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Aiming at the problem of rapid repair of the debonding defect between the solid rocket motor insulation layer and the case in the battlefield environment, a comparative performance analysis of the bonding materials required for the rapid repair of the debonding between the nitrile rubber insulation layer and the steel case is carried out through experiments, and the adhesives suitable for the corresponding conditions and performance requirements are screened out. Firstly, combined with the requirements for the rapid repair of the debonding between the solid rocket motor insulation layer and the case, the curing conditions and performance indicators required for the adhesives used for rapid repair are analyzed. Further, mechanical property and ablation tests of 11 kinds of adhesives from three major categories, namely acrylate, epoxy resin, and silicone, are conducted. Finally, a grouting machine for rapid repair is designed and a fluidity test is carried out. The test results show that the X701-1 adhesive can meet the curing conditions and performance requirements for the rapid repair of the debonding between the nitrile rubber insulation layer and the steel case.

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针对战场环境下固体发动机绝热层与壳体脱粘缺陷的快速修复问题,通过试验对丁腈橡胶绝热层与钢壳体脱粘快速修复所需的粘接材料进行了性能对比分析,筛选出了适合相应条件和性能需求的胶粘剂。首先结合固体发动机绝热层与壳体脱粘快速修复需求,分析快速修复用胶粘剂所需的固化条件和性能指标;进一步对丙烯酸酯类、环氧树脂类和有机硅类三大类11种胶粘剂进行了胶粘剂力学性能和烧蚀性试验;最后设计了快速修复用灌浆机并进行了流动性试验。试验结果表明X701-1胶粘剂能够满足丁腈橡胶绝热层与钢壳体脱粘快速修复的固化条件和性能需求。

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李 朋(1985—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为发动机测试与故障诊断。

李金飞(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为发动机可靠性与推进剂性能研究。

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李 朋(1985—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为发动机测试与故障诊断。

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李 朋(1985—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为发动机测试与故障诊断。

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李金飞(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为发动机可靠性与推进剂性能研究。

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李金飞(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为发动机可靠性与推进剂性能研究。

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Study on EPDM/metal linerface adhesive with high initial adhesion[J]. 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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海军航空大学,烟台,264001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200805359259603217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structural diagram of solid rocket motor, figureFileSmall=Ys7bP4tzyPQFZt68CduVcg==, figureFileBig=XdVhX3ehMlSPUv/5eGkm0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200805359364460822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=CN, label=图1, caption=固体发动机结构示意, figureFileSmall=Ys7bP4tzyPQFZt68CduVcg==, figureFileBig=XdVhX3ehMlSPUv/5eGkm0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200805359490289950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Tearing sample, figureFileSmall=L6wRSn+08vrnP8VcWPTP7g==, figureFileBig=TTiRzcReHUGklAEl2PRfJg==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileSmall=7zhQsNtFZldEiioaaNtdRQ==, figureFileBig=2VjPqGvCKlGgPx4F2UG4IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200805360769552740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Precast defects of standard testing motor, figureFileSmall=1mSnDqvxmaNrXZFduJ5mVw==, figureFileBig=AxdHmIMk1LIKP74JQIQUVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200805360924741992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=CN, label=图8, caption=预置缺陷标准试验发动机, figureFileSmall=1mSnDqvxmaNrXZFduJ5mVw==, figureFileBig=AxdHmIMk1LIKP74JQIQUVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200805361012822382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of adhesive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型丙烯酸酯类环氧树脂有机硅
氰基丙烯酸改性丙烯酸酯
型号502

乐泰

401

乐泰

703

ergo

5500

7204302

ergo

7200

X701-17102703704
固化前外观透明透明透明透明青/红粉红/淡蓝亮黄乳白乳白/暗黄乳白乳白
粘度/(Pas)0.110.04~0.060.084±0.53~4304±1.24±0.512~3512~35
初步固化(常温)15 s15 s50 s15 s5 min30 min30 min2 h30 min30 min30 min
完全固化(常温)24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h48 h48 h24 h3~7天3~7天
固化后工作温度/℃-50~70-54~80-50~80-30~80-30~85-60~120-60~80-60~350-60~300-60~150-60~250
扯离强度/MPa(钢)25.5222210131413101318
剪切强度/MPa(钢)13.712141825202220252.115
拉断延伸率/%121515101510151014250160
), ArticleFig(id=1200805361151234423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

