Article(id=1189584024768078060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1189584023958577387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250314, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729958400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-27, revisedDate=1748534400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761548532905, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761548532905, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761548532905, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761548532905, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189584023958577387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761548532712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761549224040, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189586923627738079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1189584023958577387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189586923627738080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1189584023958577387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189584025149759728, articleId=1189584024768078060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Simulation and Experimental Research on Servo-valve Jet-deflector Hydraulic Amplifier, columnId=1189584025061679343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Advanced Servo Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Jet-deflector servo-valve is known for high resistance to contamination and is widely used in aerospace where reliability is critical. However, the internal structure of jet-deflector device is very complex which makes it more challenging to a performance indication. When Computational Fluid Dynamics is introduced into an analysis of a jet-deflector servo valve, the dispersion of experimental data is always intolerable for a precise verification because of manufacturing or assembling accuracy. In this research, a distribution of experimental results is presented. After a comparison of different turbulence models, the low Reynolds number k-ε model shows more precision in pressure characteristic analysis of jet-deflector device.

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偏导射流式伺服阀抗污染能力较强,广泛应用于航空航天领域。但由于偏导射流液压放大器内部几何形状复杂,为非节流式液压放大器,对输出特性的预估较为困难,设计分析中较为依赖计算流体力学仿真分析。由于加工及装配精度因素影响,试验中特性往往具有较大的散布,对流场仿真模型的验证造成了困难。对偏导射流液压放大器压力特性进行了试验及数据统计,分析了不同流体力学仿真模型对压力特性预估的准确性,验证了低雷诺数k-ε模型在偏导射流液压放大器性能预估中具有更好的计算精度。

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张恒轩(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液压元件设计与仿真技术。

潘 英(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服阀设计与仿真技术。

陈俊光(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服阀数字化设计与仿真技术。

姬 腾(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为伺服阀试验技术。

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张恒轩(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液压元件设计与仿真技术。

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张恒轩(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液压元件设计与仿真技术。

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潘 英(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服阀设计与仿真技术。

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潘 英(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服阀设计与仿真技术。

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陈俊光(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服阀数字化设计与仿真技术。

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姬 腾(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为伺服阀试验技术。

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姬 腾(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为伺服阀试验技术。

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Innovation Center for Control Actuators, Beijing, 100076), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189584376368193980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, companyId=1189584376351416762, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1189584378159161824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Principle of jet-deflector servo-valve, figureFileSmall=obpjFxuJzuhq43rh+8R4+Q==, figureFileBig=356q7lj+wo183NcOg3EdjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189584378217882081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=CN, label=图1, caption=偏导射流式伺服阀原理

1—力矩马达;2—滑阀阀芯;3—压力入口;4—左接收腔;5—射流盘;6—偏转板;7—右接收腔。

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1—射流盘;2—反馈杆上作为偏转板的导流槽。

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V—调压器;V2—回油阀;V3—溢流阀;T—温度计;Pa、P1、P2—压力表。

