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In order to respond to the booming development of the commercial satellite launch service market, while effectively utilizing the launching capacity of domestic satellite launch missions and the available envelope space within the payload fairing, and to provide more cost-effective launch services for satellite users, the Long March-2D launch vehicle has developed a main satellite-disk mounting configuration and a tandem-parallel-side hybrid configuration for micro satellite piggyback and multi-satellite rideshare launch missions. This has been applied in the launch missions of the Chinese Hα Solar Explorer (CHASE) and Qilu-2/3 satellites. The feasibility and efficiency of the configuration layout design have been validated through flight tests, achieving effective integration and flexible deployment of satellites with different installation methods. As a mature liquid launch vehicle of conventional propellant, the application of rideshare mode further enhances the mission adaptability of the Long March-2D launch vehicle and can reduce the launch cost of a single satellite.

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为了应对商业卫星发射服务市场的蓬勃发展,同时有效利用国家卫星发射任务的运载余量和卫星整流罩内可用包络空间,为卫星用户提供更具性价比的发射服务,长征二号丁火箭针对微纳卫星搭载和多星拼箭任务研制了主星-圆盘搭载构型和串并联-侧挂混合式构型,并在羲和号和齐鲁二、三号卫星发射任务中得到应用。通过飞行试验验证了构型布局设计的可行性和高效性,实现了不同安装方式的卫星有效集成和灵活部署。作为一型成熟的常温液体运载火箭,共享火箭发射模式的应用使长征二号丁火箭的任务适应性进一步增强,且能降低单颗卫星的发射成本,目前已推广至国际发射服务项目中,具备较强的国际竞争力。

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李懿德(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭总体设计与项目管理。

陆 辉(1975—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭电气系统总装设计。

赵学成(1981—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭箭体结构设计。

陈文达(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭总体性能设计。

祁 瑞(1985—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为航天器动力学与控制。

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Analysis of the key elements of the launch of "one launch with 41 satellites"[J]. Space International, 2024(3): 47-52., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1189594605285798321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584025334313333, awardId=L252096, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市自然科学基金资助项目(L252096), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1189594598113538343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584025334313333, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189594598126121256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584025334313333, companyId=1189594598113538343, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Typical launch configuration technical status

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序号 构型 技术状态
1 基本型 直径3 350 mm卫星整流罩
2 构型1(G1) 直径2 900 mm卫星整流罩串联
3 构型2(G2) 直径3 800 mm卫星整流罩
4 构型3(G3) 直径4 000 mm卫星整流罩
5 构型4(G4) 直径3 350 mm卫星整流罩三星串联
6 构型5(G5) 直径3 350 mm卫星整流罩双星串联
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典型发射构型技术状态

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序号 构型 技术状态
1 基本型 直径3 350 mm卫星整流罩
2 构型1(G1) 直径2 900 mm卫星整流罩串联
3 构型2(G2) 直径3 800 mm卫星整流罩
4 构型3(G3) 直径4 000 mm卫星整流罩
5 构型4(G4) 直径3 350 mm卫星整流罩三星串联
6 构型5(G5) 直径3 350 mm卫星整流罩双星串联
), ArticleFig(id=1189594604862173601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584025334313333, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

CZ-2D Y53 mission satellite technical status

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卫星 外形尺寸/mm 安装方式
卫星1 直径2 100×1 900 立式
卫星2 350×350×725 立式
卫星3 616×580.3×709.1 立式
卫星4 直径805×900 立式
卫星5 950×395×840 立式
卫星6 480×650×700 立式
卫星7 480×650×700 立式
卫星8 1 561×535×693 立式
卫星 外形尺寸/mm 安装方式
卫星9 200.4×275.6×441.5 均可适应
卫星10 433×124×169.5 均可适应
卫星11 433×124×169.5 均可适应
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CZ-2D Y53任务卫星技术状态

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卫星 外形尺寸/mm 安装方式
卫星1 直径2 100×1 900 立式
卫星2 350×350×725 立式
卫星3 616×580.3×709.1 立式
卫星4 直径805×900 立式
卫星5 950×395×840 立式
卫星6 480×650×700 立式
卫星7 480×650×700 立式
卫星8 1 561×535×693 立式
卫星 外形尺寸/mm 安装方式
卫星9 200.4×275.6×441.5 均可适应
卫星10 433×124×169.5 均可适应
卫星11 433×124×169.5 均可适应
), ArticleFig(id=1189594605042528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584025334313333, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

