Article(id=1189584025028124910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1189584023958577387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250305, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741449600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-09, revisedDate=1745424000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761548532968, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761548532968, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761548532968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761548532968, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189584023958577387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761548532712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761549224040, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189586923627738079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1189584023958577387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189586923627738080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1189584023958577387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189584026596794618, articleId=1189584025028124910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Optimization of Perturbation Guidance Parameters based on Adjoint Sensitivity, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The guidance system, a core subsystem of launch vehicles, is crucial for the successful launch. Perturbation guidance, as the primary guidance method for domestic rockets within the atmosphere, relies on the design efficiency and precision of guidance parameters to determine the overall system performance. Traditionally, the parameter design is carried out by designers through extensive trial calculations and experience-based adjustments, resulting in low efficiency and high costs. To address this issue, an automatic optimization method for perturbation guidance parameters based on adjoint sensitivity and the Adam gradient descent algorithm is proposed. By constructing a point-mass dynamic model of the launch vehicle, the guidance parameter design is transformed into a constrained optimization problem. The adjoint sensitivity method is employed to efficiently compute the gradient of the objective function with respect to parameters, while the Adam algorithm adaptively adjusts the learning rate to achieve parameter auto-tuning. A two-stage launch vehicle is tested under random wind field disturbances. The perturbation guidance control parameters are optimized using a cost function that combines trajectory tracking errors and terminal range deviations. Simulation results show that the compared with the traditional manual tuning method, the proposed method can quickly find suitable control parameters. It provides an efficient and precise solution for the design of perturbation guidance parameters in launch vehicles, significantly reducing simulation time and design costs. The method also offers engineering reference value for improving the optimization efficiency of complex dynamic systems

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制导系统是运载火箭的核心子系统,是火箭成功发射的关键。摄动制导作为目前中国火箭在大气层内的主要制导方式,制导参数的设计效率与设计精度决定着制导系统的整体设计水平。传统的参数设计依赖于设计人员大量试算,凭经验进行调整,效率低且成本高。为此,提出一种基于伴随灵敏度与Adam梯度下降法的摄动制导参数自动优化方法。通过构建运载火箭质点动力学模型,将制导参数设计转化为含约束的优化问题,利用伴随灵敏度法高效计算目标函数对参数的梯度,结合Adam算法自适应调整学习率,实现参数自动调优,并以某二级光杆火箭为对象,引入随机风场干扰,以飞行轨迹跟踪误差和终端射程偏差为代价函数,对摄动制导控制参数进行优化。仿真试验表明,与传统人工调优的方法相比,此方法可以快速找到合适的控制参数,为运载火箭摄动制导参数设计提供了高效、精确的解决方案,可大幅缩短仿真时间并减少设计成本,对提升复杂动态系统优化效率具有工程参考价值。

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岳 珂(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为运载火箭设计、控制与制导。

王珺珑(2001—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为航天器动力学与控制。

文 浩(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为航天器动力学及控制。

张文丰(1975—),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为运载火箭数字化与信息化。

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岳 珂(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为运载火箭设计、控制与制导。

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岳 珂(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为运载火箭设计、控制与制导。

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张文丰(1975—),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为运载火箭数字化与信息化。

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张文丰(1975—),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为运载火箭数字化与信息化。

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Rocket structural parameters

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模块 参数名称 数值
一子级 结构质量/kg 13 862
单台发动机推力/N 95 250
单台发动机推进剂秒耗量/(kg·s-1 262.5
发动机数量 4
推进剂质量/kg 233 263
二子级 结构质量/kg 5 522.3
单台发动机推力/N 264 750
单台发动机推进剂秒耗量/(kg·s-1 80
发动机数量 1
推进剂质量/kg 44 870
整流罩 整流罩质量/kg 4 263.2
整流罩参考面积/m2 8.814
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火箭结构参数

