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International Space Station has been in orbit for more than 20 years, forming a relatively mature cargo transport system and exploring the development path of low-cost and highly reliable commercial cargo transport system. As China's Space Station enters the stage of application and development, the demand for materials up and down will significantly increase. It will be particularly important to form a rich and stable cargo transport system and significantly reduce cargo costs under normal operating modes. The development and current situation of cargo transport system of the International Space Station are analyzed, the composition of the International Space Staion, commercial orbital transportation service plans, and recent cargo transportation situations are focused on, providing reference and suggestions for China's Space Station's cargo transport system.

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国际空间站已在轨运营二十余年,形成了一套较为成熟的货运体系,探索出了低成本、高可靠的商业货物运输系统发展之路。随着中国空间站进入应用与发展阶段,物资上下行需求将明显增加,形成丰富稳健的货运系统体系、大幅降低常态化运营模式下的货运成本显得尤为重要。对国际空间站货物运输系统的发展与现状进行了分析,重点介绍了国际空间站货物运输系统构成、商业轨道运输服务计划和近年货物运输情况,并为中国空间站后续货运体系的建设提出了建议以供参考。

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陈华健(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

季逸民(1997—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

宣建强(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

孟 瑶(1983—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

吴 军(1982—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

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Implementation status of commercial orbital transportation service for the International Space Station (as of December 31, 2023)

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合同货运飞船任务代号执行时间
CRS-1龙飞船Dragon CRS-1~ CRS-122012.10.08—2017.09.14
天鹅座Cygnus CRS-1~CRS-82014.01.09—2017.11.12
CRS-1 扩展龙飞船Dragon CRS-13~ CRS-202017.12.15—2020.03.07
天鹅座Cygnus CRS-9~CRS-122015.05.21—2019.04.17
CRS-2龙飞船Dragon CRS-21~ CRS-292020.12.06—2023.11.10
天鹅座Cygnus CRS-12~CRS-192019.11.02—2023.08.02
追梦者号
), ArticleFig(id=1200805365802717695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797899685753582, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国际空间站商业补给服务任务执行情况(截止至2023年12月31日)

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合同货运飞船任务代号执行时间
CRS-1龙飞船Dragon CRS-1~ CRS-122012.10.08—2017.09.14
天鹅座Cygnus CRS-1~CRS-82014.01.09—2017.11.12
CRS-1 扩展龙飞船Dragon CRS-13~ CRS-202017.12.15—2020.03.07
天鹅座Cygnus CRS-9~CRS-122015.05.21—2019.04.17
CRS-2龙飞船Dragon CRS-21~ CRS-292020.12.06—2023.11.10
天鹅座Cygnus CRS-12~CRS-192019.11.02—2023.08.02
追梦者号
), ArticleFig(id=1200805365886603780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797899685753582, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Recent cargo state of International Space Station (2021—2023)

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时间国别货运飞船上行运货能力/kg下行运货能力/kg
2021年俄罗斯进步号MS-162 460
进步号MS-172 900
进步号MS-182 550
美国CRS-22龙飞船3 3002 268
CRS-23龙飞船2 2002 100
CRS-24龙飞船3 0002 200
NG-15天鹅座3 810
NG-16天鹅座3 723
2022年俄罗斯进步号MS-192 523
进步号MS-202 500
进步号MS-212 520
美国CRS-25龙飞船2 6331 814
CRS-26龙飞船3 5002 000
NG-17天鹅座3 800
NG-18天鹅座3 629
2023年俄罗斯进步号MS-222 534
进步号MS-232 491
进步号MS-242 500
进步号MS-252 528
美国CRS-27龙飞船2 8521 950
CRS-28龙飞船3 3041 633
CRS-29龙飞船2 9501 588
NG-19天鹅座3 729
), ArticleFig(id=1200805366037598730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797899685753582, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国际空间站近年货物运输情况(2021年至2023年)