胶粘剂性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型丙烯酸酯类环氧树脂有机硅
氰基丙烯酸改性丙烯酸酯
型号502

乐泰

401

乐泰

703

ergo

5500

7204302

ergo

7200

X701-17102703704
固化前外观透明透明透明透明青/红粉红/淡蓝亮黄乳白乳白/暗黄乳白乳白
粘度/(Pas)0.110.04~0.060.084±0.53~4304±1.24±0.512~3512~35
初步固化(常温)15 s15 s50 s15 s5 min30 min30 min2 h30 min30 min30 min
完全固化(常温)24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h48 h48 h24 h3~7天3~7天
固化后工作温度/℃-50~70-54~80-50~80-30~80-30~85-60~120-60~80-60~350-60~300-60~150-60~250
扯离强度/MPa(钢)25.5222210131413101318
剪切强度/MPa(钢)13.712141825202220252.115
拉断延伸率/%121515101510151014250160
), ArticleFig(id=1200805361251897724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test results of tearing sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号扯离粘接强度/MPa破坏类型
11.52LG
21.62LG
31.50L
41.62L
52.01LG
), ArticleFig(id=1200805361369338240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

扯离试件试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号扯离粘接强度/MPa破坏类型
11.52LG
21.62LG
31.50L
41.62L
52.01LG
), ArticleFig(id=1200805361465807236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Experimental results of tearing sample repaired by different adhesives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶粘剂平均粘接扯离强度/MPa破坏类型
5020.74IM
乐泰4010.78IM
乐泰7031.21IM
ergo55001.06IM
72041.08IM
3021.12IM
ergo72001.29IM
X701-11.54LG
71021.28IM
7030.81IM
7040.78IM
), ArticleFig(id=1200805361583247752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同胶粘剂修复后扯离试件试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶粘剂平均粘接扯离强度/MPa破坏类型
5020.74IM
乐泰4010.78IM
乐泰7031.21IM
ergo55001.06IM
72041.08IM
3021.12IM
ergo72001.29IM
X701-11.54LG
71021.28IM
7030.81IM
7040.78IM
), ArticleFig(id=1200805361776185742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Tear results after 24 h cure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶粘剂温度/℃平均扯离粘接强度/MPa破坏类型
ergo7200201.06IM
351.23IM
X701-1101.43IM
201.52LG
351.73LG
7102201.27IM
351.30IM
), ArticleFig(id=1200805362950590868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

固化24 h扯离结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶粘剂温度/℃平均扯离粘接强度/MPa破坏类型
ergo7200201.06IM
351.23IM
X701-1101.43IM
201.52LG
351.73LG
7102201.27IM
351.30IM
), ArticleFig(id=1200805363059642779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Tear results after 48 h cure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶粘剂温度/℃平均扯离粘接强度/MPa破坏类型
ergo7200201.29IM
351.42IM
X701-1101.44IM
201.54LG
351.83LG
7102201.28IM
351.29IM
), ArticleFig(id=1200805363156111776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

固化48 h扯离结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶粘剂温度/℃平均扯离粘接强度/MPa破坏类型
ergo7200201.29IM
351.42IM
X701-1101.44IM
201.54LG
351.83LG
7102201.28IM
351.29IM
), ArticleFig(id=1200805363286135203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Oxyacetylene ablation rate of sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号12345
线烧蚀率/(mm·s-10.560.660.510.410.61
), ArticleFig(id=1200805363407770026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

X701-1试样氧-乙炔线烧蚀率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号12345
线烧蚀率/(mm·s-10.560.660.510.410.61
), ArticleFig(id=1200805363562959279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787489461, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Comparison of the same placebefore and after repair

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修复前后同一位置CT图对照

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战场环境下固体发动机脱粘快速修复材料分析
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李朋 , 李金飞
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2025,48(5): 39-46
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2025, 48(5): 39-46
战场环境下固体发动机脱粘快速修复材料分析
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李朋, 李金飞
作者信息
  • 海军航空大学,烟台,264001
  • 李 朋(1985—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为发动机测试与故障诊断。