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模块 参数名称 数值
一子级 结构质量/kg 13 862
单台发动机推力/N 95 250
单台发动机推进剂秒耗量/(kg·s-1 262.5
发动机数量 4
推进剂质量/kg 233 263
二子级 结构质量/kg 5 522.3
单台发动机推力/N 264 750
单台发动机推进剂秒耗量/(kg·s-1 80
发动机数量 1
推进剂质量/kg 44 870
整流罩 整流罩质量/kg 4 263.2
整流罩参考面积/m2 8.814
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Rocket structural parameters

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设计参数 伴随灵敏度法 人工调优法
k 1 φ 2.580 × 10 - 5 7.500 × 10 - 8
k 2 φ 1.937 × 10 - 5 3.375 × 10 - 7
k 3 φ - 1.446 × 10 - 5 1.275 × 10 - 5
k 4 φ 1.337 × 10 - 4 1.500 × 10 - 3
k 5 φ - 5.301 × 10 - 5 - 1.000 × 10 - 6
k 6 φ 2.871 × 10 - 5 7.500 × 10 - 6
k 1 ψ - 1.193 × 10 - 5 2.750 × 10 - 9
k 2 ψ 6.220 × 10 - 6 8.175 × 10 - 8
k 3 ψ - 1.438 × 10 - 5 1.325 × 10 - 11
k 4 ψ - 4.455 × 10 - 7 1.500 × 10 - 6
k 5 ψ - 5.859 × 10 - 8 3.750 × 10 - 9
k 6 ψ - 4.339 × 10 - 7 1.375 × 10 - 9
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优化参数对比

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设计参数 伴随灵敏度法 人工调优法
k 1 φ 2.580 × 10 - 5 7.500 × 10 - 8
k 2 φ 1.937 × 10 - 5 3.375 × 10 - 7
k 3 φ - 1.446 × 10 - 5 1.275 × 10 - 5
k 4 φ 1.337 × 10 - 4 1.500 × 10 - 3
k 5 φ - 5.301 × 10 - 5 - 1.000 × 10 - 6
k 6 φ 2.871 × 10 - 5 7.500 × 10 - 6
k 1 ψ - 1.193 × 10 - 5 2.750 × 10 - 9
k 2 ψ 6.220 × 10 - 6 8.175 × 10 - 8
k 3 ψ - 1.438 × 10 - 5 1.325 × 10 - 11
k 4 ψ - 4.455 × 10 - 7 1.500 × 10 - 6
k 5 ψ - 5.859 × 10 - 8 3.750 × 10 - 9
k 6 ψ - 4.339 × 10 - 7 1.375 × 10 - 9
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基于伴随灵敏度的摄动制导参数优化
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岳珂 1 , 王珺珑 1 , 文浩 1 , 张文丰 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2025,48(3): 30-37
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2025, 48(3): 30-37
基于伴随灵敏度的摄动制导参数优化
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岳珂1, 王珺珑1, 文浩1, 张文丰2
作者信息
  • 1.南京航空航天大学,南京,210016
  • 2.上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海,201108
  • 岳 珂(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为运载火箭设计、控制与制导。

    王珺珑(2001—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为航天器动力学与控制。

    文 浩(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为航天器动力学及控制。

    张文丰(1975—),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为运载火箭数字化与信息化。

Optimization of Perturbation Guidance Parameters based on Adjoint Sensitivity
Ke YUE1, Junlong WANG1, Hao WEN1, Wenfeng ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016
  • 2. Shanghai Institute of Aerospace Systems Engineering, Shanghai, 201108
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250305
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制导系统是运载火箭的核心子系统,是火箭成功发射的关键。摄动制导作为目前中国火箭在大气层内的主要制导方式,制导参数的设计效率与设计精度决定着制导系统的整体设计水平。传统的参数设计依赖于设计人员大量试算,凭经验进行调整,效率低且成本高。为此,提出一种基于伴随灵敏度与Adam梯度下降法的摄动制导参数自动优化方法。通过构建运载火箭质点动力学模型,将制导参数设计转化为含约束的优化问题,利用伴随灵敏度法高效计算目标函数对参数的梯度,结合Adam算法自适应调整学习率,实现参数自动调优,并以某二级光杆火箭为对象,引入随机风场干扰,以飞行轨迹跟踪误差和终端射程偏差为代价函数,对摄动制导控制参数进行优化。仿真试验表明,与传统人工调优的方法相比,此方法可以快速找到合适的控制参数,为运载火箭摄动制导参数设计提供了高效、精确的解决方案,可大幅缩短仿真时间并减少设计成本,对提升复杂动态系统优化效率具有工程参考价值。