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Comparison of low Reynolds number damping function forms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 f 1 f 2 fμ
L-S 1 1 - 0.3 e x p - R e T 2 e x p - 3.4 1 + R e T 50 2
Abid 1 1 - 2 9 e x p - R e T 2 36 × 1 - e x p - R e K 12 t a n h   0.008 R e K × 1 + 4 R e T 3 / 4
Shih 1 1 - e x p - t = 1 4 a t y + 1 - 0.22 e x p - R e T 2 36
), ArticleFig(id=1189584380034015738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低雷诺数阻尼函数形式比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 f 1 f 2 fμ
L-S 1 1 - 0.3 e x p - R e T 2 e x p - 3.4 1 + R e T 50 2
Abid 1 1 - 2 9 e x p - R e T 2 36 × 1 - e x p - R e K 12 t a n h   0.008 R e K × 1 + 4 R e T 3 / 4
Shih 1 1 - e x p - t = 1 4 a t y + 1 - 0.22 e x p - R e T 2 36
), ArticleFig(id=1189584380138873340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of median pressure simulation results under different models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格单元数 低雷诺数k-ε模型(Abid) 标准k-ε模型
标准壁面函数 增强壁面函数
634 814 2.51 2.02
1 350 942 3.32 2.83 2.07
3 259 943 3.28 2.03 1.97
), ArticleFig(id=1189584380218565119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同模型下中位压力仿真结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格单元数 低雷诺数k-ε模型(Abid) 标准k-ε模型
标准壁面函数 增强壁面函数
634 814 2.51 2.02
1 350 942 3.32 2.83 2.07
3 259 943 3.28 2.03 1.97
), ArticleFig(id=1189584380294062593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of simulation results of median pressure with different damping functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 中位压力仿真值/MPa
L-S 3.23
Abid 3.28
Shih 3.23
), ArticleFig(id=1189584380356977156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同阻尼函数下中位压力仿真结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 中位压力仿真值/MPa
L-S 3.23
Abid 3.28
Shih 3.23
), ArticleFig(id=1189584380415697414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Analysis of median pressure data for jet-deflector hydraulic amplifier

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验数量 中位压力/MPa Jarque-Bera检验
最大值 最小值 平均值 标准差 χ 2 p
100件/次 4.5 2.8 3.44 0.35 5.192 0.075
), ArticleFig(id=1189584380482806280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584024768078060, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

偏导射流液压放大器中位压力数据分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验数量 中位压力/MPa Jarque-Bera检验
最大值 最小值 平均值 标准差 χ 2 p
100件/次 4.5 2.8 3.44 0.35 5.192 0.075
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伺服阀偏导射流液压放大器仿真与试验研究
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张恒轩 1, 2 , 潘英 1, 2 , 陈俊光 1, 2 , 姬腾 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 先进伺服技术专栏 2025,48(3): 100-106
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 先进伺服技术专栏 2025, 48(3): 100-106
伺服阀偏导射流液压放大器仿真与试验研究
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张恒轩1, 2, 潘英1, 2, 陈俊光1, 2, 姬腾1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
  • 2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
  • 张恒轩(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液压元件设计与仿真技术。

    潘 英(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服阀设计与仿真技术。

    陈俊光(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服阀数字化设计与仿真技术。

    姬 腾(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为伺服阀试验技术。

Simulation and Experimental Research on Servo-valve Jet-deflector Hydraulic Amplifier
Hengxuan ZHANG1, 2, Ying PAN1, 2, Junguang CHEN1, 2, Teng JI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Institute of Precise Mechatronics and Controls, Beijing, 100076
  • 2. Innovation Center for Control Actuators, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250314
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偏导射流式伺服阀抗污染能力较强,广泛应用于航空航天领域。但由于偏导射流液压放大器内部几何形状复杂,为非节流式液压放大器,对输出特性的预估较为困难,设计分析中较为依赖计算流体力学仿真分析。由于加工及装配精度因素影响,试验中特性往往具有较大的散布,对流场仿真模型的验证造成了困难。对偏导射流液压放大器压力特性进行了试验及数据统计,分析了不同流体力学仿真模型对压力特性预估的准确性,验证了低雷诺数k-ε模型在偏导射流液压放大器性能预估中具有更好的计算精度。

伺服阀  /  偏导射流  /  雷诺平均方程  /  k-ε模型  /  低雷诺数

Jet-deflector servo-valve is known for high resistance to contamination and is widely used in aerospace where reliability is critical. However, the internal structure of jet-deflector device is very complex which makes it more challenging to a performance indication. When Computational Fluid Dynamics is introduced into an analysis of a jet-deflector servo valve, the dispersion of experimental data is always intolerable for a precise verification because of manufacturing or assembling accuracy. In this research, a distribution of experimental results is presented. After a comparison of different turbulence models, the low Reynolds number k-ε model shows more precision in pressure characteristic analysis of jet-deflector device.

