Article(id=1220368077368250632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250602, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751731200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-06, revisedDate=1764518400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768888022987, onlineDateStr=2026-01-20, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768888022987, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768888022987, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768888022987, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220368072699986922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768888021873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768888582821, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220370425566118679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220370425570312984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220368078941114639, articleId=1220368077368250632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Aerothermal Design Based on Machine Learning and Multi-source Data Fusion, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This research addresses the challenge of high computational resource demands and extended simulation cycles associated with three-dimensional aerothermal numerical simulations for complex-shaped hypersonic vehicles. To overcome this limitation, the application of machine learning-based multi-source data fusion methods in aerodynamic thermal design is investigated, utilizing substantial datasets accumulated during past development projects. The characteristics of various data types, including aerodynamic thermal engineering/numerical simulation and ground/flight test data, are analyzed. Employing Latin hypercube sampling and batch submission techniques, a numerical simulation dataset is constructed, and a multi-source heterogeneous aerodynamic thermal database is established. Grid normalization algorithms for configurations involving rudder rotation and localized deformation are developed. Based on clustering and region matching algorithms, simulation data are partitioned, extracted, and statistically analyzed. Deep learning-based approaches for aerodynamic thermal data fusion and intelligent agent modeling are researched, with predictive accuracy validated using a specific lifting body aerodynamic configuration.

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针对复杂外形高速飞行器气动热三维数值仿真对计算资源和周期需求大的难题,利用型号研制过程中积累的大量数据,探索了基于机器学习的多源数据融合方法在气动热设计中的应用。首先对气动热工程/数值仿真、地面/飞行试验等各类数据特点进行分析,采用拉丁超立方采样和批量作业提交构建数值仿真数据集,建立气动热多源异构数据库。发展了外形变形和舵转动下的网格归一化算法,基于聚类和区域匹配算法实现对仿真数据分区、提取和统计分析,研究了基于深度学习的气动热数据融合和智能代理模型技术,通过某升力体外形验证了智能模型预示精度。

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杨 光(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境。

檀妹静(1988—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境及防隔热技术。

聂春生(1987—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境。

张林森(1997—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境。

张 伦(1997—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器防隔热。

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杨 光(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境。

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基于机器学习的多源数据融合气动热设计
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杨光 , 檀妹静 , 聂春生 , 张林森 , 张伦
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(6): 10-18
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(6): 10-18
基于机器学习的多源数据融合气动热设计
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杨光, 檀妹静, 聂春生, 张林森, 张伦
作者信息
  • 中国运载火箭技术研究院,空间物理重点实验室,北京,100076
  • 杨 光(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境。

    檀妹静(1988—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境及防隔热技术。

    聂春生(1987—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境。

    张林森(1997—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器气动热环境。

    张 伦(1997—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器防隔热。

Aerothermal Design Based on Machine Learning and Multi-source Data Fusion
Guang YANG, Meijing TAN, Chunsheng NIE, Linsen ZHANG, Lun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Science and Technology on Space Physics Laboratory, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250602
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针对复杂外形高速飞行器气动热三维数值仿真对计算资源和周期需求大的难题,利用型号研制过程中积累的大量数据,探索了基于机器学习的多源数据融合方法在气动热设计中的应用。首先对气动热工程/数值仿真、地面/飞行试验等各类数据特点进行分析,采用拉丁超立方采样和批量作业提交构建数值仿真数据集,建立气动热多源异构数据库。发展了外形变形和舵转动下的网格归一化算法,基于聚类和区域匹配算法实现对仿真数据分区、提取和统计分析,研究了基于深度学习的气动热数据融合和智能代理模型技术,通过某升力体外形验证了智能模型预示精度。

机器学习  /  神经网络  /  多源异构  /  数据融合  /  气动热

This research addresses the challenge of high computational resource demands and extended simulation cycles associated with three-dimensional aerothermal numerical simulations for complex-shaped hypersonic vehicles. To overcome this limitation, the application of machine learning-based multi-source data fusion methods in aerodynamic thermal design is investigated, utilizing substantial datasets accumulated during past development projects. The characteristics of various data types, including aerodynamic thermal engineering/numerical simulation and ground/flight test data, are analyzed. Employing Latin hypercube sampling and batch submission techniques, a numerical simulation dataset is constructed, and a multi-source heterogeneous aerodynamic thermal database is established. Grid normalization algorithms for configurations involving rudder rotation and localized deformation are developed. Based on clustering and region matching algorithms, simulation data are partitioned, extracted, and statistically analyzed. Deep learning-based approaches for aerodynamic thermal data fusion and intelligent agent modeling are researched, with predictive accuracy validated using a specific lifting body aerodynamic configuration.