伴随灵敏度  /  运载火箭  /  摄动制导  /  参数优化  /  Adam

The guidance system, a core subsystem of launch vehicles, is crucial for the successful launch. Perturbation guidance, as the primary guidance method for domestic rockets within the atmosphere, relies on the design efficiency and precision of guidance parameters to determine the overall system performance. Traditionally, the parameter design is carried out by designers through extensive trial calculations and experience-based adjustments, resulting in low efficiency and high costs. To address this issue, an automatic optimization method for perturbation guidance parameters based on adjoint sensitivity and the Adam gradient descent algorithm is proposed. By constructing a point-mass dynamic model of the launch vehicle, the guidance parameter design is transformed into a constrained optimization problem. The adjoint sensitivity method is employed to efficiently compute the gradient of the objective function with respect to parameters, while the Adam algorithm adaptively adjusts the learning rate to achieve parameter auto-tuning. A two-stage launch vehicle is tested under random wind field disturbances. The perturbation guidance control parameters are optimized using a cost function that combines trajectory tracking errors and terminal range deviations. Simulation results show that the compared with the traditional manual tuning method, the proposed method can quickly find suitable control parameters. It provides an efficient and precise solution for the design of perturbation guidance parameters in launch vehicles, significantly reducing simulation time and design costs. The method also offers engineering reference value for improving the optimization efficiency of complex dynamic systems