servo-valve  /  jet-deflector  /  Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes  /  k-ε model  /  low Reynolds number
张恒轩, 潘英, 陈俊光, 姬腾. 伺服阀偏导射流液压放大器仿真与试验研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (3) : 100 -106 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250314
Hengxuan ZHANG, Ying PAN, Junguang CHEN, Teng JI. Simulation and Experimental Research on Servo-valve Jet-deflector Hydraulic Amplifier[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (3) : 100 -106 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250314
偏导射流式伺服阀是一种在航空航天领域广泛应用的电液伺服阀,其结合了喷嘴挡板式电液伺服阀和射流技术的优点,具有较好的动静态性能和抗污染能力,且相比射流管伺服阀,由于不需要挠性供油管,消除了结构上可能出现的振动,具有结构简单、工作可靠的特点1。王传礼等2基于射流盘过流面积分布建立了射流盘阀的流量方程。Sangiah等3以节流元件为模型建立了偏导射流液压放大器的模拟模型。Saha等4考虑不同流动状态时理论公式与实际性能的差异,基于不可压缩层流的Schlichting速度方程推导了偏导板出口速度分布,从而完善了偏导射流前置级的数学模型。Ren等5针对偏导射流伺服阀压力特性鲁棒性差的问题,建立偏导射流伺服阀的三维度数学模型。程文豪等6基于平面自由紊动射流理论和液体活塞模型,建立了偏导射流伺服阀前置级的压力特性模型。李竞等7在偏导射流前置级的二次射流过程中分别采用不同理论模型建立前置级流场的数学模型,该模型描述了射流形态演变的全过程。
由于偏导射流前置级属于非节流式液压放大器,实际工作原理与采用节流元件建立的模型有较大差异,因此在伺服阀设计中多需采用计算流体力学模拟方法进行压力流量特性分析。任玉凯等8对不同湍流模型下偏导射流伺服阀的前置级流场进行了仿真研究。此外,任玉凯与邢晓文等9-10对偏导射流前置级的计算流体力学仿真确定了流场的特征参数,并对前置级的结构参数进行优化设计。Pan等11针对偏导射流伺服阀调试性能一致性问题,对不同偏转板位置偏差下偏导射流液压放大器的静动态性能进行仿真分析,得出适合的偏转板位置范围。Saha等12还运用欧拉多相流、标准 k - ε湍流等多种经典计算流体力学模型对偏转板前置级的流动空化现象进行研究,揭示了多种模型对前置级流场模拟的适应性和可操作性。
偏导射流液压放大器内部几何形状复杂,射流盘内部射流口、尖劈等结构的几何尺寸和形位公差在加工中容易产生较高的不一致性,而整个偏导射流液压放大器的实际尺寸还受到射流盘组件和衔铁组件各自装配精度及相互位置关系精度的影响,因此试验样件往往具有较大的散布,使模型的适应性较为难以判断。本文基于偏导射流液压放大器的批量试验统计数据分布,为确立更为适用的流体力学模型建立了数据参照。
偏导射流伺服阀原理如图1所示。偏导射流液压放大器如图2所示,由偏转板和射流盘组成,偏转板开有V型导流槽,射流盘由压力入口和两个对称接收腔组成。压力入口与供油连接,两个接收腔则与主阀芯两端相连。
