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Movement of vehicles in the gas and liquid flow field is widely existed in the research equipment. In order to investigate the typical motion process of underwater vehicles, unsteady numerical calculation method is used to study the flow field and the active cavitation process. The calculation results show that the oscillating flow field of high or low pressure is formed in the rear edge of the vehicle in the background flow field, meanwhile the forward movement of pressure along the boundary layers significantly affects the wall pressure distribution. The active cavitations divide the flow field into the main influence zone, secondary influence zone, no influence zone and wake zone. The pressure in the main influence zone remains almost unchanged, whereas increasing in the secondary influence zone in a stepped manner. The active cavitation can eliminate the wake influence to a certain extent, making the upper and lower wall pressure changes consistent, weakening the asymmetric force of the flow field on the vehicle body and reducing the duration of negative pressure zone. Last but not least, it can also weaken the effect of water boundary layer and reduce the resistance of the whole vehicle to the lowest when developing from the shoulder to the end.

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航行体在气、液混合相流场中运动,该现象在流动问题中广泛存在。为了深入研究航行体水中段的典型运动过程,采用非定常数值计算方法对其绕流流场和主动空泡过程进行了研究。计算结果表明,背景流场中航行体后缘区域形成高低压区切换的振荡流场,后缘区压力沿边界层前传显著影响壁面压力分布;主动空泡使流场区域分为主影响区、次影响区、无影响区和尾流区,主影响区压力分布基本保持恒定,次影响区压力保持阶梯增大,尾流区不稳定流场在一定程度上受到削弱;主动空泡使上下壁面压力变化趋于一致,削弱了流场对航行体的不对称作用力并改善了尾缘负压区的流场状态;主动空泡显著削弱水相边界层的影响作用,自肩部发展至尾缘,航行体总阻力降至最低。

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陆 雷(1993—),男,讲师,主要研究方向为计算流体力学。

李 静(1982—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为导弹武器控制系统。

张玉强(1983—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为导弹武器控制系统。

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figureFileSmall=FmjNMGvYX90SlSZE1Lk/DQ==, figureFileBig=ubnNjriTRE/kN6ov+LXS0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189594633354076373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026928148865, language=CN, label=图12, caption=监测点压力脉动对比情况, figureFileSmall=FmjNMGvYX90SlSZE1Lk/DQ==, figureFileBig=ubnNjriTRE/kN6ov+LXS0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189594633408602326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026928148865, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Comparison between two kinds of resistance, figureFileSmall=eSQMSUJcKxtVdDv/IUJKag==, figureFileBig=ITakzXgOJodEE3w/HUQe3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189594633467322583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026928148865, language=CN, label=图13, caption=压差、黏性阻力对比情况, figureFileSmall=eSQMSUJcKxtVdDv/IUJKag==, figureFileBig=ITakzXgOJodEE3w/HUQe3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189594633534431448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026928148865, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Boundary conditions in the calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界条件 数值 符号
来流速度/(m·s-1 20 v
来流压力/kPa 301 p
空泡速度/(m·s-1 20 v b
空泡压力/kPa 400 p b
), ArticleFig(id=1189594633601540313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026928148865, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算边界条件设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界条件 数值 符号
来流速度/(m·s-1 20 v
来流压力/kPa 301 p
空泡速度/(m·s-1 20 v b
空泡压力/kPa 400 p b
), ArticleFig(id=1189594633668649178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026928148865, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Vehicle resistance at different times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算时间/s

压差阻力

F dp/N

黏性阻力F df/N 总阻力/N F df在总阻力中占比/%
0 304 379 8 322 312 701 2.66
0.03 422 012 7 405 429 418 1.72
0.08 584 340 6 626 590 966 1.12
0.18 633 400 5 746 639 146 0.90
0.38 512 022 4 352 516 374 0.84
0.58 627 824 3 292 631 116 0.52
计算时间/s

压差阻力

F dp/N

黏性阻力F df/N 总阻力/N F df在总阻力中占比/%
0.78 566 576 2 344 568 919 0.41
0.98 643 982 1 604 645 586 0.25
1.18 597 433 747 598 179 0.12
1.38 491 669 718 492 387 0.15
1.58 471 711 544 472 255 0.12
1.78 140 815 98 140 913 0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1189594633735758043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026928148865, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同计算时刻航行体阻力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算时间/s