adjoint sensitivity  /  launch vehicles  /  perturbation guidance  /  parameter optimization  /  Adam
岳珂, 王珺珑, 文浩, 张文丰. 基于伴随灵敏度的摄动制导参数优化. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (3) : 30 -37 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250305
Ke YUE, Junlong WANG, Hao WEN, Wenfeng ZHANG. Optimization of Perturbation Guidance Parameters based on Adjoint Sensitivity[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (3) : 30 -37 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250305
在航天工程领域,制导设计作为运载火箭总体设计中至关重要的环节,对火箭主动段飞行轨迹以及终端入轨参数有着决定性影响1。摄动制导由于其算法简单、稳定可靠的特点,在制导系统中得到了广泛的应用。
在中国航天工业发展初期,就已对摄动制导进行了完整的方案论证2,并以CZ-2E运载火箭成功发射澳星(Aussat B1)为例3,证明了该方法的可行性。黄文博等4提出实时计算导引系数的方法,根据运载火箭当前状态对系数进行实时更新,提高了制导精度。唐明亮等5以运载火箭一子级落点为控制目标,在一级飞行后段施加摄动制导的一子级落点控制方法,并对落点散布做了参数影响分析,表明了该方法具有较高的可行性。李君等6为了弥补摄动制导不适应大偏差工况的劣势,提出了一种改进摄动制导方法,提高了对初速度及位置偏差、发动机推力偏差的适应能力。
尽管在摄动制导的导引方式上已经进行了大量研究,并且通过理论证明了其可行性,但由于箭载计算机的计算能力有限,工程实践中,中国火箭的摄动制导算法与设计过程仍然较为固定7:设计人员需在发射前完成参数设计,考虑环境条件(如气温、气压、风速)和火箭本身的特征参数(如几何尺寸、质量、外形)等因素。不同条件下火箭弹道各异,因此设计过程通常需要大量试算和手动调整参数,以满足制导精度要求。然而,手动调优依赖于专家经验,效率较低,尤其对于复杂的运载火箭系统,需考虑更多工况。
为了提高设计效率,一些研究者提出了新的方法。例如,马瑞萍等8将模糊控制与摄动制导相结合,提出了一种摄动制导诸元计算的模糊控制算法,缩短了计算时间。苗育红等9利用相对运动系和绝对运动系的关系,提出了弹道导弹关机点偏导数新的计算方法。虽然这些方法加快了理论计算的速度,但理论值往往并非最优解,最终效果仍需依赖设计人员的后续手动调参。
若将摄动制导参数设计视为一个参数优化问题,利用优化算法进行求解,不但可以得到制导效果最优的参数组合,也大大缩短了计算时间。Araque等10对遗传算法与结构化控制器进行联合研究,实现了火箭姿态控制系统的参数自动调优,并证明了该方法的稳定性与鲁棒性。Tianpeng等11提出一种基于贝叶斯优化的方法,使用小样本仿真数据对运载火箭姿态控制参数进行优化设计,降低了计算要求与仿真成本。但针对摄动制导参数的自动调优却研究甚少。
在自动调优过程中,计算目标函数对参数的梯度是关键步骤。本文选择伴随灵敏度法进行梯度求解。近年来,伴随灵敏度法在机械结构优化中得到广泛应用12-14。与贝叶斯方法相比,该方法更适合于动态系统的优化问题,尤其是制导设计这一多工况场景,需要高效计算梯度11。与有限差分法或自动微分法相比,伴随法在计算梯度时具有显著优势15-17:伴随法通过求解伴随方程直接计算梯度,避免了有限差分法中常见的数值误差(如步长选择问题)和复杂步长法中的计算开销。伴随灵敏度法计算成本几乎与设计变量的数量无关,这使得它在处理大规模优化问题时效率更高18
此外,为了能够快速收敛并避免局部最优解,本文选择Adam梯度下降法处理梯度。与传统随机梯度下降法(Stochastic Gradient Descent,SGD)采用全局统一的学习率不同,Adam通过一阶和二阶矩阵的指数加权平均值动态调整学习率,能够减少计算时间和迭代次数19
将伴随灵敏度法与Adam梯度下降法相结合,伴随灵敏度法负责高效计算目标函数对参数的梯度,而Adam梯度下降法则利用这些梯度进行参数更新,实现了从梯度计算到参数优化的无缝衔接。另外,伴随灵敏度法特别适合动态系统的梯度计算,Adam梯度下降法则能够快速优化这些梯度,两者在动态系统优化中具有高度的协同作用。