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时间国别货运飞船上行运货能力/kg下行运货能力/kg
2021年俄罗斯进步号MS-162 460
进步号MS-172 900
进步号MS-182 550
美国CRS-22龙飞船3 3002 268
CRS-23龙飞船2 2002 100
CRS-24龙飞船3 0002 200
NG-15天鹅座3 810
NG-16天鹅座3 723
2022年俄罗斯进步号MS-192 523
进步号MS-202 500
进步号MS-212 520
美国CRS-25龙飞船2 6331 814
CRS-26龙飞船3 5002 000
NG-17天鹅座3 800
NG-18天鹅座3 629
2023年俄罗斯进步号MS-222 534
进步号MS-232 491
进步号MS-242 500
进步号MS-252 528
美国CRS-27龙飞船2 8521 950
CRS-28龙飞船3 3041 633
CRS-29龙飞船2 9501 588
NG-19天鹅座3 729
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国际空间站货物运输系统发展分析及对中国的启示
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陈华健 , 季逸民 , 宣建强 , 孟瑶 , 吴军
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(5): 24-30
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(5): 24-30
国际空间站货物运输系统发展分析及对中国的启示
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陈华健, 季逸民, 宣建强, 孟瑶, 吴军
作者信息
  • 上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海,201109
  • 陈华健(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

    季逸民(1997—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

    宣建强(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

    孟 瑶(1983—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

    吴 军(1982—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天器总体设计。

Analysis of the Development of International Space Station Cargo Transport System and Its Enlightenment for China
Huajian CHEN, Yimin JI, Jianqiang XUAN, Yao MENG, Jun WU
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute of Astronautical System Engineering, Shanghai, 201109
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250509
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国际空间站已在轨运营二十余年,形成了一套较为成熟的货运体系,探索出了低成本、高可靠的商业货物运输系统发展之路。随着中国空间站进入应用与发展阶段,物资上下行需求将明显增加,形成丰富稳健的货运系统体系、大幅降低常态化运营模式下的货运成本显得尤为重要。对国际空间站货物运输系统的发展与现状进行了分析,重点介绍了国际空间站货物运输系统构成、商业轨道运输服务计划和近年货物运输情况,并为中国空间站后续货运体系的建设提出了建议以供参考。

空间站  /  货物运输系统  /  商业模式  /  低成本  /  技术创新

International Space Station has been in orbit for more than 20 years, forming a relatively mature cargo transport system and exploring the development path of low-cost and highly reliable commercial cargo transport system. As China's Space Station enters the stage of application and development, the demand for materials up and down will significantly increase. It will be particularly important to form a rich and stable cargo transport system and significantly reduce cargo costs under normal operating modes. The development and current situation of cargo transport system of the International Space Station are analyzed, the composition of the International Space Staion, commercial orbital transportation service plans, and recent cargo transportation situations are focused on, providing reference and suggestions for China's Space Station's cargo transport system.

space station  /  cargo transport system  /  business model  /  low-cost  /  technological innovation
陈华健, 季逸民, 宣建强, 孟瑶, 吴军. 国际空间站货物运输系统发展分析及对中国的启示. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (5) : 24 -30 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250509
Huajian CHEN, Yimin JI, Jianqiang XUAN, Yao MENG, Jun WU. Analysis of the Development of International Space Station Cargo Transport System and Its Enlightenment for China[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (5) : 24 -30 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250509
国际空间站(International Space Station)是由美国、俄罗斯主导,共有16个国家联合建造和运行的大型航天器,主要用于微重力科学研究、空间观测和在轨服务等1。自2011年基本完成大规模组件的在轨组装并转入全面使用阶段以来,主要由4个国家研制的5种货运飞船共同承担起国际空间站的货运任务,包括俄罗斯进步号、美国天鹅座、美国龙飞船、欧空局ATV和日本HTV。其中,美国NASA货运服务已完全走向了商业化的低成本道路。
中国空间站已经建成并进入应用与发展阶段,持续滚动开展较大规模的空间科学实验与技术试验,保障航天员长期在轨健康生活和高效工作,这对于后续的货物运输提出了更多的需求和更高的要求。为丰富空间站应用与发展阶段的货物运输途径,大幅降低常态化运营下的货运成本,需要探索和发展新型货物运输系统和管理模式,分析并借鉴当前国际空间站的货运体系具有十分重要的意义。
国际空间站建造初期,主要由俄罗斯进步号和美国航天飞机承担货运任务,进步号货船主要承担人员物资补给、推进剂补加等任务;航天飞机则主要承担超大舱段或构件的上行运输及建造等任务。在2011年国际空间站进入运营期后,不再进行大规模舱段上行和扩建,主要货物运输需求以航天员生活物资、推进剂、维修设备和科学试验设备为主,货运任务由进步号、天鹅座、龙飞船、ATV、HTV共同承担2。其中,由于国际空间站成本控制和货运需求,欧空局ATV和日本HTV分别于2015年和2020年正式退役,国际空间站货运飞船构成见图1
内华达山脉公司的追梦者号是美国NASA商业轨道运输服务计划的一部分。为了配合国际空间站延寿至2028年,日本也推出了HTV-X货船。
俄罗斯进步号系列货运飞船(见图2)是航天史上第1种、迄今为止发射次数最多的货运飞船,发射状态总质量约7.2 t,载货能力约2.5 t。
因其技术高度成熟可靠、对接快速,且具备每年多艘的生产制造与发射能力,能够与联盟号载人飞船共享大部分结构、电子产品,生产研制成本相对较低,至今依然还是国际空间站货运补给的重要组成部分。
其型号已发展出多种衍生型,从进步号、进步M号、进步M1号到最新的进步MS号,不断改进的电控设备和与时俱进的任务管理能力也是进步号能够长期服役的原因。
--引用第三方内容--