压差阻力

F dp/N

黏性阻力F df/N 总阻力/N F df在总阻力中占比/%
0 304 379 8 322 312 701 2.66
0.03 422 012 7 405 429 418 1.72
0.08 584 340 6 626 590 966 1.12
0.18 633 400 5 746 639 146 0.90
0.38 512 022 4 352 516 374 0.84
0.58 627 824 3 292 631 116 0.52
计算时间/s

压差阻力

F dp/N

黏性阻力F df/N 总阻力/N F df在总阻力中占比/%
0.78 566 576 2 344 568 919 0.41
0.98 643 982 1 604 645 586 0.25
1.18 597 433 747 598 179 0.12
1.38 491 669 718 492 387 0.15
1.58 471 711 544 472 255 0.12
1.78 140 815 98 140 913 0.07
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主动空泡对航行体水中段流场影响研究
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陆雷 1 , 李静 1 , 张玉强 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 发射技术 2025,48(3): 54-61
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 发射技术 2025, 48(3): 54-61
主动空泡对航行体水中段流场影响研究
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陆雷1, 李静1, 张玉强2
作者信息
  • 1.海军工程大学,武汉,430033
  • 2.中国人民解放军91049部队,青岛,266100
  • 陆 雷(1993—),男,讲师,主要研究方向为计算流体力学。

    李 静(1982—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为导弹武器控制系统。

    张玉强(1983—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为导弹武器控制系统。

Study of Active Cavitation in the Flow Field Around the Underwater Vehicle
Lei LU1, Jing LI1, Yuqiang ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, 430033
  • 2. Unit 91049 of PLA, Qingdao, 266100
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250308
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航行体在气、液混合相流场中运动,该现象在流动问题中广泛存在。为了深入研究航行体水中段的典型运动过程,采用非定常数值计算方法对其绕流流场和主动空泡过程进行了研究。计算结果表明,背景流场中航行体后缘区域形成高低压区切换的振荡流场,后缘区压力沿边界层前传显著影响壁面压力分布;主动空泡使流场区域分为主影响区、次影响区、无影响区和尾流区,主影响区压力分布基本保持恒定,次影响区压力保持阶梯增大,尾流区不稳定流场在一定程度上受到削弱;主动空泡使上下壁面压力变化趋于一致,削弱了流场对航行体的不对称作用力并改善了尾缘负压区的流场状态;主动空泡显著削弱水相边界层的影响作用,自肩部发展至尾缘,航行体总阻力降至最低。

航行体  /  主动空泡  /  数值计算  /  流场结构  /  壁面压力

Movement of vehicles in the gas and liquid flow field is widely existed in the research equipment. In order to investigate the typical motion process of underwater vehicles, unsteady numerical calculation method is used to study the flow field and the active cavitation process. The calculation results show that the oscillating flow field of high or low pressure is formed in the rear edge of the vehicle in the background flow field, meanwhile the forward movement of pressure along the boundary layers significantly affects the wall pressure distribution. The active cavitations divide the flow field into the main influence zone, secondary influence zone, no influence zone and wake zone. The pressure in the main influence zone remains almost unchanged, whereas increasing in the secondary influence zone in a stepped manner. The active cavitation can eliminate the wake influence to a certain extent, making the upper and lower wall pressure changes consistent, weakening the asymmetric force of the flow field on the vehicle body and reducing the duration of negative pressure zone. Last but not least, it can also weaken the effect of water boundary layer and reduce the resistance of the whole vehicle to the lowest when developing from the shoulder to the end.