machine learning  /  neural network  /  multi-source  /  data fusion  /  aeroheating
杨光, 檀妹静, 聂春生, 张林森, 张伦. 基于机器学习的多源数据融合气动热设计. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (6) : 10 -18 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250602
Guang YANG, Meijing TAN, Chunsheng NIE, Linsen ZHANG, Lun ZHANG. Aerothermal Design Based on Machine Learning and Multi-source Data Fusion[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (6) : 10 -18 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250602
近年来,随着大数据、计算机科学与人工智能技术的发展,基于数据驱动的气动热预测建模方法引起了学术界与工程技术人员的广泛关注。过去几十年,在高速流动机理研究及高速飞行器型号设计过程中积累了大量的气动热相关数据,这为气动热预测问题中数据驱动建模方法的应用奠定了坚实基础。同时,数据驱动建模方法可以灵活便捷地实现多种气动热预测,与气动热预测技术的发展趋势契合,使得数据驱动气动热建模预测方法逐渐成为最具应用前景的研究热点,更好地满足气动热高效精准预测的工程需求。
目前,国内外学者针对人工智能技术在空气动力学领域的应用已开展大量研究。有学者以图像的形式输入壁面压力和剪切应力,成功实现了二维热流的精准预测1。Sekar等2将机翼形状提取为16维特征,并将这些特征输入多层感知器中预测了压力和速度。Jones等3提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的非结构化点云数据处理方法,并构建了一种使用非结构化模板算子从非结构化流体速度数据中预测阻力的框架。Shen等4基于点云几何表征技术,发展了一套能够实现三维飞行器外形表面压力分布预测的深度学习神经网络框架,有效提高了神经网络模型在气动力预测方面的泛化性。中国商用飞机有限责任公司基于ViT和编码器-解码器网络结构,发布了针对大型民用客机巡航状态全流场高精度预测的大模型5,大幅减少了数值仿真所花费的时间。中国空气动力研究与发展中心通过构建一种三维气动外形生成式设计深度学习框架,发展了生成式气动外形设计大模型6,旨在解决传统参数化设计方法中拓扑结构受限与泛化性较弱等问题。此外,He等7利用深度神经网络模型,建立了一种融合多源多可信度数据的架构,以进一步提升训练数据的规模和使用效率。基于Kring算法和径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)模型,Dreyer等8发展了点对点式的气动热预测方法。研究表明,这类方法可以实现飞行器表面固定位置上的气动热高效预示9。Dai等10利用宏观量收敛的粗网格流场数据,训练了极端随机树与卷积神经网络两种模型,用来实现热流分布的快速预测。Huang等11利用POD(Proper Orthogonal Decomposition)方法与时空卷积神经网络方法相结合,建立了一种数据驱动的热流预测方法,以代替极其繁琐且费时的瞬态数值求解过程。Ding等12利用直接模拟蒙特卡罗(Direct simulation Monte Carlo)方法获得的高精度流场数据构建了一套人工神经网络模型,实现了稀薄流动条件下圆柱绕流问题的气动热快速预示。此外,通过结合拉丁超立方采样和POD与RBF模型,Liu等13开展了飞行器耦合流体-热-结构的预测,结果表明该方法在气动热预示效率上表现较好。