CZ-2D Y71 mission satellite technical status

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卫星 外形尺寸/mm 安装方式
卫星1 830×950×1 905 立式
卫星2 830×870×1 215 立式
卫星3 1 628×直径1 600 立式
卫星4 500×560×480 侧挂
卫星5 500×560×480 侧挂
卫星6 560×560×480 侧挂
卫星7 510×610×850 均可适应
卫星8 560×360×300 侧挂
卫星9 560×360×410 侧挂
卫星 外形尺寸/mm 安装方式
卫星10 434.5 ×346.6 ×340.8 均可适应
卫星11 424×200×206 均可适应
卫星12 424×200×206 均可适应
卫星13 768×500×860 立式
卫星14 719×347.3×330.8 均可适应
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CZ-2D Y71任务卫星技术状态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星 外形尺寸/mm 安装方式
卫星1 830×950×1 905 立式
卫星2 830×870×1 215 立式
卫星3 1 628×直径1 600 立式
卫星4 500×560×480 侧挂
卫星5 500×560×480 侧挂
卫星6 560×560×480 侧挂
卫星7 510×610×850 均可适应
卫星8 560×360×300 侧挂
卫星9 560×360×410 侧挂
卫星 外形尺寸/mm 安装方式
卫星10 434.5 ×346.6 ×340.8 均可适应
卫星11 424×200×206 均可适应
卫星12 424×200×206 均可适应
卫星13 768×500×860 立式
卫星14 719×347.3×330.8 均可适应
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长征二号丁运载火箭拼箭发射构型设计与实践
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李懿德 1, 2 , 陆辉 2 , 赵学成 2 , 陈文达 2 , 祁瑞 1
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(3): 1-7
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(3): 1-7
长征二号丁运载火箭拼箭发射构型设计与实践
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李懿德1, 2, 陆辉2, 赵学成2, 陈文达2, 祁瑞1
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学宇航学院,北京,100081
  • 2.上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海,201109
  • 李懿德(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭总体设计与项目管理。

    陆 辉(1975—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭电气系统总装设计。

    赵学成(1981—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭箭体结构设计。

    陈文达(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭总体性能设计。

    祁 瑞(1985—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为航天器动力学与控制。

Configuration Design and Application of Long March-2D Launch Vehicle Small Satellite Rideshare Mission
Yide LI1, 2, Hui LU2, Xuecheng ZHAO2, Wenda CHEN2, Rui QI1
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing, 100081
  • 2. Aerospace System Engineering Shanghai, Shanghai, 201109
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250301
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为了应对商业卫星发射服务市场的蓬勃发展,同时有效利用国家卫星发射任务的运载余量和卫星整流罩内可用包络空间,为卫星用户提供更具性价比的发射服务,长征二号丁火箭针对微纳卫星搭载和多星拼箭任务研制了主星-圆盘搭载构型和串并联-侧挂混合式构型,并在羲和号和齐鲁二、三号卫星发射任务中得到应用。通过飞行试验验证了构型布局设计的可行性和高效性,实现了不同安装方式的卫星有效集成和灵活部署。作为一型成熟的常温液体运载火箭,共享火箭发射模式的应用使长征二号丁火箭的任务适应性进一步增强,且能降低单颗卫星的发射成本,目前已推广至国际发射服务项目中,具备较强的国际竞争力。

微纳卫星  /  构型布局  /  一箭多星  /  拼箭发射  /  卫星整流罩

In order to respond to the booming development of the commercial satellite launch service market, while effectively utilizing the launching capacity of domestic satellite launch missions and the available envelope space within the payload fairing, and to provide more cost-effective launch services for satellite users, the Long March-2D launch vehicle has developed a main satellite-disk mounting configuration and a tandem-parallel-side hybrid configuration for micro satellite piggyback and multi-satellite rideshare launch missions. This has been applied in the launch missions of the Chinese Hα Solar Explorer (CHASE) and Qilu-2/3 satellites. The feasibility and efficiency of the configuration layout design have been validated through flight tests, achieving effective integration and flexible deployment of satellites with different installation methods. As a mature liquid launch vehicle of conventional propellant, the application of rideshare mode further enhances the mission adaptability of the Long March-2D launch vehicle and can reduce the launch cost of a single satellite.