    李金飞(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为发动机可靠性与推进剂性能研究。

Analysis of Rapid Repair Materials for Debonding of Solid Rocket Motor in Battlefield Environment
Peng LI, Jinfei LI
Affiliations
  • Naval Aviation University, Yantai, 264001
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250503
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针对战场环境下固体发动机绝热层与壳体脱粘缺陷的快速修复问题,通过试验对丁腈橡胶绝热层与钢壳体脱粘快速修复所需的粘接材料进行了性能对比分析,筛选出了适合相应条件和性能需求的胶粘剂。首先结合固体发动机绝热层与壳体脱粘快速修复需求,分析快速修复用胶粘剂所需的固化条件和性能指标;进一步对丙烯酸酯类、环氧树脂类和有机硅类三大类11种胶粘剂进行了胶粘剂力学性能和烧蚀性试验;最后设计了快速修复用灌浆机并进行了流动性试验。试验结果表明X701-1胶粘剂能够满足丁腈橡胶绝热层与钢壳体脱粘快速修复的固化条件和性能需求。

固体发动机  /  脱粘  /  快速修复  /  胶粘剂  /  灌浆机

Aiming at the problem of rapid repair of the debonding defect between the solid rocket motor insulation layer and the case in the battlefield environment, a comparative performance analysis of the bonding materials required for the rapid repair of the debonding between the nitrile rubber insulation layer and the steel case is carried out through experiments, and the adhesives suitable for the corresponding conditions and performance requirements are screened out. Firstly, combined with the requirements for the rapid repair of the debonding between the solid rocket motor insulation layer and the case, the curing conditions and performance indicators required for the adhesives used for rapid repair are analyzed. Further, mechanical property and ablation tests of 11 kinds of adhesives from three major categories, namely acrylate, epoxy resin, and silicone, are conducted. Finally, a grouting machine for rapid repair is designed and a fluidity test is carried out. The test results show that the X701-1 adhesive can meet the curing conditions and performance requirements for the rapid repair of the debonding between the nitrile rubber insulation layer and the steel case.

