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To investigate the effects of grease degradation induced by long-term storage on the control characteristics of servo systems, the viscosity properties of the grease during storage are analyzed according to the results from the high-temperature accelerated storage test. Subsequently, the friction of the roller screw transmission is modeled to investigate the influence of lubrication degradation on the friction characteristics of servo system. Eventually, the friction models for various lubrication conditions are integrated into the servo system control simulation model to assess the impact of lubrication degradation on its performance characteristics. The obtained result is that the viscosity properties do not exhibit a clear correlation with the accelerated storage time. Selecting the degradation grease with high viscosity as the research subject, analysis indicates that the lubrication causes the increase of friction torques, the attenuation in amplitude and phase hysteresis in mid-high frequency range in servo system control characteristics. Besides, the attenuation and hysteresis aggravate as the load increases.

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为了研究长期贮存过程中润滑脂性能退化对伺服系统控制特性的影响,基于润滑脂在高温度加速应力条件下贮存试验的结果,研究了润滑脂黏度特性的变化,对滚珠丝杠传动过程中的摩擦力矩进行建模,进一步分析润滑脂退化对传动机构摩擦特性的影响,最后在伺服系统控制模型中引入不同润滑状态下的摩擦力矩模型,分析润滑退化对伺服系统控制特性的影响。结果表明,润滑脂的黏度特性与加速贮存时间之间并未表现出明显的相关性,选取黏度特性退化程度较大的一组润滑脂作为研究对象,发现润滑退化导致滚珠丝杠的摩擦力矩增大,伺服系统的控制特性中出现中高频段幅值的衰减和相位的滞后的现象,而且随着载荷的增加,幅值衰减和相位滞后的效应加剧。

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陶胜(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服系统性能评估技术。

安林雪(1984—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向机电伺服系统数字化设计与仿真技术。

崔佩娟(1983—),女,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计与评估技术。

侯占林(1985—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服机构设计与试验。

魏泽宇(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服系统控制技术。

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陶胜(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服系统性能评估技术。

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陶胜(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服系统性能评估技术。

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安林雪(1984—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向机电伺服系统数字化设计与仿真技术。

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η 0 of grease samples at different sampling time

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润滑脂试验条件

零剪切黏度

η zero/(Pa·s)

无限剪切黏度

η inf /(Pa·s)

原样 987.8 1.621
145 ℃加速贮存72 h 1 255.0 2.199
145 ℃加速贮存216 h 1 617.0 2.503
145 ℃加速贮存360 h 420.8 1.095
), ArticleFig(id=1189594525715656922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026378695039, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同加速贮存试验时间下润滑脂的零剪切黏度η 0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
润滑脂试验条件

零剪切黏度

η zero/(Pa·s)

无限剪切黏度

η inf /(Pa·s)

原样 987.8 1.621
145 ℃加速贮存72 h 1 255.0 2.199
145 ℃加速贮存216 h 1 617.0 2.503
145 ℃加速贮存360 h 420.8 1.095
), ArticleFig(id=1189594525774377179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026378695039, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The frequency characteristic under different lubrication and load condition

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载荷/N 频段/(rad·s-1 ΔL max/dB ΔL mean/dB Δϕ max/(°) Δϕ mean/(°)
5 000 1~100 0.023 8 0.010 7 0.242 0 0.099 8
100~200 0.039 2 0.018 1 0.399 4 0.147 0
200~300 0.116 4 0.031 6 1.167 3 0.494 9
10 000 1~100 0.024 6 -0.004 2 0.295 1 0.012 1
100~200 0.034 5 0.010 1 0.535 9 0.090 0
200~300 0.100 9 0.023 8 1.651 5 0.560 6
15 000 1~100 0.050 7 0.001 8 0.260 8 -0.115 4
100~200 0.068 0 0.038 0 0.447 0 0.171 2
200~300 0.168 8 0.028 0 1.497 2 0.697 6
20 000 1~100 0.119 6 0.034 1 0.212 1 -0.098 6
100~200 0.132 3 0.100 9 1.969 0 0.304 9
200~300 0.563 4 0.225 5 2.257 6 1.026 3
), ArticleFig(id=1189594525837291740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584026378695039, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同润滑状态和工况条件下频率特性变化

