谱吸收。因此,孔洞结构是实现多频谱兼容隐身的理想构型。
本文介绍了裳凤蝶和巴黎翠凤蝶鳞片中的微纳结构并基于空间三角函数模型对其进行数值化表征,推导出关键结构参数的数值解析解。证明了利用空间三角函数数值模型表征倾斜脊-肋结构和孔洞结构具有良好的适应性。之后讨论了影响两类构型减反射光学特性的关键结构参数,得出的主要结论如下:
a)当倾斜脊-肋结构的倾角增大时,反射率峰值显著降低,说明裳凤蝶黄色鳞片亮度相比蓝闪蝶较低的原因主要由倾角导致。肋间距主要影响反射峰位,当间距增大时,峰位逐渐向着长波段移动。说明通过提高倾斜脊-肋结构倾斜角降低亮度,可达到减反射效果,通过调整肋间距,可实现颜色种类的调控。
b)随着孔洞深度和相邻孔间距的增大,吸收率呈现增强的趋势,其中孔深对吸收率的影响尤为明显。将孔洞的尺寸等倍放大还有望对实现雷达波段的宽频吸收。
两种减反射结构可为航天装备隐身超材料的设计提供解决方案,利用通用化模型将结构特征数值化有助于后续高效优化选型,以快速获得最优目标光学性能。
  • 中国航天科技集团有限公司钱学森青年创新基金项目
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2025年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250611
  • 接收时间:2025-07-06
  • 首发时间:2026-01-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-06
  • 修回日期:2025-11-19
基金
中国航天科技集团有限公司钱学森青年创新基金项目
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    中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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