Karniadakis团队14提出的PINN(Physics Informed Neural Net)开辟了物理定律与神经网络相结合的道路,目前PINN在偏微分方程数值求解领域已获得广泛应用15-17。这种数据与物理驱动相结合的方法将流体力学知识融于神经网络中,使神经网络预测的气动参数更加准确。Belbute等18设计了一个图神经网络,它接受细网格上的攻角和马赫数作为第1层的输入,从SU2解算器获得的粗网格上的速度和压力作为隐藏层的输入,从而在神经网络和解算器之间达到了速度和精度的有效折中。Wang等19将湍流分解为三个分量,并用Unet对每个分量进行近似,以保持不变性。还有一些方法使用神经网络辅助CFD的计算,提升求解器收敛速度。张智超等20提出了一种基于径向基函数的神经网络的模型,他们为飞行器表面的每个点建立了一个径向基函数模型以预测固定外形三维飞行器的壁面热流。张伟伟团队21提出了融入物理信息的神经网络气动热预示技术,以欧拉方程求解得到的边界层外缘参数作为神经网络输入,对双椭球模型气动热进行了验证。Zangeneh22利用随机森林回归算法构建了基于局部平均流场特征的气动热分布预测模型,模型训练过程中采用了高精度的试验数据与直接数值模拟数据。研究表明,这种方法有效提高了对分离流和再附流的气动热预测精度。Wang等23和Yang等24基于随机森林的特征重要性对流动特征进行筛选,利用从欧拉方程中提取的边界层特征完成了表面热流的准确预测。Li等25提出采用自编码器提取三维飞机六个方向上二维投影的全局外形特征,并结合局部坐标和曲率特征描述局部形状,使得模型输入特征包含全局外形信息,实现了三维复杂外形航天飞机的气动热快速预示。
本文探索了基于机器学习的多源数据融合方法在气动热设计中的应用。图1给出了多源异构气动热数据智能融合建模系统构建的总体技术路线。
目前工程设计中常用到的气动热数据主要可分为如下4类:工程计算数据、数值仿真数据、地面试验数据、飞行试验数据。
a)工程计算数据:采用气动热快速工程评估方法获得,可快速构建大量典型部位的热流结果。一般工程计算结果能总体反映典型部位热流随飞行状态变化规律与相对关系,但无法模拟三维复杂外形飞行器真实流动特征,计算结果精度有限。
b)数值仿真数据:受限于计算资源,数值仿真状态数据一般数量不多,但数值仿真数据可提供飞行器表面所有点位的热流数据,一般表面网格点数目为数十万规模。数值仿真结果包含外形信息,体现了外形特征对热流的影响规律。
c)地面试验数据:目前地面试验测量技术分为点式测量与面式测量,可分别提供飞行器表面单点热流及特定区域内分布式热流结果,一般认为试验实测数据置信度较高,对于特定外形,地面试验状态一般不超过30个。同时受限于地面试验能力,试验状态样本基本均在风洞试验能力包络范围内。
d)飞行试验数据:基于飞行试验热流测点的数据,同时一般认为实测数据置信度较高,具有极大的研究价值。目前单发飞行试验包含热流测点数目一般为0~30之间,覆盖迎风面、背风面、干扰区等典型部位,飞行试验包含全剖面热流随飞行状态变化数据,状态样本较为丰富。
根据工程经验,可通过5个评价维度对上述4类气动热数据特点进行对比,如图2所示。
对于气动热工程方法,可以开展大量状态的快速计算,获取飞行器典型部位热流随飞行状态的变化规律数据集。其中状态空间的生成应结合飞行器飞行走廊来确定。在高度-速度二维空间,可以通过多边形来包络所有可能的飞行轨迹,针对构建出的飞行走廊多边形,可以采用蒙特卡罗生成多边形内随机分布的状态点。针对不同攻角下的高度-速度飞行走廊多边形切片分别构建计算状态点,可以生成高度-速度-攻角三维空间的计算状态点,如图3所示。
气动热数值仿真计算资源需求较高,一般开展典型状态仿真,可以在上述状态空间生成基础上,采用拉丁超立方抽样的方法通过选取少量样本,同时在状态空间抽样基础上,补充典型地面/飞行试验状态,开展三维数值仿真分析。拉丁超立方抽样的具体步骤如下,假设我们要在n维向量空间里抽取m个样本:
a)将每一维分成互不重叠的m个区间,使得每个区间有相同的概率(通常考虑一个均匀分布,这样区间的长度相同);
b)在每一维里的每一个区间中随机抽取一个点;
c)再从每一维里随机抽出上一步中选取的点,将它们组成向量。
这里以在二维向量空间中抽取4个样本为例,即n=2,m=4,如图4所示。