传统的运载火箭摄动制导参数设计主要依赖于设计人员的经验和大量的试算,这种方法效率低下且成本较高。此外,摄动制导参数优化问题本身具有多模态、非凸的特点,进一步增加了设计的复杂性。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种基于伴随灵敏度法和Adam梯度下降法的参数优化方法,实现了参数的快速优化,并通过仿真进行验证。该方法能够显著提升摄动制导参数设计的效率与精度,为运载火箭制导参数优化提供了一种高效、精确的解决方案,大幅减少了设计时间和成本,具有重要的工程应用价值。
火箭飞行过程中,推进剂的持续燃烧消耗导致质量不断变化,完整描述其空间运动和制导系统中各元件工作过程的数学模型极为复杂。在实际建模过程中,不同研究阶段,不同设计要求,所建立的火箭动力学模型也不相同。本文的研究处于火箭方案设计初步阶段,这个阶段通常把火箭视为一个质点。选用质点弹道计算模型,其运动过程的状态方程如下:
r ˙ = v
v ˙ = - μ r 3 r + T m u + D m
m ˙ = - T g 0 I s p
D = - 1 2 S r e f ρ v v
式中 r v m分别为位置、速度、质量的状态变量; u为控制变量,用来表征发动机推力方向; μ为地球引力常数;T为发动机推力大小; D为空气动力; g 0为地球表面重力加速度;I sp为发动机比冲; S r e f为参考面积; ρ为当前位置大气密度。
通常,为求解上述运动方程,选择发射坐标系作为描述火箭运动的参考系,并为简化计算做出如下假设:
a)在火箭的射面内,滚转角、航迹偏航角和倾侧角等角度很小,可以进行小角度近似;
b)对于姿态稳定的火箭,绕质心的动态过程(角速度和角加速度)变化迅速,但对质心运动影响较小。因此,在研究质心运动时,可忽略与角速度和角加速度相关的项,采用“瞬时平衡”假设。
因此控制变量可以表示为
u = c o s ( φ ) c o s ( ψ ) s i n ( φ ) c o s ( ψ ) - s i n ( ψ )
式中 φ为俯仰角; ψ为偏航角。将式(5)代入式(2),得到下式:
v ˙ = - μ r 3 r + T m c o s ( φ ) c o s ( ψ ) s i n ( φ ) c o s ( ψ ) - s i n ( ψ ) + D m
于是,控制变量在发射系下转化为运载火箭飞行过程中的俯仰角和偏航角关系,如图1所示。
运载火箭制导系统需确保载荷精准入轨,飞行中若受干扰偏离弹道,制导系统需发出导引指令,通过调整发动机推力矢量进行修正。目前,中国在大气层内主要采用摄动制导的导引方法。
在发射任务前,会根据先验知识计算出一条反映火箭飞行“平均运动规律”的标准弹道,该弹道在标准条件下可精确入轨。然而,实际飞行中难免受到各种干扰,导致弹道偏离标准值。摄动制导认为,当干扰较小时,这种偏差可视为标准弹道附近的摄动,可通过摄动理论解决制导问题。标准弹道包含多个特征量,如各秒点的位置、速度、姿态,以及子级射程和落点等信息。摄动制导以标准弹道为参照,在箭体受到干扰后引导火箭回到标准弹道。
由前文的运载火箭状态方程所示,制导过程中的控制量为俯仰角 φ、偏航角 ψ,本文中采用的摄动制导方法参考文献[20],导引方程如下:
φ t = φ p r t + u φ ψ t = ψ p r t + u ψ
式中 φ p r ψ p r为标准弹道的程序角,在标准弹道确定后,程序角也唯一确定; u φ u ψ分别为俯仰角、偏航角的导引量,可通过摄动理论计算。
以火箭一子级射程 R为例,一子级射程参数是一级关机点弹道参数 x i(代表速度、位置、6个状态参数)的函数,即:
R = f ( x i )
按照摄动理论,在标准弹道处展开成泰勒级数
R = f ( x ¯ i ) + 1 1 ! i = 1 6 Δ x i x i f ( x ¯ i ) + 1 2 ! i = 1 6 Δ x i x i 2 f ( x ¯ i ) +         + 1 n ! i = 1 6 Δ x i x i n f ( x ¯ i )
式中 x ¯ i为弹道参数的标准值, Δ x i = x i - x ¯ i。由于 Δ x i x i要小得多,级数是收敛的,通常可以不考虑高阶项,只取一阶项,因此导引量计算方式如下:
u φ = i = 1 6 k i φ Δ x i u ψ = i = 1 6 k i ψ Δ x i
式中 k i φ k i ψ为导引系数。在工程实践中,这些导引系数一般基于关机点附近的计算值取一固定值,并通过经验调整优化,以确保制导精度。