进步号系列货船采用三舱设计,由服务舱、燃料舱、货物舱组成,采用主动对接机构完成与空间站的对接,在轨主要承担物资补给、推进剂补加和辅助空间站进行轨道维持等任务。

进步号也可携带小型返回舱,安装在舱门位置,能够携带0.15 t货物返回地球,在飞船再入前从舱门处弹射分离。
天鹅座是由美国轨道科学公司研制的货运飞船,与龙飞船同属于商业货运飞船,由私营公司设计、研制和运营。其发射状态总质量约7.5 t,载货能力约3.5 t,作为首艘与国际空间站对接的商业飞船,开创了美国近地轨道载人航天商业运输先河。
该飞船由服务舱和货物舱2个舱段构成,分为标准型(密封舱容积18.9 m³)和增强型(密封舱容积 27 m³),在轨主要承担物资补给任务,其采用通用停靠机构与国际空间站完成对接,由国际空间站利用加拿大机械臂抓取货船,并将货船停靠在和谐号节点舱上。标准型(左)和增强型(右)天鹅座飞船构型对比见图3
龙飞船由SpaceX公司研制,是目前世界上唯一一款可部分重复使用的货运飞船(见图4),其发射状态总质量约12.6 t,最大上行载货能力约6 t,可返回地球货物最大质量约3 t。国际空间站物资下行前期主要依赖航天飞机来满足运行需求,自2011年航天飞机退役后,其余货运飞船并不能支持空间站试验载荷的下行任务。货运版龙飞船的出现,同时解决了国际空间站的上行补给和物资下行的问题。
SpaceX已研发了两代龙飞船,由返回舱和服务舱2个舱构成。相比于第1代龙飞船,第2代龙飞船采用了体贴式太阳翼,避免了太阳翼在轨无法展开的问题,提高了任务可靠性;采用对接机构与国际空间站自动对接,替代原有“停靠机构+机械臂辅助”的对接形式,确保可以全自主、高可靠完成交会对接任务。龙飞船设计可重复使用5次以上,猎鹰9火箭已突破重复使用10次以上,龙飞船+猎鹰9的回收组合,成本优势十分明显3
欧空局ATV(Automated Transfer Vehicle)在2015年退役前是上行货运能力最大的货运飞船,该飞船全重超过20 t,可携带至少7.5 t货物。ATV货运飞船是除俄罗斯进步号货船以外,唯一能够承担燃料补给、姿态控制和轨道维持等任务的航天器。
ATV货船采用了模块化设计思路,整体构型划分为服务舱和一体化运货舱两大部分。服务舱由推进模块和电子设备模块组成;运货舱由外舱段、密封舱段和对接系统组成。货船通过锥杆式对接机构,实现与国际空间站的自主对接和分离(见图5)。
HTV货运飞船(见图6)采用标准模块和国际通用部件,发射状态总质量约16.5 t,载货能力约6 t。该系列货船在内部设置有8个标准载荷机柜接口,成为航天飞机退役后唯一可以将整柜运输至国际空间站的飞行器。整船构型分为服务舱和货物舱两大部分,服务舱由推进模块和设备模块组成,货物舱由密封舱段、非密封舱段和对接系统组成。HTV采用独特的交会对接方式,由国际空间站机械臂捕获停靠对接。
HTV-X的设计目标是降低一半成本,未来还可能替换其货运部分,兼容月球探测等任务。该飞船在保持现有运力的基础上大幅减轻飞船结构质量,将推进模块和电子设备高度集成,将体装式太阳能电池阵改为太阳电池翼。同时,为方便在发射塔架上装载货物,在货船舱体上增加侧门(见图7)。
美国追梦者号(见图8)飞船采用升力体式构型设计,可上行5 500 kg有效载荷至国际空间站,同时可下行约1 750 kg货物。追梦者号飞船将与龙飞船、天鹅座共同开展国际空间站商业运输服务,同时成为继龙飞船后第二型可重复使用的货运系统。不同于SpaceX的龙飞船,追梦者号飞船类似航天飞机的升力体构型,可实现完全复用,能够在跑道着陆,并且其在轨机动能力也更加强大,能够同时执行微纳卫星部署等任务。