microsatellite  /  configuration layout  /  one arrow with multiple stars  /  arrow assembly and launch  /  fairing
李懿德, 陆辉, 赵学成, 陈文达, 祁瑞. 长征二号丁运载火箭拼箭发射构型设计与实践. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (3) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250301
Yide LI, Hui LU, Xuecheng ZHAO, Wenda CHEN, Rui QI. Configuration Design and Application of Long March-2D Launch Vehicle Small Satellite Rideshare Mission[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (3) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250301
长征二号丁(CZ-2D)运载火箭是在长征四号甲(CZ-4A)火箭的基础上研制的两级常温液体运载火箭,于1992年8月进行首次飞行取得圆满成功。为满足新一代返回式卫星的发射需求,长征二号丁火箭于2000年开始实施技术改进,提高运载能力,2003年11月3日,改进后的第2批次火箭成功发射。
近年来,随着国际商业航天的蓬勃发展,世界各国主力运载火箭均推出了高性价比的“拼箭”发射模式及相关产品1,其中美国太空探索技术公司、火箭实验室、欧洲阿里安公司、俄罗斯国家航天集团公司分别依托猎鹰-92-3、电子号4、织女星5、联盟-2等运载火箭已完成多次拼箭发射,加剧了市场竞争态势。中国长征二号丙6、长征六号、长征八号7、力箭一号8-9等运载火箭也先后推出了多种拼箭发射构型以满足商业发射需求。
美国猎鹰-9运载火箭曾于2021年在运输者-1任务中实现了一箭143星拼箭发射,如图1所示,其拼箭构型采用模块化适配器堆叠形成中心承力筒,以直接侧挂或安装转接支架的方式形成“树杈”式布局以适应不同规格微纳卫星的安装接口,并在承力筒顶端安装质量体积较大的主星。
欧洲航天局织女星火箭在2020年完成了小型航天器任务服务的首飞,为53颗微纳卫星提供了发射服务。如图2所示,由于织女星火箭本身运力较小,因此其采用了基于复合材料结构的整体式多星适配器,通过高低错层布局提高卫星整流罩包络利用率,提供大中小3种不同规格的安装位置,且可同时兼顾立式与侧挂两种不同安装方式。
中科宇航技术股份有限公司研制的力箭一号火箭自首飞以来已完成多次拼箭发射,其中力箭一号遥二火箭在2013年完成一箭26星发射。在构型布局设计上,该型火箭主要采用主星立式顶置+一体化承力筒侧挂+转接支架倾斜立式安装的结构设计,以同时适应不同卫星安装方式并尽可能减少适配结构增重对运载能力的影响,力箭一号典型发射构型见图3
纵观国内外现有火箭型号的拼箭发射构型,可以看出在构型布局设计上具有一定规律,即质量体积较大的卫星一般作为整箭经费的主要来源,在任务中将充当主星的地位,因此在布局设计时往往将其布置在组合体的核心位置,确保其所处力学环境相对较优,且在星箭分离时序中先行分离以提高可靠性。而提供给其余拼箭卫星的安装位置则需适应火箭本身面向的市场,在欧美国家立方星的发射需求相对旺盛,因此在拼箭构型中会给立方星预留较多安装接口。相反,中国商业卫星更多采用自研卫星平台,需视不同任务定制发射构型与安装支架。
2007年5月25日,长征二号丁遥八火箭首次执行一箭多星发射任务,除主星外以支承舱侧壁安装方式搭载发射一颗浙江大学研制的皮卫星10-12。此后,随着发射需求的多样化,长征二号丁火箭拓展出了双星并联、串联、侧挂等多种构型。以上构型主要针对单一卫星用户进行设计,构型相对简单,面对多样化的微小卫星发射服务市场,长征二号丁火箭亟需研制更灵活、更具适应性的拼箭发射构型。
长征二号丁火箭于2003年12月以长征四号乙火箭B型整流罩为基础并去掉倒锥段,研制了直径3 350 mm的旋转分离卫星整流罩,用于发射太阳同步轨道卫星。其连接、分离方式均继承了长征四号乙火箭的成熟技术,经实践七号(SJ-7)卫星任务飞行试验考核,成为长征二号丁火箭的基本型状态,经整流罩内布局优化设计可形成主星-圆盘单整流罩搭载构型,应用于羲和号一箭11星发射任务。在后续任务牵引下,先后研制了5种构型和远征三号多星发射上面级。