为了提高参数调优的效率和准确度,本文采用一种基于伴随灵敏度的自动调优方法。不同于以往的灵敏度分析方法,伴随法的思想是通过求解伴随方程直接计算梯度,避免冗余信息的计算,提高计算效率。这种方法特别适合于需要大量计算资源的复杂系统优化问题18
定义以下含有等式约束的优化问题
m i n J x ,   θ = t = 0 t f g x t ,   x ˙ t , θ d t + h x t f ,   x ˙ t f , θ s . t . f x ,   x ˙ ,   t ,   θ = 0 ,   t 0 ,   t f x 0 = x 0 x ˙ 0 = x ˙ 0
式中 J为目标函数; t f为优化结束时刻; g ( x ( t ) , x ˙ ( t ) , θ )是关于状态量 x、其时间导数 x ˙、参数 θ的函数; h ( x ( t f ) , x ˙ ( t f ) , θ )为终端项; f ( x , x ˙ , t , θ ) = 0为动态系统的状态方程。目标函数对参数 θ求导:
J θ = 0 t f g x ˙ x ˙ θ + g x x θ + g θ d t + g x ˙ x ˙ θ + h x x θ + h θ t = t f
状态方程的前向灵敏度如下19
f x ˙ d d t x θ + f x x θ + f θ = 0
引入伴随变量 Λ t,与上式相乘并在时间上积分:
t 0 t f Λ ( t ) f x ˙ d d t x θ + f x x θ + f θ d t = 0
对第一项进行分部积分:
0 t f Λ f x ˙ d d t x θ d t = Λ f x ˙ x θ 0 t f - 0 t f d d t Λ f x ˙ x θ d t
代入式(13),得:
0 t f - d d t Λ f x ˙ + Λ f x x θ d t + 0 t f Λ f θ d t + Λ f x ˙ x θ 0 t f = 0
为求解上述积分,令伴随变量 Λ t满足以下方程:
d d t Λ ( t ) f x ˙ - Λ ( t ) f x = - g x Λ ( t f ) = h x
上述方程一般被称为伴随方程,求解后得到伴随变量 Λ t,代入式(11)
J θ = 0 t f g θ - Λ ( t ) f θ d t + h θ t = t f + Λ ( 0 ) f x ˙ x 0 θ
由于问题的非凸性,自动调优方法选择梯度下降法调整控制器参数,逐步提升系统性能。Adam作为一种一阶优化方法,因性能优越且适用性强,成为替代SGD的重要选择:
m j = β 1 m j - 1 + ( 1 - β 1 ) θ J
v j = β 2 v j - 1 + ( 1 - β 2 ) θ J 2
m ^ j = m j 1 - β 1 j
v ^ j = v j 1 - β 2 j
θ j + 1 = θ j - η m ^ j v ^ j + ϵ
式中 m j v j m ^ j v ^ j仅为过程变量,无实际物理意义; θ J为目标函数 J对参数 θ的梯度; η为学习率; β 1 β 2分别为一、二阶矩估计的指数衰减率; ϵ为用于数值稳定的小数; θ j θ j + 1分别为更新前后的控制器参数, j为更新迭代次数。
综上所述,控制器参数的计算过程如下:
a)输入:初始状态 x ˜ 0,初始参数 θ 0,期望状态 x ¯ k,终止条件 ε
b)输出:最优参数 θ *
参数优化流程如图2所示。
由于运载火箭摄动制导的设计过程本质也是一个参数优化问题,并且其动力学系统和控制器也都具有可微性。本节中,通过模拟运载火箭在大气层内飞行进行摄动制导参数设计。
运载火箭的状态方程如式(1)式(3)式(4)式(6)所示,控制变量 φ为俯仰角、 ψ为偏航角。在应用摄动理论进行控制时,导引方程如下:
φ = φ p r + u φ = φ p r + i = 1 6 k i φ e i ψ = ψ p r + u ψ = ψ p r + i = 1 6 k i ψ e i
e i = r ¯ - r · r ¯ - r + v ¯ - v · v ¯ - v
式中 e i为实际飞行状态 r v与标准弹道状态量 r ¯ v ¯的偏差; k i φ k i ψ为摄动制导的设计参数,可以分为俯仰通道与偏航通道两部分,共有12个参数待优化。
将目标函数 J设置为飞行过程中位置与速度跟踪误差的二次项,为了提高控制器的性能,在过程性约束的基础上,增加了带有终端性质的约束:
J = t = 0 t f i = 1 6 e i 2 d t + R r t f ,   v t f
式中 R r t f , v t f为运载火箭一子级落点射程计算函数,该函数与摄动制导结束时刻的状态量 r t f v t f有关。