vehicle  /  active cavitation  /  numerical calculation  /  flow structure  /  wall pressure
陆雷, 李静, 张玉强. 主动空泡对航行体水中段流场影响研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (3) : 54 -61 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250308
Lei LU, Jing LI, Yuqiang ZHANG. Study of Active Cavitation in the Flow Field Around the Underwater Vehicle[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (3) : 54 -61 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250308
航行体从位于一定深度,并以一定速度运动的载体平台上弹出1-2,经历水中航行、穿越自由液面后进入空中飞行,整个过程都处于多相流场环境,同时还可能受到水锤冲击、空泡溃灭3-4、平台载体运动以及波浪等干扰作用,流场环境复杂,力学环境恶劣5
主动空泡是为应对水中段复杂不良因素而发展的关键技术。早在20世纪90年代,俄罗斯暴风雪采用了主动空泡技术,其最高航速可达200节,远远高于长期以来被认为是航速极限的60~70节6-7。Reichardt8首次通过人工通气的方法来降低航行体的阻力,并给出了空泡长度与通气空化数和空化器阻力系数之间的关系。Liu等9在空泡水洞开展通气航行体局部空泡试验研究,结果表明随着通气率变化,局部空泡主要呈现3个稳定的流态。唐一华等10依据航行体肩部有无自然空泡,将主动空泡归纳为主动通气和主动排气两类,并分析了通气空泡形态随通气率、欧拉数的变化关系,以及通气空泡对航行体流体动力特性的有益影响。
目前,工程上提高航行体水中段稳定性的技术手段主要有两种11-12,一种是气幕技术,另一种是均压通气空泡技术。气幕是利用高压燃气流贯穿水介质为航行体提供干燥的水下气幕通道,航行体在通道中运动时可以减弱各种复杂因素影响13。施瑶等14研究了筒口气幕对航行体表面脉动载荷的影响规律,发现在有气幕条件下,航行体所受力矩峰值降低了80.3%。尚书聪等15提出了有无气幕两种工况下航行体出筒均伴随较大振荡过程,但气幕条件下力学环境改善作用明显。均压通气空泡技术是一种提高水弹道稳定性的有效手段,即在航行体表面开通气孔,在尾出筒的时刻将航行体内置气源中的气体排出,并附着在航行体表面。张学伟等16在水洞中对通气空泡发展过程及其对水动力的影响开展了研究,发现通气空泡发展经过局部空泡和超空泡两个阶段,并根据空泡形态的显著变化得到局部空泡过渡到超空泡的转变判据。张忠宇17通过数值模拟和试验两种方式结合,对主动通气空泡的生长、融合、出水空泡的溃灭过程进行研究,揭示了空泡压力、厚度等因素对空泡运动特性的影响。张素宾18通过数值计算方法研究了航行体上升过程中的通气空泡流动问题,发现弹体表面的压力系数在空化区压力系数基本恒定,而在空泡闭合区域后不断增加。顾靖愚等19研究了航行体出水空泡发展溃灭的动力学机理,计算得到了航行体在出水过程中的空泡发展全过程。高山等20基于数值计算方法研究了航行体肩部通气空泡流对其表面流体动力特性的影响,发现当通气量增加到一定值后,通气空泡流在融合前期其厚度与长度不断增大,后期其厚度和长度基本保持不变。
目前关于水下航行体主动空泡问题的研究已经取得一定的进展,主要涵盖了在小尺度上对空泡形态变化的机理研究和空泡对航行体表面的动力特性影响两方面内容,但主动空泡条件下航行体典型的绕流流场的规律特点仍需要进一步完善。本文以航行体水中段运动过程中的流动问题为研究对象,采用数值仿真方法探究了主动空泡运动过程和非定常发展规律,揭示了典型绕流流场特点以及其对航行体表面作用力的影响。
本文重点研究在主动空泡条件下航行体绕流流场结构,为了方便开展数值计算,忽略重力影响等因素并对航行体作出如下简化假设:
a)航行体自然空化处于无空化或初生空化阶段13,即主动空泡开始时航行体肩部无自然空泡;
b)保证相对速度,使航行体保持静止,流体以一定初速度v 0流向航行体,且攻角 α始终为0°;