随着国际空间站寿命周期延长以及NASA预算调整,国际空间站正将越来越多的飞船、火箭等研制和发射任务交给商业航天公司,以实现更快速、低成本、高可靠的近地轨道人员及货物的天地往返运输,NASA也逐步实现了从建造运营到采购服务的角色转换。为此,美国NASA充分引入商业化服务与合作,从国际空间站运营早期就开始构建商业轨道运输服务(Commercial Orbital Transportation Service,COTS)计划4。这一方式虽然改变了NASA原有的货运运营模式,但也为成本节约、技术创新和效率提高带来了显著的影响。
国际空间站商业轨道运输服务计划的主要发展历程如下:
a)2006年初,NASA宣布开始商业轨道运输服务计划(COTS计划)。
b)2008年底,NASA在COTS计划基础上,启动了第1阶段商业补给服务计划(CRS-1),并将首轮货运合同授予参加COTS计划的两家公司。其中,12次任务授予SpaceX的龙飞船,合同金额为16亿美元;8次任务授予轨道科学公司的天鹅座,合同金额为19亿美元。SpaceX和轨道科学公司先后于2012年和2014年分别执行其第一次补给任务。在2015年,NASA将SpaceX和轨道科学公司的货运任务分别扩展至20次和12次。
c)在2014年底,商业补给服务计划第2阶段合同(CRS-2)开始启动竞标。NASA在2016年1月将其授予3家公司:SpaceX公司(龙飞船)、轨道科学公司(天鹅座)、内华达山脉(追梦者号)。
目前,NASA采用商业补给服务已执行近50次国际空间站货运任务,国际空间站商业化货物运输系统已经日趋成熟。国际空间站商业补给服务任务执行情况见表1
2021年至2023年,欧空局ATV和日本HTV均已退役,国际空间站货物运输系统由俄罗斯进步号、美国天鹅座和龙飞船3种飞船组成。在这3年期间,国际空间站总计发射各类货船23艘,年均发射频次保持在7~8次;国际空间站总计上行货物约68 t,平均每发货船上行约3 t,其中仅有龙飞船具备货物下行能力,平均每次下行货物约2 t。总体来看,国际空间站每年货运频次和货运量相对稳定。国际空间站近年货物运输情况见表2
国际空间站货运体系由4个国家研制的5种货运飞船组成,各类货运飞船在任务上均有所侧重,功能上相互补充,共同构成了国际空间站形式多样的货运体系,大大提高了货运系统的稳健性。货运飞船运输能力从超过2 t提升至超过7 t,并从一次性使用向可重复使用方向发展,逐渐形成了大小组合、多地发射、相互备份的态势。
在国际空间站进入运营期以来,货物运输主要以航天员消耗品、维修设备、试验装置等为主,不再侧重大型货物上行,欧空局ATV和日本HTV等大吨位、高成本货船也逐渐退役,整体上货运类型相对常规,货运需求相对稳定,年均上行频次保持在8次左右,上行货物保持在3 t左右,上行频次高、更新快,货运补给的灵活性更强。
成本是制约航天发展的一大难题,美国NASA一直鼓励私营公司研发高可靠性、高性价比的商业航天运输系统执行近地轨道运输任务,先后为SpaceX公司、轨道科学公司和内华达山脉公司提供了两批商业补给合同,将龙飞船、天鹅座和追梦者号纳入到国际空间站货物补给体系中,NASA也完成了从传统购买“硬件”向购买“服务”的模式转变,走向了商业化的低成本道路,提高了国际空间站的整体运营效益5
商业轨道运输系统已成为美国近地轨道运输的主要方式,国际空间站通过发展商业模式一方面可以利用私营公司之间的竞价,获取价格最优的货物运输服务,NASA从而可以将更多的精力和资源集中在太空探索和科学研究等方面;另一方面商业航天以盈利为目的,这也激励着商业公司加快技术创新和模式创新,例如SpaceX通过开发可重复使用的运载火箭大大降低了太空发射的成本,有竞争力的商业航天企业也保证了美国在航天领域的全球竞争力6
中国空间站现有货物运输系统主要由天舟货运飞船承担(见图9),用于给空间站货物上行以及下行销毁货物,但不能实现货物下行地面7。神舟飞船能够利用返回舱的空间和质量资源提供少量的物资上、下行,但能力相对有限。