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载荷/N 频段/(rad·s-1 ΔL max/dB ΔL mean/dB Δϕ max/(°) Δϕ mean/(°)
5 000 1~100 0.023 8 0.010 7 0.242 0 0.099 8
100~200 0.039 2 0.018 1 0.399 4 0.147 0
200~300 0.116 4 0.031 6 1.167 3 0.494 9
10 000 1~100 0.024 6 -0.004 2 0.295 1 0.012 1
100~200 0.034 5 0.010 1 0.535 9 0.090 0
200~300 0.100 9 0.023 8 1.651 5 0.560 6
15 000 1~100 0.050 7 0.001 8 0.260 8 -0.115 4
100~200 0.068 0 0.038 0 0.447 0 0.171 2
200~300 0.168 8 0.028 0 1.497 2 0.697 6
20 000 1~100 0.119 6 0.034 1 0.212 1 -0.098 6
100~200 0.132 3 0.100 9 1.969 0 0.304 9
200~300 0.563 4 0.225 5 2.257 6 1.026 3
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润滑退化对伺服系统控制特性影响研究
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陶胜 1, 2 , 安林雪 1, 2 , 崔佩娟 1, 2 , 侯占林 1, 2 , 魏泽宇 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 先进伺服技术专栏 2025,48(3): 93-99
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 先进伺服技术专栏 2025, 48(3): 93-99
润滑退化对伺服系统控制特性影响研究
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陶胜1, 2, 安林雪1, 2, 崔佩娟1, 2, 侯占林1, 2, 魏泽宇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
  • 2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
  • 陶胜(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服系统性能评估技术。

    安林雪(1984—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向机电伺服系统数字化设计与仿真技术。

    崔佩娟(1983—),女,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计与评估技术。

    侯占林(1985—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服机构设计与试验。

    魏泽宇(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服系统控制技术。

Study on the Impact of Lubrication Degradation on the Control Characteristics of Servo System
Sheng TAO1, 2, Linxue AN1, 2, Peijuan CUI1, 2, Zhanlin HOU1, 2, Zeyu WEI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Institute of Precision Mechatronics and Controls, Beijing, 100076
  • 2. Control Actuation Innovation Center, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250313
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为了研究长期贮存过程中润滑脂性能退化对伺服系统控制特性的影响,基于润滑脂在高温度加速应力条件下贮存试验的结果,研究了润滑脂黏度特性的变化,对滚珠丝杠传动过程中的摩擦力矩进行建模,进一步分析润滑脂退化对传动机构摩擦特性的影响,最后在伺服系统控制模型中引入不同润滑状态下的摩擦力矩模型,分析润滑退化对伺服系统控制特性的影响。结果表明,润滑脂的黏度特性与加速贮存时间之间并未表现出明显的相关性,选取黏度特性退化程度较大的一组润滑脂作为研究对象,发现润滑退化导致滚珠丝杠的摩擦力矩增大,伺服系统的控制特性中出现中高频段幅值的衰减和相位的滞后的现象,而且随着载荷的增加,幅值衰减和相位滞后的效应加剧。

长期贮存  /  润滑退化  /  黏度特性  /  摩擦特性  /  伺服控制特性

To investigate the effects of grease degradation induced by long-term storage on the control characteristics of servo systems, the viscosity properties of the grease during storage are analyzed according to the results from the high-temperature accelerated storage test. Subsequently, the friction of the roller screw transmission is modeled to investigate the influence of lubrication degradation on the friction characteristics of servo system. Eventually, the friction models for various lubrication conditions are integrated into the servo system control simulation model to assess the impact of lubrication degradation on its performance characteristics. The obtained result is that the viscosity properties do not exhibit a clear correlation with the accelerated storage time. Selecting the degradation grease with high viscosity as the research subject, analysis indicates that the lubrication causes the increase of friction torques, the attenuation in amplitude and phase hysteresis in mid-high frequency range in servo system control characteristics. Besides, the attenuation and hysteresis aggravate as the load increases.