c)航行体采用二维模型。
数值计算模型如图1所示。ABBDAE为直线段,EOF为圆弧段,O是圆弧顶点同时也作为模型的坐标原点。以柱段宽度L BD=L 0为参考尺寸,柱段无量纲长度L AB/L 0=4,L AE/L 0=0.403,R EF/L 0=0.339,补气点C距航行体肩点A的距离为L AC/L 0=0.07。MN监测点分别在BD附近,用于监测尾缘处的脉动压力,其中L BM/L 0=L DN/L 0=0.065。来流介质为水,来流方向沿航行体水平向右(即x轴正向)。空泡介质为空气,自C点垂直表面向外喷射,补气口宽度ΔL/L 0为0.025。由ABDFE形成的封闭图形的外部为计算流场区域。
本文借助商业CFD软件Fluent 2022R2开展计算工作,采用有限体积法对二维雷诺平均N-S方程进行离散求解,湍流模型采用RNG k-epsilon二方程模型,形式如下:
t ρ m k + x i ρ m k u i = x j α k μ t k x j + G k +
G b - ρ m ε - Y M + S k
t ρ m ε + x i ρ m ε u i = x j α ε μ t k x j +
C 1 ε ε k ( G k + C 3 ε G b ) - C 2 ε ρ m ε 2 k - R ε + S ε
式中 ρ m为流体微团的密度; u i i方向的速度; μ t为湍流涡粘系数; k为湍流动能; ε为湍流动能耗散率; G k为平均速度梯度引起的湍流动能; G b为由于浮力而引发的湍流动能产生项; Y M为可压缩湍流流动中振荡膨胀对耗散率的影响; S k S ε为源项; α k k的负效应Prandtl数; C 1 ε C 2 ε C 3 ε C μ为模型常数。可压缩 R ε为应变率对湍流耗散率的影响:
R ε = C μ ρ m η 3 ( 1 - η / η 0 ) 1 + β μ 3 ε 2 k
其中, η = S k / ε η 0 = 4.38 β = 0.012;其他模型常数采用软件默认值。时间推进采用隐式时间积分法进行求解,压力速度耦合采用PISO方案,湍流动能和湍流耗散率均选择二阶迎风格式。进行非定常计算时,总时间为1.78 s,时间步设定为1×10-4 s,小于流向最小网格长度与来流速度比值的1/3。每个时间步收敛准则为迭代次数达到20,库朗数为定值2。部分边界条件设置见表1,空泡速度、空泡压力均为补气点处空泡的初始流体参数,空泡初始速度方向为垂直航行体表面。多相流模型采用VOF模型21,空气和水表面张力系数设置为0.072 75 N/m。
图2所示,本文对该数值模型采用混合网格划分方式。利用Pointwise网格划分软件对物面进行自然拉伸形成正交性较好的边界层网格,而后将建立的圆形的远场边界与边界层边界之间填充生成非结构网格。为排除网格依赖性影响,在保证边界层第一层网格高度为0.01 mm的前提下,由疏到密设置3套网格,网格量分别为4.61万、7.85万和13.61万。如图3所示,横坐标y 0为无量纲表示,y 0=y/L 0。在无补气条件下,以航行体柱体表面某点法向上的速度分布为依据,进行了网格无关性验证,可以发现网格1与其他网格结果差异较大,网格2和网格3结果几乎保持一致,最终确定采用网格2。近壁面边界层增长率为1.15,边界层平均厚度为60 mm,其中圆弧顶部,航行体肩点和补气点附近网格沿流向加密;非结构网格的衰减率设置为0.9,尾部网格加密以保证可以准确计算复杂的尾部流场。
在无空泡情况下,来流经过航行体形成简单的绕流流场(以下简称背景流场),分析其特性有助于与主动空泡条件下的流场进行对比。图4展示了背景流场的压力和速度云图,图4a中标注了部分等压线,图4b中标注了航行体附近的流线,横坐标x 0为无量纲表示,x 0=x/L 0
首先,在航行体前缘O点附近,来流撞击壁面后前缘点壁面压力陡然升高,由图4可看出前缘点处压力接近500 kPa,与设定的来流压力 p 的比值为1.67。流体在前缘点附近的流速几乎降至零,而后分两股沿前缘直线段向肩点流动,随着压力的降低,流速逐渐增大。而后来流流经前缘点,流道突然变宽,压力迅速降低,导致流速迅速增大。流体在柱体段的上下壁面附近形成边界层并逐渐发展。最后,流体在航行体后缘形成类似卡门涡的结构,在图4a中可看出后缘上肩点形成临时高压区,下肩点形成临时低压区,在整个流动过程中,高、低压区交替形成,由后缘脱落并向下游方向运动。MN监测点压力脉动情况见图5。尾缘附近的压力情况呈现类似正弦式周期变化,周期T 1约为0.428 s,且MN的压力变化方向相反。由以上分析可知,流体在前缘附近经过剧烈的减速和加速,在主体段的上下壁面形成逐渐增厚的边界层,这是流场的稳态特征,而在后缘点附近形成高、低压区交替形成的振荡流场,这是背景流场的瞬态特征。