对于气动热三维数值仿真算例构建,需要根据高度查询对应的大气参数,并计算出数值仿真所需要的马赫数、雷诺数、来流参数等输入参数,然后逐个建立算例文件夹,将马赫数、雷诺数、来流参数等数据编辑到数值计算程序的输入文件中,最后在高性能集群上依次提交计算任务。对于一条典型的飞行走廊,生成的典型状态数量往往是较多的,算例构建过程也需要耗费大量人工。
针对上述问题,采用Python脚本开发了高性能集群批量作业管理工具包,用户可一键完成批量计算状态仿真算例的生成、提交、状态查看、结果文件收集入库等功能。
对于地面与飞行试验数据,主要是风洞试验模型和飞行器表面布置的热流测点获取的热流数据,可以以结构化数表的形式进行记录和数据库构建。以飞行试验数据库为例,设计了如表1所示的飞行试验气动热数据库表结构,每条数据记录包含的信息包括飞行时间、飞行状态、测点类型、测点坐标、测点热流数据等。
为了更好地对型号研制过程中积累的大量气动热数据进行管理,实现大数据智能融合与建模功能,需要建立数据库平台,实现对多源异构气动热数据的持久与高效利用。
首先针对成熟型号,收集、整理现有的工程设计、数值仿真与地面/飞行试验数据,并对需求进行综合、归纳、抽象,形成数据库概念模型。以此为输入,利用E-R图梳理数据库的逻辑结构,体现不同数据之间的关系。根据数据的存储需求,进行物理存储结构设计。
针对气动热多源异构数据特点,选用PostgreSQL来作为本项目的数据库,支持大文件存储、分片等。采用分层设计的思路,图5图6分别给出了多源异构气动数据库软件平台架构与实现后的软件界面。
高速飞行器数值仿真涉及舵偏变化、气动力热载荷和烧蚀导致的变形,一般需要采用多套不同的网格,给气动热数值仿真结果的自动化和智能化处理带来了难度。对于这一问题,可以采用网格变换、插值算法将不同网格归一化到某一个基准网格后,依据热流分布特征进行分区,实现各个部位热流数据的智能提取与统计分析。
针对空气舵不同舵偏角度下的三维数值仿真结果,可通过坐标变化将不同舵偏网格下的气动热数值仿真结果归一化到同一个舵偏角度下,如图7所示。具体而言采用罗德里格斯旋转变换,实现活动部件的网格空间旋转。将不同舵偏下的气动热表面热流仿真结果旋转到0°舵偏,可实现不同舵偏下的网格归一化到基准网格。
对于考虑气动力热载荷或者烧蚀带来的外形与网格变形问题,边界的变形量是已知的。在已知物面位移量后,为了后续计算的准确性,空间内部的网格点也同样需要移动,否则空间中靠近物面附近的网格会产生较大的扭曲,甚至会出现负体积的情况。所以必须根据物面边界的位移信息,变形空间网格。可以用径向基函数插值的方法处理网格变形问题。
以二维情况的网格变形问题为例,通过飞行器物面已知典型点上的位移信息,构造插值系统矩阵,求解网格点位移变量的线性方程组,可以得到其他空间网格点的位移信息。图8给出了采用上述方法得到的翼形网格变形效果。
在气动热环境设计工作中,常常采取分区设计的方法,即根据热环境分布特征,将飞行器表面分割为不同区块,针对每个区块分别开展热环境和热防护设计。
表面热流特征智能分区的本质是物体表面分割问题,即以物体表面的基本组成单元(网格面片或体素)为基本操作对象,按照热流特征将类似的组成单元进行聚合,形成具有统一性质的面片区域。可以将该类聚类问题看成附带物理场特征的点云聚类问题。
图9给出了基于点云聚类算法的表面自动分区算法示意。首先根据气动热三维数值仿真结果,形成附带热流场结果的表面点云数据,然后进行点云初步空间特征聚类,形成具有相似空间特征的点云区域划分。然后,将点云区域划分进行局部热流场特征构建,通过卷积神经网络进行热流特征提取,最后利用分类器根据特征提取结果进行分类。点云区块结果通过分类后进行二次聚类,形成最终的区域划分结果。最终的区域划分结果同时考虑了表面采样点云的空间分布特征和热流场的物理特征。图10给出了标模表面自动分区效果。
上节中基于热环境分布特征的自动分区算法获取的分区具有一定的不可控性,设计人员无法根据需求对设计区域进行自定义。因此提出了一种基于自定义非结构网格的表面分区热流提取及统计分析方法。
热环境设计人员可根据需要划定,采用非结构网格生成该区域的网格面片,然后将区域与数值仿真网格进行匹配,如图11所示。判断气动热数值仿真网格点是否落在该分区内,其中判断方法为计算数值仿真的网格点与分区网格内每个三角形单元的最短距离,确定一个距离阈值作为判定依据。