long-term storage  /  lubrication degradation  /  viscosity properties  /  friction characteristics  /  servo control characteristics
陶胜, 安林雪, 崔佩娟, 侯占林, 魏泽宇. 润滑退化对伺服系统控制特性影响研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (3) : 93 -99 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250313
Sheng TAO, Linxue AN, Peijuan CUI, Zhanlin HOU, Zeyu WEI. Study on the Impact of Lubrication Degradation on the Control Characteristics of Servo System[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (3) : 93 -99 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250313
机电伺服机构是航天运输系统的重要组成之一,其控制特性的优劣将直接关系到飞行任务的成败。在航天应用场景中,机电伺服机构往往面临着复杂苛刻的工况,同时还存在长周期免维护服役的现实需求。润滑脂在长期贮存的过程中容易出现基础油挥发、氧化变质等现象,导致其润滑性能改变,并对伺服系统的控制特性产生影响。因此,润滑退化对伺服系统控制特性影响的研究对于航天机电伺服机构可靠性评估能力的提升具有重要意义。
航天机电伺服机构中的润滑脂在长期服役中会发生物理和化学性能的改变,如分油特性、流变特性、氧化安定性等,润滑脂的性能改变将引起伺服系统摩擦特性的变化。目前,国内外学者主要关注润滑脂在工作阶段的机械剪切和摩擦热作用下的退化问题,也有部分学者研究了贮存阶段润滑脂的退化问题。Zhang等1以人工老化的方式模拟滚珠丝杠润滑脂长期贮存过程,通过滚珠滚道腐蚀退化试验、分子动力学模拟和摩擦试验研究润滑脂的退化过程,发现润滑脂的退化行为和摩擦界面特性的演化将共同影响摩擦副的界面状态,导致摩擦系数的增加。Sun等2以双螺母滚珠丝杠为研究对象,基于Reynolds方程计算了不同润滑状态和运行条件下的摩擦系数和摩擦力矩,建立了传动效率模型,并通过摩擦力矩模拟模型试验验证了所建立模型的正确性。Dykas等3通过升温和机械剪切的方式对直升机轴承中的润滑脂开展加速寿命试验,将试验老化的润滑脂和新鲜润滑脂以及直升机大修时拆卸的原位润滑脂进行比较分析,研究发现在润滑脂退化的过程中,添加剂逐渐耗尽,基础油发生降解和挥发。Aditya等4通过自研的滚子轴承试验装置对脂润滑滚子轴承的失效过程开展研究,发现轴承温度升高时,润滑油膜的厚度减小,轴承内圈与滚子之间不能形成有效的动压润滑膜,导致金属表面直接接触,发生磨损。Lugt团队5-7自行研制了润滑脂剪切老化试验机,分析了润滑脂老化过程中的微观结构、分油特性、流变特性,并基于能量方程建立了润滑脂老化模型。润滑脂的退化进一步反映在伺服系统的控制性能上,但目前关于伺服系统润滑退化对控制性能影响的研究较少。因此,本文针对航天机电伺服机构润滑退化问题,基于加速贮存试验结果,开展润滑退化对界面摩擦特性的影响分析,建立不同润滑状态下传动机构的摩擦模型,对润滑退化在伺服控制特性的影响开展研究。
在长期贮存过程中,润滑脂性能的变化会导致传动机构的摩擦特性发生改变。滚珠丝杠作为一种广泛应用于航天机电伺服机构中的传动部件,其摩擦特性对系统的性能有着重要影响。因此,本节将聚焦于滚珠丝杠,深入研究润滑脂退化过程中黏度特性的变化以及由此引起的滚珠丝杠摩擦特性的变化。
在长期贮存过程中,润滑脂所处的空间较为封闭,空气中的水分和氧气对润滑脂性能的影响很小,润滑脂退化主要受到温度的影响,可以通过提高温度来加速模拟润滑脂长期贮存的过程8-9