由于航行体后缘上、下肩点处于大小不等的压力区,因此航行体上、下壁面的压力分布也并不相同。如图6所示,横轴坐标原点位于补气点,纵坐标代表壁面压力 p w的情况。在补气口附近,壁面压力接近0 kPa,这是前缘肩点处流道迅速扩张导致的,当x 0<2.05时,随着边界层的发展,挤压主流道收窄,进而导致壁面压力显著增加,上、下壁面压力变化一致性较好。当x 0>2.05时,上、下壁面压力变化呈现完全相反的趋势,上壁面压力经缓慢增加后陡然升高,而下壁面压力缓慢降低后骤然下降,尾缘下端点压力接近0 kPa。究其原因,是后缘上下肩点附近的临时高、低压力区影响沿边界层向上传递导致的。
由2.1节可知,在x 0=2.05处流体对上、下壁面的压强相等,我们称该点为平衡点Q图7展示了图6中两条曲线在纵轴方向的差值,即沿上、下壁面的压强差分布。可以看出,平衡点附近压差较小,偏离平衡点位置越远,压差越大,注意在航行体尾部,局部压差超过300 kPa,即由于尾流的影响,航行体尾部承受明显的径向作用力。
以航行体的Q点为参考点,可以看出压强差使航行体有绕Q点顺时针旋转的趋势。式(4)给出了计算上、下壁面压强对Q点作用力矩和的方法。
M Q = x 1 x 2 x [ p 1 ( x ) - p 2 ( x ) ] d x
式中 x 1 x 2分别为研究区域横轴最小值和最大值坐标; p 1 ( x ) p 2 ( x )分别为上、下壁面的压强分布,并设定航行体的宽度为1 m。通过离散化求解,可得M Q的值为9.58×105 N·m。即在本时刻航行体将产生俯仰转动的角加速度,角加速度大小和M Q的值有关。
在1.4节介绍的非定常计算方法中,以开始补气为计算零时刻,t=1.78 s为流动终时刻,随着补气的持续进行和来流的冲击扰动,由补气点向外喷射的空气沿着航行体壁面不断发展。如图8所示,流场中红色区域为水相,蓝色区域为气相,中间过渡色表示两相掺混,航行体表面附近部分流线和尾缘回流区域已在图中画出。由图8可知,从0.03 s至0.18 s,气团成一个整体向下游发展延伸,气团类似“机翼”截面,形状较为规则,来流受气团抬升,沿相交接面流动;t=0.58 s时,由于受到流场扰动和水相的剪切作用,气团呈现不连续的多个区域,形状不规则,且上、下壁面气团明显不对称;t=0.98 s时,气团对流体的抬升作用进一步增强,回射流在H点(如图8e)射向壁面并将近壁处气团进一步离散;0.98 s至1.78 s时,气团呈现明显的“勺子”形态的气相结构,气体到达航行体尾缘,尾缘回流区域卷吸入大量的气团结构。
观察图8,主动空泡发展过程具有明显的规律。随着补气持续进行,气团由小至大,当体积增大到一定程度时,气团中掺混的水相会将密度较低的气团分割,分割后气团受到内侧边界层和外侧来流的双重摩擦,形成了狭长的“勺子”形状,此即非稳定空泡19。典型流场结构的示意见图9。较完整的气团(即附体空泡)所处区域为主影响区,被割裂后独自发展的气团所处区域为次影响区,气团尚未影响的区域为无影响区。主影响区发展变大而后分裂为主、次影响区,无影响区范围逐渐缩小直至次影响区进入尾流区,这就是主动空泡发展过程的流场结构变化。
主动空泡对航行体周围流场结构影响较大,空气团充分发展后,必将影响壁面压力分布,进而改变航行体结构在流场中的受力状态。如图10所示,图中展示了5个时刻的上壁面压力情况。t =0 s时主动空泡尚未开始,壁面压力是单调增大的,当t >0 s时,压力分布不再单调变化,而是出现陡增和振荡。图10中箭头所示位置是各时刻壁面压力陡增点,对比相图可知该位置为主影响区的末端。在该点上游,由于气团的覆盖,壁面压力处于基本稳定的状态,在该点下游,处于次影响区的流场压力振荡变化(如t =1.38 s和t =1.78 s两时刻),而处于无影响区的流场依然单调变化(如t =0.08 s和t =0.58 s)。值得注意的是t =0.58 s时航行体后缘压力呈下降趋势,说明此时尾流的低压区交变变化到了上壁面尾缘。通过以上分析可知,航行体壁面覆盖的气团能够改变壁面压力分布,主影响区下壁面压力变化较为稳定,次影响区振荡变化。