solid rocket motor  /  debonding  /  rapid repair  /  adhesive  /  grouting machine
李朋, 李金飞. 战场环境下固体发动机脱粘快速修复材料分析. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (5) : 39 -46 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250503
Peng LI, Jinfei LI. Analysis of Rapid Repair Materials for Debonding of Solid Rocket Motor in Battlefield Environment[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (5) : 39 -46 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250503
固体发动机结构简单、可靠性高、易于维护,是导弹系统的主要动力装置。固体发动机在固化降温、贮存、运输、值班和点火发射期间,由于局部应力集中和力学性能下降会产生裂纹、脱粘等缺陷1。这些缺陷在固体发动机燃烧时可能使发动机燃面发生变化,造成燃烧室工作压力改变,导致发射失败、发动机爆炸等严重后果。固体发动机为成败型产品,出现缺陷后,出于安全性的考虑,基本都作判废处理以避免事故的发生。但简单的直接判废会对部队战斗力造成一定的影响。在不断更新装备的同时,对部分出现缺陷的武器进行修复,使其在一定时间、一定条件下仍然能发挥战斗力,才能节约部队军费开支、合理利用现有装备2
国外公开发表的固体发动机修复技术文献较少,1990年Titan34D运载火箭发生爆炸事故,经无损检测发现绝热层与壳体存在脱粘,Patel等3在固体发动机绝热层处挖出“J”型沟槽,然后灌浆修补,并对这种方法进行了有限元分析,提出了这种方法的适用范围;在裂纹修补方面,1996年Dan4对Titan IV固体发动机装药裂纹进行了修补技术研究,经修补后的试件能够正常燃烧,修补成功。中国方面,20世纪90年代以来许多学者深入研究了固体发动机的装药修复工作。卢明章等5对装药裂纹、脱粘缺陷修理中的药浆胶粘剂配置、修复后的评估等进行了详细的研究。孙小妮6针对固体火箭发动机燃烧室在绝热壳体固化后或衬层成型过程中发现绝热层脱粘缺陷,研制了一种适用于丁腈橡胶绝热层、能够常温固化的柔性修补材料,采用涂敷或打孔灌浆工艺,在燃烧室壳体装药前对绝热层与壳体的脱粘缺陷进行修复。张佳7针对固体发动机固化后可能出现的脱粘问题,开展了灌浆配方研究,试验确定了灌浆的基础配方,并考察了灌浆基础配方的力学性能、料浆的流变性能及其固化后与原推进剂的界面粘结性能。苏菁等8针对修复某型号发动机外防热涂层局部损伤,研制了一种能够在室温下快速固化的修复材料,通过测试,该材料的相关性能和应用表现良好。
近年来的修复成功案例及相关修复材料的研究9-10都表明固体发动机的缺陷修复是可行的,但以上案例较多针对工厂生产阶段的固体发动机,其与战场环境下使用阶段的修复条件相差较大,不适用于战场快速修复。需要进一步对胶粘剂进行选择,对灌浆设备进行设计以满足固体发动机的快速修复需求。本文针对部队使用中出现频率比较高的丁腈橡胶绝热层与钢壳体脱粘,筛选适合快速灌浆修补的胶粘剂。
目前,胶粘剂的种类较多,性能和适用范围也各不相同,对于不同的材料和粘接环境需要选择不同胶粘剂和胶粘工艺进行粘接11-15。现根据战场环境下固体发动机脱粘快速修复的需求及修复条件,确定脱粘修复用胶粘剂的参数范围。
本文研究的某型固体发动机结构如图1所示,壳体为合金钢,绝热层为丁腈橡胶,其装药量较少,平时存放在恒温恒湿的仓库中,各粘接界面所受的热应力和重力较小,导弹发射时在其头部会产生较大的拉应力。胶粘剂粘接后界面应当具备较强扯力强度和剪切强度,防止高温高压燃气进入界面。
脱粘修复所用的胶粘剂影响其粘接强度等参数的主要因素为胶粘剂在固化过程中所处的温度、压力和所需时间3个条件。
a)固化温度。