构型1是在高景一号商业遥感卫星星座一箭双星发射需求背景下,以长征四号乙/丙火箭的二、三级级间段和直径2 900 mm卫星整流罩为基础,将级间段作为过渡舱B,并新研一个直径2 900 mm,高度1 000 mm的过渡舱A,与直径2 900 mm卫星整流罩共同组成双星串联构型。该构型在2016—2018年间,先后发射2组高景一号商业遥感卫星及沙特阿拉伯Saudisat-5A/5B卫星。
构型2、3是为发射远征三号上面级而研制的两型大直径卫星整流罩构型,以适应上面级包络大、星器组合体高度高等特点。直径3 800 mm、4 000 mm卫星整流罩均在长征四号乙/丙相同直径产品基础上改进倒锥段研制而成。随着卫星包络的日趋增加及一箭多星的发射需求,构型2、3在不含上面级的卫星发射任务中也有着广泛的应用,作为羲和号一箭11星任务的拓展状态,应用于主星-圆盘搭载构型中主星包络较大的发射任务,已先后为长光卫星技术股份有限公司、航天宏图信息技术股份有限公司、银河航天等企业完成多次商业卫星发射。其中构型2在2023年6月15日实现了一箭41星发射,刷新了中国一箭多星发射的数量纪录13-15
构型4是以发射遥感卫星星座为背景,在现有的基本型构型基础上,新研F/G/H三型直径3 350 mm过渡舱及大锥角倒置支承舱B,形成三星串联发射构型。通过大锥角倒置支承舱的使用有效限制了星罩组合体高度,提高发射场星箭联合操作及组合体转场效率,已圆满完成15次系列遥感卫星发射任务。
构型5则是在构型4的基础上去掉过渡舱H,可兼顾商业卫星发射需求,现已成为长征二号丁火箭承接拼箭任务的主力构型之一,体现了火箭结构设计通用化的理念,将在后文齐鲁二/三号串并联-侧挂混合式布局任务中详细介绍。
长征二号丁典型发射构型见表1图4
长征二号丁火箭在2021—2023年间先后执行了羲和号一箭11星(CZ-2D Y53)及齐鲁二/三号一箭14星(CZ-2D Y71)等拼箭发射任务。
在CZ-2D Y53任务中,除主星外还有10颗拼箭卫星,卫星外观构型及主要技术状态见图5表2
图5表2可以看出,在本发任务中,卫星的主结构形态各异,包括球形、扁梯形等特殊构型,星上天线等凸出物较多,且卫星提出搭载需求时均已处于正样状态,无法更改安装面。若按常规布局方式将超出卫星整流罩内可用包络,必须对每颗卫星设计个性化安装支架,通过调整支架形式减小卫星特殊构型对安装布局、星箭分离的影响。
在CZ-2D Y71任务中,则以齐鲁二/三号双星为主星,另征集了12颗拼箭卫星。
卫星外观构型及主要技术状态见图6表3
在该任务中,卫星构型相较于CZ-2D Y53任务相对标准,部分卫星在长征二号丁火箭历次任务中已有搭载经历。但其中3颗体积质量较大的卫星1~3采用包带分离装置立式安装,其布局位置将决定全箭的构型。
纵观目前微小卫星对运载火箭的技术要求,主要包括卫星质量特性、包络尺寸、安装方式、发射轨道、星箭接口、分离速度、姿态及角速度要求等。而卫星的安装方式将直接影响拼箭任务的构型布局设计,在实际项目执行过程中,运载火箭研制方会在同一发任务中尽量选取相同安装方式的拼箭卫星,以减少为适应卫星安装而产生的额外结构质量,提高火箭运载效率。
在特殊情况下,由于发射计划排期和卫星自身设计约束等因素,火箭必须适应不同安装方式的卫星混合布局的工况,以满足用户需求,提高火箭的适应性及市场竞争力,需要在确保一定运载能力的同时研制适应多种拼箭工况的通用化拼箭构型。
在羲和号任务中,根据主星发射轨道要求计算,CZ-2D Y53火箭若采用多星串联构型,则新增过渡舱结构质量带来的运载能力损失将导致拼箭卫星数量减少,火箭单位发射成本增大,不利于性价比设计,因此必须在基本型单整流罩构型中尽可能提高罩内空间利用率。本发任务中的10颗拼箭卫星均可适应立式安装,给罩内布局设计提供了有利条件,在这一背景下,根据主星及搭载星技术要求和构型特点,决定采用单星+搭载圆盘的布局方案,参考长征四号乙运载火箭载荷舱搭载构型多星分配器典型布局形式的支承舱设计,新研搭载圆盘支承舱。为满足接口匹配要求,增加支承舱与660适配器之间的锥形过渡段和过渡舱M,高度分别为360 mm和400 mm,如图7所示。
其中搭载圆盘外径为2 900 mm,为提高搭载圆盘的支撑刚度和承载能力,在搭载圆盘与支承舱桁条之间设置三角撑。在支承舱上端框螺栓孔位置预埋通孔埋件增加局部刚度,蜂窝圆盘和过渡舱M下端框通过埋件与支承舱上端框连接。经结构强度计算,可以承受拼箭卫星在火箭主动段飞行过程中的动态、静态载荷,且刚度较大,飞行中变形小,各拼箭卫星不会与主星及其余结构产生干涉。