试验所用的润滑脂为某型新研润滑脂,其各项理化指标符合相关标准要求。在恒定温度条件下对该型润滑脂进行加速贮存试验,用旋转流变仪分别对原样润滑脂和在72 h、216 h、360 h取样的试验润滑脂进行检测,可以得到不同剪切速率下润滑脂的黏度值,其结果如图1所示。
利用Carreau-Yasuda方程10-11对润滑脂的黏度与剪切速率关系进行拟合:
η = η z e r o - η i n f 1 + t 0 γ ˙ a 0 b - 1 / a 0 + η i n f
式中 η是剪切速率为 γ ˙时的润滑脂黏度;η zero为零剪切黏度;η inf为无限剪切黏度;t 0为松弛时间常数;a 0为Yasuda指数;b为幂律指数。Carreau-Yasuda方程拟合结果如图2表1所示。
从试验数据和Carreau-Yasuda方程拟合结果可知,在加速贮存试验的过程中,润滑脂的黏度并不是单方向变化。对于传动机构的摩擦特性而言,润滑脂黏度的增加会导致摩擦力矩的增大,所以选择对黏度特性退化较大的一组润滑脂(t =216 h)作为润滑退化样本来进行后续分析。
本文研究的滚珠丝杠采用增大滚珠直径的方式进行预紧,工作滚道内滚珠除了要受到轴向载荷的作用外,还会受到预紧力作用,滚珠受到的总法向载荷Q
Q = K a ( F a + F a ' ) z s i n α c o s λ  
式中 F a为施加在滚珠丝杠上的总轴向载荷; F a '为滚珠预紧载荷;z为滚珠丝杠副工作滚道内的承载滚珠数;α为滚珠接触角;λ为滚珠丝杠的螺旋升角; K a为考虑滚珠丝杠副变形协调和加工误差所引起的不均匀载荷的校正系数。
在脂润滑工况下,滚珠丝杠副的摩擦力矩可以分为滚珠与丝杠滚道及螺母滚道之间的摩擦力矩、滚珠与滚珠之间的摩擦力矩、滚珠与反向器之间的摩擦力矩以及黏滞摩擦力矩。
滚珠与丝杠滚道及螺母滚道之间的摩擦主要为滚道表面弹性迟滞引起的弹性滞后摩擦 M T和滚珠滚道之间的滑动摩擦 M H;滚珠之间的摩擦力主要为滚珠之间的挤压碰撞引起的摩擦力矩 M G;滚珠与反向器之间的摩擦力主要包括滚珠进出反向器时与反向器之间冲击所引起的摩擦 M R1和滚珠与反向器的滑动摩擦 M R2 12-13
假设每个接触点处的接触载荷相等,滚珠与丝杠滚道及螺母滚道之间的滑动摩擦力矩 M H的计算公式为
M H = 2 z μ s Q r b
式中 µ s为滑动摩擦系数;r b为滚珠半径。
润滑脂的黏滞力也会在滚珠丝杠运行的过程中产生摩擦力矩,从结构上讲,滚珠丝杠与轴承类似,因此可以参考轴承中润滑剂黏滞摩擦分析方法对滚珠丝杠的黏滞摩擦力矩进行分析,Stribeck基于轴承摩擦力矩试验结果提出来由润滑脂黏滞力产生的摩擦力矩 M N计算公式13
M N = 10 - 7 f v ( v n s ) 2 / 3 d 0 3
式中 v为润滑脂的运动黏度;n s为丝杠转速;d 0为丝杠公称直径;f v为黏滞常数,与润滑对象类型和润滑方式相关。
分别计算丝杠转速为5 000 r/min时各个摩擦力矩随外部载荷变化曲线,如图3所示,可知滚珠丝杆副中主要的摩擦力矩为滚珠与滚道之间的滑动摩擦力矩。
润滑脂在贮存过程中黏度特性的变化将导致滚珠丝杠摩擦特性的改变。本节将进一步分析润滑脂贮存所引起的润滑退化对滚珠丝杠接触界面处黏滞摩擦和滑动摩擦的影响。
参考Lin等14对滚珠丝杠运动学的研究,在Frennet坐标系下,滚珠与丝杠接触界面处的相对滑动速度可表示为
v B S = d l ( ω m - ω ) - r b [ ( ω b - ω c o s λ ) c o s α - ω n s i n α ] - r b ( ω t - ω s i n λ ) s i n α r b ( ω t - ω s i n λ ) c o s α T t n b
式中 d l =r 0/cosλr 0为丝杠公称半径,λ为螺旋角;ω为滚珠丝杠的角速度;ω m为滚珠绕丝杠轴线旋转的角速度;α为滚珠接触角;ωtωbωn 为滚珠绕丝杠公转角速度ω Rt、n、b三个方向上产生3个绝对速度分量,表达式为
ω t = ω R c o s β 1 s i n β 2 ω b = - ω R c o s β 1 c o s β 2 ω n = ω R s i n β 1