为满足载人航天后续发展需求,中国也在积极开展新一代载人飞船研制,可兼顾近地空间站载人及货物运输等任务需求。为实现敏捷性、低成本的物资下行,近些年来也针对柔性充气式飞行器展开了研究。新一代载人飞船试验船和柔性充气式货物返回舱试验舱(见图10)于2020年5月搭载CZ-5B运载火箭入轨,其中新一代载人飞船试验船飞行任务取得圆满成功,但柔性充气式货物返回舱试验舱再入失利。
商业航天也针对货物天地运输系统提出了多种方案,如北京紫薇宇通科技有限公司的C2000系列货运飞船、北京星际开发科技有限公司的增长一号飞船、新空间航天的SPACEMENG飞船等,但大多数产品还在设计规划中,落地尚需时日。
当前中国空间站已全面建成,随着空间站进入常态化运营与应用阶段,未来上下行的货运服务需求将显著增加。天舟货运飞船作为目前中国空间站运营阶段唯一的货物运输航天器,载货能力达7.4 t,具备补给航天员生活物资、在轨推进剂补加、维持空间站轨道等功能8,货运能力强、功能齐全,是中国空间站不可替代的货运系统。但从国际空间站的货运体系和发展趋势来看,中国需要探索发展新型货物运输系统和管理模式,进一步推动航天低成本化、市场化、商业化进程9,从而增强上下行货物运输的经济性、灵活性,最终构建安全可靠、形式多样、效益突出的空间站天地货物运输体系。
a)丰富空间站货物运输途径,形成对现有货运系统的必要和有益补充。
中国现有天舟货运系统能够满足空间站应用与发展阶段的运营需求,但运输形式相对单一,灵活性略显不足。建议中国加快空间站低成本货物运输系统建设,丰富空间站货物运输途径,在任务模式、任务周期上与天舟互为补充,打造中国空间站相互协同的货运体系,从而提高货运任务发射故障应急能力,降低单一型号对整个系统的影响。面向后续空间站各类任务需求和货运类型,支持货运飞船向多功能、可拓展的方向发展,实现一次任务多方受益,通过提升效能降低任务成本。
b)加快技术创新和模式创新,打造低成本、高可靠的商业货物运输系统。
美国在近地轨道已实现货物运输的商业化,为载人航天发展注入了新动力。空间站货物运输系统需要具备高度的可靠性和安全性,同时还需要满足低成本的要求,这就对技术创新提出了更高的要求。面向长远发展,一方面可加大对可重复使用航天器的研发与投入力度,持续攻关可重复使用关键技术,引导并鼓励商业货物运输系统面向可重复使用开展设计与工程实践应用。另一方面,转变传统采购方式,创新管理模式,积极谋划近地轨道商业化发展路线,这不仅能够降低空间站运营成本,提高中国空间站的经济效益和社会效益,还能刺激商业航天企业加快技术创新,强化核心竞争力,对未来空间站的可持续发展大有裨益。
c)以市场需求为导向,加强公私合作,不断提高中国航天在国际上的竞争力。
随着载人航天、月球深空探测与人类社会生活日益密切,市场需求得到进一步释放,各国都更加注重航天发展的效益。空间站货物运输系统可兼顾太空制造、生物工程、技术验证等市场需求,强化市场活力,挖掘市场潜力,不断推动中国近地轨道可持续商业发展。此外,在中国航天已有优势的基础上,积极探索新型商业合作关系,充分发挥国企和民企各自具有的不同优势,深化多领域、多层次合作,鼓励更多企业参与到航天产业中来,做到优势互补、资源灵活配置,不断提高中国航天在国际上的影响力和竞争力。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250509
  • 接收时间:2024-06-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-02
  • 修回日期:2024-08-20
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    上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海,201109
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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