本文选择CasADi工具进行伴随灵敏度求解21。根据任务需求事先得到一条在标准条件下可以精确入轨的标准弹道,摄动制导的参数设计过程会在标准条件的基础上加入干扰项,最终将干扰条件下制导控制前后的飞行弹道与标准弹道进行对比,以此验证摄动制导的制导效果。
在本节中,利用某款二级光杆火箭型号为例进行仿真验证,火箭结构参数见表1 19
本次仿真算例的目标轨道为高度500 km的太阳同步轨道,发射点选在太原卫星发射中心。本例的干扰选择随机风场模型22,模拟运载火箭在实际飞行中遇到的较为常见的干扰项:
W x = W c o s α 1 W y = W s i n α 1 c o s α 2 W z = W s i n α 1 s i n α 2
W = 1.4 × 10 - 4 h + 11.85
式中 风速 W为大气相对地面的速度,单位为m/s; h为飞行高度,单位为m; α 1为风速方向与地面坐标系21 O x轴的夹角; α 2为风速方向在 O y z平面上与 O y轴的夹角。此外,为了保证控制的鲁棒性,在参数设计时将风场模型的风速设为极端情况40 m/s,在设计完成后,仿真验证制导效果时使用式(28)设置风速。
摄动制导方法的控制器式(10),式中一共包含 k 1 φ , , k 6 φ , k 1 ψ , , k 6 ψ 12个设计参数,根据上一节的描述,将飞行误差的二次项与射程作为代价函数,利用伴随法解算其对设计参数的梯度,选择Adam梯度下降法更新参数,代价函数变化情况如图3所示
在自动调优的计算过程中,随着设计参数的不断优化,代价函数值会逐渐减小。经过大约20次迭代优化后,参数优化问题趋于收敛,可以认为此时得到的参数组合是在该干扰条件下的最优解。此外,本文还对比了Adam梯度下降法与随机梯度下降法(SGD)在该算例中的表现。结果表明,Adam法在保持与SGD法相近的优化速度的同时,能够通过自适应调整学习率,最终找到更优的优化结果。表2给出本文算法所得到的优化参数与传统人工调优方法得出的参数对比,此处人工调优是参考了文献[20]的关机点计算值,通过经验调整优化得到。
下面给出制导前后的飞行弹道与标准弹道的对比图,此外,为了对比本文自动调优算法的优势,将人工调优的制导结果加入对比。图4中,将在干扰条件下进行制导控制的弹道称为制导弹道,在干扰条件下未制导的弹道称为干扰弹道。
图4所示,经过摄动制导,运载火箭的飞行弹道被加以修正。自动调优后的参数与人工调优对比,在多个方面展现出明显优势。位置对比方面,在保证y方向控制效果的同时,x方向位置控制的精确性得到了显著提升,而人工调优的曲线则存在较大的偏差。在速度对比方面,自动调优同样表现出色,y方向的速度曲线在自动调优后更加平稳,与标准速度曲线的吻合度更高,这表明自动调优方法在速度控制方面具有更高的稳定性和精确性。此外,自动调优在z方向的位置和速度控制上也表现出一定的优势,尽管改进不如xy方向明显,但整体上仍优于人工调优方法。这表明自动调优方法在多维度的控制中具有更好的一致性和可靠性。
综上所述,自动调优方法在摄动制导参数优化中展现出了显著的优势,尤其是在x位置和y速度的控制方面,为运载火箭的精确制导提供了更加高效和可靠的解决方案。
本文研究了基于伴随灵敏度分析的运载火箭摄动制导参数优化方法,将传统摄动制导设计视为参数优化问题,利用伴随灵敏度法高效计算目标函数对制导参数的梯度,并基于Adam梯度下降法实现参数优化。结果表明,该方法能够显著提升摄动制导参数设计的效率与精度,相较于传统人工调优方法,可以快速找到合适的控制参数,减少仿真时间和成本。
  • 国防基础科研计划(JCKY2023203A002)
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250305
  • 接收时间:2025-03-09
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-09
  • 修回日期:2025-04-24
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国防基础科研计划(JCKY2023203A002)
作者信息
    1.南京航空航天大学,南京,210016
    2.上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海,201108
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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