胶粘剂在合适的温度下才会固化,对于不同的胶粘剂,其固化温度的范围也不相同,超过或低于此温度范围,胶粘剂不会固化。固化温度影响胶粘剂最终的粘接强度,也影响完全固化时间的长短。对于固体发动机脱粘修复而言,受装药的限制,胶粘剂的固化温度不能过高,但固化温度过低会导致粘接强度降低,时间变长,达不到固体发动机装药脱粘快速修复的要求。选择胶粘剂时应选择固化温度适当的胶粘剂。
b)固化压力。
固化压力是指在胶粘剂固化的过程中在粘接面上施加的压力。不同的胶粘剂对于所需要的固化压力也不同,对于环氧树脂胶、丙烯酸酯胶等胶粘剂,所需要的固化压力较小,而酚醛类胶粘剂所需要的固化压力较大。受固体发动机结构的影响,在部队使用条件下,灌注胶粘剂后,较难施加较大的压力,因此在选择胶粘剂时应选择固化压力较小的胶粘剂。
c)固化时间。
固化时间分为初步固化时间和完全固化时间,初步固化时间决定胶粘剂的工艺性能,而完全固化时间则是胶粘剂达到最大粘接强度所需要的时间。胶粘剂在不同的温度条件下完全固化需要的时间也不同。对于固体发动机脱粘修复而言,应在最短的时间内达到最大粘接强度,才能够满足快速修复的需求。
受固体发动机结构特点的影响,胶粘剂的固化温度、压力等条件都受到相应的限制,在选择胶粘剂时应同时考虑到固化温度,固化压力和固化时间对最终结果的影响。
针对某型固体发动机,本文研究的绝热层材料为丁腈橡胶,选择壳体材料为钢45,推进剂材料为端羟基聚丁二稀复合固体推进剂,制作试件以近似研究该型固体发动机的合金钢壳体和绝热层脱粘修复。绝热层在固体发动机中位于推进剂和壳体之间,主要作用为防止推进剂燃烧时烧穿壳体。丁腈橡胶绝热层一般指标为:
a)拉伸强度:不低于2.0 MPa;
b)断裂延伸率:200%~600%;
c)烧蚀率:氧-乙炔线烧蚀率不大于0.2 mm/s;
d)密度:不大于1.3 g/cm3
固体发动机脱粘快速修复的战场适用性需要严格满足复杂环境与实战需求,其限制条件贯穿于材料性能、工艺设计与操作流程的各个环节。结合现有研究及试验数据,战场环境对修复条件的主要限制可归纳为以下3方面:
a)固化条件严苛。
战场环境下,修复材料的固化过程受温度、压力与时间的多重制约。
温度限制:野外作业难以提供恒温或高温环境,胶粘剂需在常温(20~35 ℃)下完成有效固化,且需要适应环境温度波动(如昼夜温差)。低温环境可能显著削弱修复效果。
压力限制:受发动机结构复杂性与战场设备限制,修复过程中无法施加高压。
时间限制:快速恢复战斗力的目标要求修复材料在24~48 h内完全固化,且初步固化时间需要足够短以保障操作连续性。
b)极端环境适应性要求高。
战场环境涵盖温湿度剧烈变化、机械振动等极端条件,修复材料需要满足以下性能:
宽温域稳定性:胶粘剂需要在较大温度范围内保持力学性能稳定,避免因热胀冷缩导致二次脱粘。
耐烧蚀性:发动机工作时燃烧室温度可达3 000 ℃以上,修复材料需要具备抗高温烧蚀能力,满足绝热层防护需求。
c)操作便捷性与设备限制。
战场修复需要简化流程并降低对专业化设备的依赖性。
设备便携性:传统工厂级灌浆设备体积大、能耗高,难以适配野战条件。需要实现精准灌浆,符合战场机动性需求。
流动性适配性:脱粘缝隙通常狭窄,胶粘剂需要具备高流动性以填充缺陷。
在固体发动机绝热层/壳体粘接修复中,胶粘剂填充于壳体与绝热层之间,既应有较好的粘接特性,也应该具有一定的耐烧蚀性能。针对丁腈橡胶绝热层与钢壳体脱粘,结合战场快速维修环境,确定其修补胶粘剂主要选择原则及参数范围如下:
a)能够与绝热层较好地发生反应,产生较好的粘接效果;
b)力学性能与绝热层相近;
c)在常温下(20~35 ℃)能够在24~48 h内完全固化;
d)具有一定的耐烧蚀性能,其氧-乙炔线烧蚀率不大于0.8 mm/s;
e)在常温下(20~35 ℃)的可操作性较好,能够在初步固化前将脱粘缺陷填充完毕;
f)胶粘剂方便制备。
根据以上原则及参数范围,在不影响固体发动机装药性能的前提下,通过试验筛选出适合固体发动机脱粘快速修复任务要求的粘接剂。
目前市售的胶粘剂有5 000多种,其中丙烯酸酯类、环氧树脂类和有机硅类3种胶粘剂种类最多,且大部分能够常温固化、粘接效果较好、通用性强。环氧树脂类胶粘剂是使用最广泛的一种胶粘剂,多种此类胶粘剂能够在常温下固化,强度较高。其含有多个环氧基,能够较好地和绝热层发生反应,且对钢质材料具有较好的粘接强度。丙烯酸酯类胶粘剂的种类也较多,能够粘接多种材质,粘接强度较高。有机硅胶类胶粘剂,粘接强度一般,但具有较好的耐高温特性。