输入控制信号时,力矩马达产生控制磁场,衔铁受极化磁通和控制磁通共同作用,产生与控制信号成比例的电磁力矩,从而使衔铁组件向某一方向偏转。偏转板受衔铁连带作用偏转,导致两接收腔面积出现差异,入射口流体更多冲击到接收腔面积增大的一侧。此时两侧接收腔的压力不同,两侧接收腔形成的压差则作用于阀芯两端,推动阀芯运动。阀芯的运动使得反馈杆弯曲,产生反馈力矩反作用于衔铁组件,直至与衔铁组件所受的电磁力矩平衡,此时阀芯将保持在某个位置,而阀芯的位移与输入控制电流的大小成一定比例13
Yan等14根据偏导射流前置级的流动特点,将其分为外部引入的初始射流,以及流经偏转板后的二次射流,如图3所示。初始射流时液压油高速射入偏转板,形成平面紊动射流,使偏转板内形成高压区域,促使其内部压力恢复。这种压力恢复现象不受偏转板的运动影响,因此偏转板射流流速近似恒定,随着偏转板偏转,尖劈对偏转板射流形成分流作用,由于左右接收腔的面积变化,形成了驱动主阀芯运动的驱动压差。
目前在大部分对液压阀类元件的流场仿真研究中采用较广的是 k - ε模型,其具有鲁棒性、经济性和对各种湍流的合理精度。 k - ε模型是一种基于雷诺平均方程(Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes,RANS)涡黏模型,通过求解涡黏度来求解雷诺应力。标准 k - ε模型的湍动能 k和湍流耗散率 ε的方程为
( ρ k ) t + ρ U k = μ + μ t σ k k + P k - ρ ε ρ ε t + ρ U ε = μ + μ t σ ε ε + C 1 P k ε k - C 2 ρ ε 2 k
式中 ρ为流体密度;μ为流体黏度;μ t为涡黏度;Pk 为由平均速度剪切产生的湍动能;k为湍动能;ε为湍流耗散率; σ为湍流普朗特数;C 1C 2为经验系数。两方程最左侧为时间导数,第二项为对流项。等号右侧第一项为扩散项,其余项为源项。
标准 k - ε模型是半经验公式,其中k方程是依据推导得出,而ε方程是根据量纲分析、经验和类比等办法模拟得到的。标准 k - ε假设了高雷诺数下分子黏性对耗散率和涡流脉动的影响可以忽略不计,因此在充分发展、各向同性的湍流计算方面具有较强的优势。但在流场的近壁面区域内,湍流发展并不充分,壁面附近的黏性底层内流动更接近层流状态,采用标准 k - ε模型进行计算将会产生较大误差。偏导射流液压放大器流场内部间隙较小,射流在离开入射口后即进入V型导流槽的导流区域,射流宽度收缩与V型槽壁面发生碰撞。在射流离开V型槽后又与两接收腔之间的尖状结构接触并改变流向,流入导流槽和射流盘组件之间的缝隙。因此偏导射流液压放大器流场内部存在大量的近壁面流动,采用标准 k - ε模型不能很好地分析流场特性。为了更好地解决近壁面流动的计算问题,通常采用的方法主要有壁面函数法和低雷诺数 k - ε模型等。
壁面函数法是湍流模拟中的一种处理方式,主要用于简化壁面附近的复杂流动计算。这种方法将湍流流域分为核心区和壁面区两个部分,基于标准 k - ε模型计算湍流核心区的流动。壁面区域则通过半经验公式将壁面的物理量与核心区域的求解变量关联,避免了在壁面内部直接求解流动问题15。而低雷诺数 k - ε模型是一种 k - ε模型的修正模型。为了能使标准 k - ε模型从高雷诺数湍流区延伸至近壁面,模型使用阻尼函数将近壁面流动和远离壁面的耗散率统一起来,使修正模型实现不同雷诺数区域的数值计算16。湍流耗散率ε的方程为
ρ ε t + ρ U ε = μ + μ t σ ε ε + C 1   f 1 P k ε k - C 2   f 2 ρ ε 2 k
涡黏度表达式为
μ t = C μ   f μ ρ k 2 ε
其中,阻尼函数f 1f 2fμ 为紊流雷诺数Re T的函数,紊流雷诺数的表达式为
R e T = ρ k 2 μ ε