为了能更加直观显示主动空泡对壁面压力影响,图11展示了t =1.78 s时刻上、下壁面压力分布对比。与图5对比,主影响区内壁面压力较为平稳,次影响区壁面压力变化较为一致,可见主动空泡条件下航行体壁面下游区域受尾流低压区的影响减弱,流场对航行体径向的不对称作用力得到削弱。
图5表明尾缘附近压力脉动呈现正弦式周期性变化,而值得注意的是,无主动空泡条件下尾缘的临时低压区压力出现小于0 kPa的情况,在数值计算中负压表明该处已出现相变(空化现象),对于航行体水中段运动,这是应该尽力避免的。图12展示了同一周期内有、无主动空泡条件下尾缘压力脉动对比情况,可以看出以下几点:a)主动空泡使尾缘压力在正弦式脉动的基础上又叠加了高频脉动,究其原因是次影响区内气团受到剪切作用,不断分割成体积更小的气团群,它们快速经过尾缘监测点引起了区域压力高频脉动;b)主动空泡使尾缘压力整体提高,临时高压区的平均压力增量(δp 1)约为正弦脉动幅值的5.2%,而临时低压区的平均压力增量(δp 2)约为31.6%;c)负压现象有明显改善,主动空泡条件下,临时低压区在0 kPa附近脉动变化,由图中蓝色阴影区域可知,主动空泡有效地减小了尾缘区域负压持续时间。
航行体模型在流向方向的受力,即阻力主要包括了压差阻力F dp和黏性阻力F df(或称为摩擦阻力)。压差阻力F dp主要存在于航行体头部区域和尾缘,而黏性阻力F df是由壁面边界层造成的,主要存在于航行体上、下壁面。经Fluent计算导出的航行体阻力情况如表2所示,非定常时间起点仍是补气起始时刻。由表2可知,黏性阻力F df在总阻力中占比不超过3%,且该比值随着流动时间不断降低,表明附体的主动空泡能明显削弱水相边界层的发展,有效降低黏性阻力F df的影响作用。
压差阻力和黏性阻力的对比见图13。由于两者数值差异较大,图中已用不同颜色箭头标注说明对应纵坐标轴。观察压差阻力F dp变化趋势,发现在补气起始阶段,压差阻力F dp出现明显跃升,这和补气初始流场中气团(气柱)对来流的阻碍作用有关;而后折线段代表压差阻力波动变化,这是主动空泡沿壁面发展和尾缘区域卡门涡扰动等多种影响耦合的结果;随着气团发展覆盖航行体尾缘,压差阻力F dp急剧下降,黏性阻力F df几乎降至0 N,航行体总阻力达到最小,这说明自航行体肩部覆盖至尾缘的附体空泡能显著降低航行体的流动阻力。
本文就主动空泡对航行体水中段绕流流场影响进行了非定常数值计算,研究结果表明:
a)来流经过航行体形成背景流场,流场压力和速度在圆弧顶、肩点和航行体尾缘处变化急剧,航行体壁面所受流体压力有使其产生俯仰转动的趋势。
b)在主动空泡条件下,气团发展由小至大,气团中掺混的水相会将密度较低的气团分割,而后受到内侧边界层和外侧来流的双重摩擦,形成了狭长的“勺子”形状,流场区域可分为主影响区、次影响区、无影响区和尾流区。
c)空泡气团显著改变壁面和尾缘压力分布。壁面主影响区压力保持稳定,次影响区压力保持阶梯增大,主动补气可一定程度消除尾流影响,使上下壁面压力变化趋于一致,削弱了流场对航行体径向的不对称作用力。而尾缘压力呈现随时间高频脉动特点,空泡使得尾缘流场压力整体提高,有效减少了流场处于负压区的时间,减小了发生空化现象的可能性。
d)主动空泡的发展显著削弱水相边界层对航行体的影响作用,降低了航行体所受的黏性阻力,当空泡发展至尾缘,总阻力降至最低。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250308
  • 接收时间:2024-12-10
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-10
  • 修回日期:2025-03-07
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    1.海军工程大学,武汉,430033
    2.中国人民解放军91049部队,青岛,266100
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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