因此在这3类胶粘剂中选择了11种胶粘剂进行性能分析。丙烯酸酯类选用的胶粘剂为氰基丙烯酸酯胶即瞬干胶,包括502胶、乐泰401胶、乐泰703胶、ergo5500胶;改性丙烯酸酯胶,包括7204胶、302胶;环氧树脂胶,包括ergo7200胶、7102胶、X701-1胶;有机硅胶包括703胶、704胶。其理论参数如表1所示。
针对丁腈橡胶绝热层和钢45钢壳体,设定不同的固化时间和固化温度,利用以上11种胶粘剂粘接后进行扯离试验,测定其粘接强度,选择适用于脱粘修复的胶粘剂,并对烧蚀性和流动性进行进一步的分析。
根据胶粘剂在粘接处受力情况的差异,其力学特性主要有扯离粘接强度、剪切粘接强度、劈开粘接强度以及剥离粘接强度,其中扯离粘接强度最大,剥离粘接强度最小。根据所研究的固体发动机点火时的受力状态,选择扯离粘接强度作为筛选标准。
表1中的胶粘剂进行扯离粘接强度测试,测试方法参照《固体火箭发动机燃烧室界面粘接强度测试方法——扯离法》。
a)测试流程。
1)测量试件粘接处的面积,测量2个边长,每处应测量多于3次,测量工具精度不低于0.02 mm;
2)利用拉伸机夹具将试件固定,保证试件的中线与拉伸路径一致;
3)拉伸速度设定为50 mm/min,直至试件断开,记录最大拉力值;
4)每组测试5个试件。
b)试验要求。
1)测试温度为20 ℃;
2)相对湿度不大于70%。
为记录方便,粘接破坏类型符号规定如下:
IM:绝热层与钢件之间破坏;IL:绝热层与衬层之间破坏;I:绝热层自身破坏;LG:衬层与推进剂之间破坏;G:推进剂自身破坏;L:衬层自身破坏。
所用试件为同一批次购买,绝热层材料为丁腈橡胶,壳体材料为钢45,推进剂材料为端羟基聚丁二烯复合固体推进剂,试件如图2所示。
无损伤扯离试件的试验结果如表2所示。
由试验结果可以看出,标准试件的扯离粘接强度均在1.50 MPa以上,以此作为胶粘剂扯离粘接强度的最低标准。
对同一批次的扯离试件进行处理,将钢件与绝热层装药等切割开,再利用不同的胶粘剂将二者粘接起来,过程如图3所示。
图3c所示,设置固化温度为20 ℃,在固定模具中固化48 h后,进行扯离试验得到结果如表3所示。
表3试验结果可以看出,大部分胶粘剂不能够达到原试件的扯离粘接强度,但考虑到固体发动机在服役的过程中力学性能会有所下降,以及适当地升高固化温度可以增加胶粘剂的粘接强度,因此选择粘接强度较好的ergo7200、X701-1、7102三种胶粘剂进行下一步研究。
进一步考虑固化时间和固化温度对粘接效果的影响。
如第2.2节所述处理标准试件,在固化温度为10 ℃、20 ℃、35 ℃的条件下,分别固化24 h、48 h后,通过扯离试验,测量其粘接强度,测量结果如表45所示。由于ergo7200、7102胶在10 ℃时不能达到粘接强度的要求,因此对其不进行固化温度为10 ℃的扯离试验。
表45试验结果可以看出,随着温度的上升各胶粘剂的粘接性能有所上升,X701-1胶粘剂在较高温度下粘接强度上升明显,但ergo7200胶粘剂和7102胶粘剂在较高温度下仍然不能达到要求的粘接强度,因此不采用这两种粘接剂。X701-1胶粘剂在固化温度为10 ℃时,部分扯离试件的粘接强度不能达到要求标准,在使用时应注意。下文进一步对X701-1的烧蚀性及流动性能进行研究。
根据GJB 323A-96《烧蚀材料烧蚀试验方法》对X701-1胶粘剂进行氧-乙炔烧蚀试验。试验测得X701-1胶粘剂的氧-乙炔线烧线蚀率结果如表6所示。
从试验结果看X701-1胶粘剂基本能满足固体发动机对烧蚀性能的要求。
固体发动机装药脱粘缝隙通常较小,而深度较深,因此胶粘剂必须具有较好的流动性,进一步对X701-1胶粘剂的流动性进行测量。鉴于手工灌胶效率过低,借鉴工业灌浆机,设计了适用于固体发动机装药脱粘修复的灌浆机。
a)灌浆要求。
1)可根据固体发动机脱粘缺陷的体积大小调节灌浆量,灌浆总量误差可控。
2)结束灌浆时,存于管道中的胶粘剂能够迅速与外流胶粘剂脱开,不污染发动机其他部位。
3)灌浆速度可控,对于不同胶粘剂能够以不同压力推送。
4)灌浆方式可选,可通过手动和自动两种方式进行灌浆。
b)灌浆原理。