通过上述过程可以提取属于该分区内的仿真网格点,并获得每个网格点上压力、热流等物理量。然后可以对该分区内的物理量进行统计分析,如获取分区内的热流、压力峰值或者平均值等统计量。可以对批量数值仿真结果执行统计分析操作,建立仿真结果数据库。图12给出了针对某飞行器迎风面局部区域,批量数值仿真状态自动提取到的区域热流特征量统计结果。
本节给出了一种基于深度神经网络的多源数值融合智能模型,图13给出了网络架构图,其中输入层包含高度、速度、攻角三个状态参数,隐藏层为多层的全连接层,输出层为热流。根据如下简化F-R公式,飞行器球头驻点热流与来流密度和速度为幂次函数关系。
qsρRN0.5V3.15
式中 qs为驻点表面热流;ρ为来流密度;V为来流速度;RN为球头半径。因此在输入层中,将飞行高度转换为对应的来流密度,并对来流密度和速度取对数后作为输入。
采用气动热工程快速计算方法可以将大规模的飞行状态获得的飞行器端头、前缘、大面积等典型部位热流,作为气动热神经网络代理模型的训练数据集。同时对于典型状态的数值仿真,对表面网格点进行采样,可获得采样点的数值结果。针对每个采样点,可将工程计算结果与数值仿真结果融合作为训练数据集,损失函数采用如下工程结果和数值结果偏差的加权形式,采用反向传播算法,开展神经网络参数训练。
L=pMi=1Myinum-y^i+qNi=1Nyjeng-y^j
式中 L为损失函数;MN为数值和工程计算数据集的状态数;yinum为数值仿真结果;yjeng为工程计算结果;y^iy^j分别为对应状态的模型输出结果;pq为权重系数。
采用上述方法可使得训练出来的神经网络既能够表征热流随弹道参数变化的规律,同时量值上更接近数值仿真结果,实现工程计算与数值仿真异构数据的智能融合。对于地面与飞行试验气动热实测数据,也可以采用类似方法开展数据融合智能代理模型训练。
采用3.1中建立的深度学习气动热数据智能融合方法对某升力体标模外形开展了模型训练与预示。图14给出了所用的数值仿真数据集,其中一部分作为训练数据集,一部分作为测试数据集。针对标模外形某干扰区部位峰值热流,给出了训练完成后的智能模型预示结果与CFD仿真结果的对比,二者吻合较好,如图15所示。
图16给出了针对表面某位置点沿飞行轨迹的热流曲线,对比了工程计算结果与数值仿真结果融合训练出的神经网络模型预示热流与纯工程计算结果预示热流,可以看到融合数值仿真结果之后的模型预示结果热流变化规律正确,且热流量值与数值仿真结果一致。针对表面所有网格采样点分别建立气动热智能代理模型,然后采用径向基函数插值算法可以实现飞行器三维分布式热环境智能预示。图17给出了典型状态智能代理模型预示结果与CFD结果对比,二者热环境分布规律与量值一致。
本文探索了基于机器学习的多源数据融合方法在气动热设计中的应用,主要内容包括:
a)对气动热工程计算、数值仿真、地面/飞行试验等多源数据特点进行了梳理与分析,并构建了气动热多源异构数据库软件平台。
b)研究了考虑舵转动和局部变形下的网格归一化算法,基于点云聚类和非结构网格匹配算法实现对仿真数据分区、提取和统计分析。
c)提出了一种基于深度学习的气动热多源数据融合和智能代理模型,通过某升力体标模外形验证了智能模型的预示精度。
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2025年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250602
  • 接收时间:2025-07-06
  • 首发时间:2026-01-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-06
  • 修回日期:2025-12-01
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    中国运载火箭技术研究院,空间物理重点实验室,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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