同时,为满足星箭分离安全性,在搭载圆盘上设置钣金支架,使卫星2、卫星3、卫星5、卫星6、卫星7向外倾斜10°安装,卫星4抬高安装,如图8所示。为适应立方星POD分离装置特点,在整流罩包络限制内解决POD装置开门方向限制,在搭载圆盘对应位置进行开口避让处理,如图9所示。
为确保发射场星箭联合操作过程中主星及搭载星在星箭对接时的操作可达性和安全性,防止卫星吊具吊带与组合体发生磕碰,对星箭对接顺序采取了针对性设计,将呈“品”字型布局的卫星3、卫星5、卫星7先行对接,以留出充足的操作空间完成主星的对接及紧固件定力,而后再进行其余拼箭卫星的对接安装。同时,借助计算机辅助设计软件建立产品数字样机和人员模型,进行操作可达性详细分析。经CZ-2D Y53飞行试验验证,该构型设计合理。
在齐鲁二/三号拼箭发射任务中,卫星技术状态较为复杂,14颗卫星同时包含立式、侧挂等不同技术状态,且从任务立项到发射履约时间紧迫,研制周期短,需尽可能利用现有货架产品完成构型布局设计。根据主星轨道要求计算,本发任务运载余量较为富裕,扣除结构增重后仍能提供不小于1 000 kg的运载能力,覆盖卫星总质量,全箭可采用串联构型。因此CZ-2D Y71火箭在构型4的基础上去掉过渡舱H,并将大锥角支承舱B正置使用作为上支承舱,成为构型5状态。将下支承舱替换为成熟产品双星并联支承舱,供齐鲁二/三号并联布局使用。为提高罩内空间利用率,在并联支承舱侧壁加装搭载支架,以满足卫星立式安装要求。在过渡舱G内壁增设立方星挂载支架,安装4颗立方星,罩内卫星布局如图10所示。
针对6颗质量、包络较小的卫星侧挂安装要求,新研小卫星通用适配器,直径为1 260 mm,高度为740 mm,可堆叠组合使用。6个均布卫星安装接口可适应432包带适配器直接侧挂安装,加装转接板后可适应目前市场上绝大部分50~100 kg级卫星分离装置安装。
具体卫星对接安装顺序如下,操作流程如图11所示:
a)吊装卫星4~9与通用小卫星适配器对接;
b)吊装通用小卫星适配器和卫星4~9组合体与支承舱B对接;
c)卫星3安装包带适配器;
d)吊装卫星3、适配器及支承舱过渡段与通用小卫星适配器对接;
e)卫星整流罩扣罩;
f)并联支承舱及过渡舱G上星罩组合体转场运输车,4颗立方星与过渡舱G搭载支架对接;
g)吊装卫星13与并联支承舱侧壁搭载支架对接;
h)吊装卫星1、2与并联支承舱对接;
i)吊装卫星整流罩和过渡舱F组合体与过渡舱G对接。
经CZ-2D Y71火箭飞行试验验证,该构型设计合理,14颗卫星及载荷舱均成功分离。
运载火箭多星拼箭发射已逐渐成为微纳卫星低成本进入太空的主要模式,国内外多型火箭已针对这一任务形式研制了专用构型布局方案,主要呈现出以提高整流罩空间利用率、推动星箭接口标准化、优化主动段力学环境和星箭界面响应、减小箭体质心横移提高飞行姿态控制稳定性为目标的研制规律。
随着商业卫星产业的发展,不同的卫星用户也对发射服务提出了更多的个性化需求。对运载火箭拼箭发射而言,还需进一步提高对任务的扩展灵活性适应能力,比如使火箭末子级具备对卫星目标轨道的小范围机动能力,预留扩展接口和空间并提高星箭机电接口通用性以适应临时增加的卫星或其他有效载荷等。
长征二号丁火箭自首飞以来始终保持着100%的发射成功率,已成为中国低轨卫星发射的主力运载火箭,其高可靠、高适应性、高性价比的优势更是受到国内外商业卫星用户的青睐。长征二号丁火箭拼箭构型的研制及成功完成飞行试验,将巩固其在国际商业发射市场上的竞争力,对型号在商业航天时代的发展具有重要意义。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(L252096)
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2025年第48卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250301
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
  • 修回日期:2025-04-07
基金
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(L252096)
作者信息
    1.北京理工大学宇航学院,北京,100081
    2.上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海,201109
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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