式中 β 1β 2为相关坐标系轴间夹角。
滚珠自转角速度ω R和公转角速度ω m满足以下关系:
ω R ω m = - ( 1 + γ c o s α 0 ) c o s λ γ ( c o s β 1 c o s α 0 + s i n β 1 s i n α 0 ) ω m ω = 1 1 + ( 1 + γ c o s α 0 ) ( c o s α i + t a n β 1 s i n α i ) ( 1 - γ c o s α i ) ( c o s α 0 + t a n β 1 s i n α 0 )
式中 α iα o分别是滚珠丝杠接触角、滚珠螺母接触角;γ为滚珠半径与丝杠公称半径之比
参考文献[15]对滚珠丝杠接触界面处的运动分析,滚珠在接触界面处的自旋角速度为
ω s p i n = ω s b i n λ + ω n c o s λ
定义坐标系[xyz],其中x与滚珠滑动方向重合,y与滚动方向重合,z与滚珠自转轴重合。
丝杠在坐标系[xyz]下,接触界面中心处的速度为
v B S S = ω ( r 0 - r b c o s α ) c o s λ - r b s i n α s i n λ s i n α - ( r 0 - r b c o s α ) s i n λ c o s α T x y
滚珠在坐标系[xyz]下滚珠丝杠接触界面中心处的速度为
v B S B = d l ( ω m - ω ) + r 0 ω c o s λ + r b ( - ω b c o s α + ω n s i n α ) c o s λ - r 0 ω s i n λ T x y
根据公式(8)~(10)可得接触界面处滚珠表面速度V BS-ball和丝杠速度V BS-screw关于位置坐标(xy)的函数:
V B S - b a l l ( x , y ) = v B S B + ω s p i n - y x
V B S - s c r e w ( x ,   y ) = v B S S
对于滚珠丝杠接触界面,在(xy)处的油膜上下表面之间的相对速度为
Δ V B S ( x ,   y ) = | V B S - s c r e w ( x , y ) - V B S - b a l l ( x ,   y ) |
对于滚珠与螺母接触界面,螺母在接触界面中心处的速度为
v B N N = - r 0 ω s i n λ t a n λ - r 0 ω s i n λ c o s α T x y
滚珠在与螺母接触界面中心处的速度为
v B N B = d l ( ω m - ω ) + r 0 ω c o s λ + r b ( ω b c o s α - ω n s i n α ) c o s λ - r 0 ω s i n λ T x y
同理可得滚珠螺母接触界面处滚珠表面速度V BN-ball和螺母表面速度V BN-screw关于位置坐标(xy)的函数以及两界面间油膜上下界面相对速度的函数。
计算不同丝杠转速下滚珠丝杠、滚珠螺母接触界面中心处的相对速度,其变化趋势如图4所示,滚珠在两个接触面处的相对速度相近,滚珠螺母接触界面处的相对速度略小于滚珠丝杠接触界面处。
Hamrcock和Dowson对点接触弹流润滑进行了系统的数值分析,提出了中心油膜厚度计算公式16
H c * = 2.69 G * 0.53 U * 0.67 W * 0.067 ( 1 - 0.61 e - 0.73 k )
式中 H c *为中心油膜厚度参数, H c * =h c /R xh c为中心油膜厚度,R x为接触点法向平面内综合曲率半径;G* 为材料参数,G* m E′α m为润滑脂的黏压系数,E′为当量弹性模量; U *为速度参数, U * = η 0 u / ( E ' R x 2 )η 0为润滑脂常温动力黏度,u为接触处卷吸速度;W* 为载荷参数, W * = Q / ( E ' R x 2 )Q为接触载荷;k为接触椭圆的椭圆率。
根据Hamrock-Dowson膜厚公式分别计算正常润滑和退化润滑状态下中心油膜厚度,结果如图5所示。从式(16)和计算结果可知,油膜厚度与润滑脂的黏度正相关,与正常润滑状态相比,润滑退化的润滑脂黏度更大,所以中心油膜厚度更大;两种润滑状态下,随着外部载荷的增大,油膜厚度减小。