X701-1胶粘剂由A、B胶混合配置,灌浆前将两种胶分别装入两个压力桶中,而压力桶与空气压缩机相连,胶粘剂受压从流管流到灌浆阀位置,在混合头处充分混合后流出。灌浆阀由灌浆控制器控制,控制开关的时间和空气压力便可以实现定量灌浆,整体结构如图4所示。
本文采用的灌浆阀为回吸式活塞高压阀,其结构如图5所示。行程调节螺丝与压杆相连,用于调节胶粘剂的流量。
组装完成后的灌浆机实物如图6所示。
c)流动性测量。
利用灌浆机对X701-1胶粘剂的流动性进行测试。如图7所示在长度为100 mm的推进剂两侧边缘处分别粘贴厚度为2 mm的铝片,铝片之间的距离为5 mm,则在推进剂之间形成了深100 mm、宽2 mm、长5 mm的缝隙,以此模拟固体火箭发动机脱粘,测试X701-1胶粘剂在脱粘表面的流动速度。
设定灌浆机压力桶的压力为0.2 MPa,测定X701-1胶粘剂从顶端流到底部的时间,计算其流动速率。测得在常温下,X701-1胶粘剂在推进剂隙缝中的流动速度为5.1 mm/min。可见其在装药表面流动速度较慢,为保证在初步固化前完成胶粘剂的灌注,对于较深部位的脱粘,需要使用细管直接从脱粘根部开始灌胶,以提高修复效率。
为进一步验证X701-1胶粘剂的流动性能,参照GJB 96A-2001制作标准试验固体发动机,在头部预制脱粘缺陷,如图8所示,注入X701-1胶粘剂进行修复,修复前后进行CT检测,结果如表7所示。
表7所示,修复后脱粘的空隙被胶粘剂填满,X701-1胶粘剂的流动性能能够满足脱粘修复的需求。
本文围绕战场环境下固体发动机绝热层与壳体脱粘快速修复需求,系统开展了胶粘剂筛选、性能测试及修复工艺研究,形成了以下结论:
a)技术优势。
材料性能适配性:筛选出的X701-1环氧树脂胶粘剂在常温(20~35 ℃)下48 h内完全固化,扯离强度达1.54~1.83 MPa,与丁腈橡胶绝热层/钢壳体原界面强度(1.5~2.0 MPa)匹配,且氧-乙炔线烧蚀率(0.41~0.66 mm/s)满足耐高温需求,显著优于丙烯酸酯与有机硅类胶粘剂。
工艺可行性:设计的定量灌浆机通过气压控制实现胶粘剂精准灌注,适配狭窄脱粘缝隙(宽2 mm、深100 mm),且操作流程简化,支持战场快速修复。
b)技术局限性。
固化条件敏感:X701-1在低温(10 ℃)环境下粘接强度下降至1.43 MPa,需要依赖环境温度调控或辅助加热措施。
流动性不足:胶粘剂在缝隙中的流动速度仅为5.1 mm/min,修复深部脱粘时需要依赖细管灌注,操作效率受限。
设备依赖性强:灌浆机需要压缩空气驱动(0.2 MPa),在无稳定气源条件下可能影响修复效能。
未验证环境适应性:需要进一步试验在战场极端温湿度与机械振动影响下的相关性能,避免二次脱粘风险。
未进行产品级测试:可使用该型胶粘剂进一步在标准试验发动机中进行脱粘修复并进行点火试验,以检验其修复效果。
c)未来发展趋势。
材料性能优化:开发常温快速固化(≤24 h)、宽温域自适应型胶粘剂,兼顾高粘接强度(≥2.0 MPa)与低烧蚀率(≤0.5 mm/s),减少环境敏感性。
设备智能化与轻量化:集成微型传感器与自适应控制系统,实现胶粘剂流量、压力与固化状态的实时监测;采用轻质复合材料减轻灌浆机质量(目标<5 kg),提升战场机动性。
多场景兼容性扩展:针对复合材料壳体、新型绝热层(如硅橡胶)等多样化发动机结构,研发通用型修复材料与工艺,构建标准化修复技术体系。
长期可靠性验证:开展修复后发动机动态载荷试验与加速老化研究,评估胶层在长期贮存、高频振动等复杂工况下的耐久性,完善战场修复效能评估标准。
  • 基础加强领域基金(2019061)
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250503
  • 接收时间:2024-12-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-07
  • 修回日期:2025-02-11
基金
基础加强领域基金(2019061)
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    海军航空大学,烟台,264001
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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