根据接触界面的相对速度和中心油膜厚度可以求出润滑界面处润滑脂的剪切速率:
γ . = Δ v Δ y
将润滑脂剪切速率代入到1.1节Carreau-Yasuda拟合方程中,可以求得对应工况下润滑脂的黏度,进一步可以通过式(4)求得润滑脂的黏滞摩擦力矩。
图6为不同润滑状态下的黏滞摩擦力矩,根据图6的结果可知,与正常润滑相比,润滑退化状态下润滑脂的黏滞摩擦力矩更大;黏滞摩擦力矩与丝杠转速正相关;当外部载荷增大时,油膜厚度变小,剪切速率增大,润滑脂的黏度略微减小,导致黏滞摩擦力矩减小。
克拉盖尔斯基等17-18根据试验结果归纳了滑动摩擦系数的关系式:
u s = ( A + B s ) e - C s + D
式中 u s为滑动摩擦系数;s为滑动速度;ABCD为由载荷和润滑剂状态决定的常数。
绘制丝杠载荷为5 000 N时,正常润滑与润滑退化状态下,滑动摩擦系数随滑动速度变化曲线,其结果如图7所示。根据结果可知,润滑脂退化会导致滑动摩擦系数增大,进一步导致滚珠丝杠副中滑动摩擦力矩的增大。
为进一步分析不同润滑状态对伺服系统控制特性的影响,建立了伺服系统控制特性模型,分析不同润滑状态、工况对系统动态响应特性的影响。
在软件中构建永磁同步电机物理模型,整合第1章得到的摩擦特性相关公式,形成摩擦特性模块,该模块以润滑状态、电机转速及负载轴向载荷为输入参数,输出参数为摩擦力矩,并输出到电机负载力矩上。形成的不同润滑特性下伺服系统控制特性模型,如图8所示。
在不同的负载工况条件下,在伺服系统控制特性模型中进行频率特性仿真,模拟滚珠丝杠副正常润滑状态和退化润滑状态下的控制特性。
定义ΔL=L n-L d,Δϕ=ϕ n-ϕ dL nϕ n分别为正常润滑状态下的幅值增益和相位差,L dϕ d分别为退化润滑状态下的幅值增益和相位差,ΔL、Δϕ的变化曲线如图9所示。
分别在外部载荷为5 000 N、10 000 N、15 000 N、20 000 N的工况下对系统的频率特性进行测试,并统计分析低中高频段两种润滑状态下幅值增益和相位差差值的最大值ΔL max、Δϕ max和均值ΔL mean、Δϕ mean,结果如表2所示。
从结果可知,润滑退化导致滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩增大,进一步反映为控制系统幅值的衰减和相位的滞后,而且在中高频段润滑退化所引起的幅值衰减和相位滞后更加明显;从载荷变化的角度,随着载荷的增大,幅值的衰减和相位的滞后效应加剧。
根据润滑脂加速贮存试验的结果可知,随着加速贮存时间的延长,润滑脂的黏度并非单方向变化。选择黏度特性退化程度较大的一组润滑脂作为研究对象,发现润滑脂的黏度退化导致润滑脂在接触界面处的摩擦力矩增大。将摩擦仿真模块引入到伺服系统控制特性模型中,结果显示润滑退化在伺服控制系统动态特性上表现为幅值的衰减和相位滞后,而且随着外部载荷的增加,幅值衰减和相位滞后的程度变大。
参考文献 引证文献
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[1]
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2025年第48卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250313
  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
  • 修回日期:2025-05-05
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    1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
    2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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