紊流雷诺数表示了流体所受的紊动力和黏性力之间的关系。在近壁面区域,紊流动能较小,紊流雷诺数较低,在流动中黏性力起主导作用。在远离壁面区域紊流雷诺数较大,紊流力起主导作用。低雷诺数 k - ε模型目前主要有Launder-Sharma、Abid、Shih等几种形式,其区别主要在于阻尼函数的形式不同。各模型使用的阻尼函数如表1所示17
表1可见,在各类低雷诺数模型中,阻尼函数通常为关于紊流雷诺数Re T或者无量纲壁面距离y +的函数,当Re T越高或者y +越大时,阻尼函数的值越趋近于1,模型向标准 k - ε模型转化。当Re T<150时,一般情况下阻尼函数的影响较为明显,这是由于低雷诺数区域的分子黏性对湍流动量的影响较为明显。在低雷诺数区域的流动问题已不再适用标准 k - ε模型求解。
对偏导射流前置级液压放大器建立如图4所示的流场模型,该模型为偏导射流液压放大器内部流道的几何模型。入口为压力入口形式,以前置级底座通往射流盘入射口的小孔底部为边界;出口为压力出口形式,以前置级底座通往回油的大孔底部为边界。两接收口以底座通往功率级的小孔底部为边界,设定为壁面形式,分别监视左右两个接收腔壁面的平均压力,计算得到两接收腔压差。射流盘厚度为0.3 mm,射流区域入口及导流口宽度为0.15 mm,接收口外侧间距为0.6 mm。入口压力设定为16 MPa,出口压力为0.1 MPa,工作介质为10号航空液压油,密度为850 kg/m3,40 ℃下动力黏度为0.008 5 Pa·s。
通过初步仿真计算,流场除了在初始出射、二次出射和间隙外侧的局部区域具有比较大的空间,湍流发展比较充分以外,绝大部分近壁面区域,包括部分核心射流区域内紊流雷诺数Re T均较小。以标准 k - ε模型和低雷诺数 k - ε模型对Re T进行计算,两种模型计算结果均显示存在Re T<150的大范围区域,如图5所示。可见采用低雷诺数模型对流场进行计算具有较强的适应性。
网格单元从低到高依次对标准 k - ε模型和低雷诺数 k - ε模型进行比较,中位压力计算结果如表2所示。标准 k - ε模型采用标准壁面函数时计算偏导射流流场受网格影响较大,而低雷诺数 k - ε模型计算中对网格单元数较为不敏感,但由于需要计算黏性底层的湍流方程,需要建立更为细化的边界层网格,壁面网格层数少于10时中位压力难以得到收敛解。
偏导射流液压放大器流场核心区域速度分布如图6所示。对于标准 k - ε模型,由于其针对高度发展湍流忽略了分子黏性力,在计算近壁面射流时出现了耗散较高的结果,计算得到的核心射流区宽度更小,中位压力更低。而低雷诺数 k - ε模型仿真速度云图中射流核心区域更宽,计算得到的射流能量更为集中,因此中位压力计算结果也更高。相同网格单元数下标准 k - ε模型的中位压力计算结果约为低雷诺数 k - ε模型计算结果的60%,引入增强壁面函数后对计算结果无明显影响。
在不同的低雷诺数模型之间运用中位压力统计值进行了对比,各模型中位压力值计算结果如表3所示,单元数均为表2中的最大单元数,可见各类低雷诺数 k - ε模型在中位压力计算方面表现基本接近。
以低雷诺数 k - ε模型/Abid阻尼函数对偏导射流液压放大器±0.04 mm偏移范围内的压力特性进行仿真计算,单个接收腔压力最大时为6.3 MPa,最小时为0.9 MPa,左右两腔压力随导流槽位移的变化曲线如图7所示。
图8所示的伺服阀性能测试台上对偏导射流液压放大器测试样件进行了压差特性试验,测试台液压原理如图9所示。测试射流盘厚度为0.3 mm,入口压力设定为16 MPa,出口压力为0.1 MPa,工作介质为航空液压油,与仿真参数一致。
以100件样件的压力特性试验结果进行分析,中位压力试验数据分布情况和统计结果如图10表4所示。
由Jarque-Bera检验可知18,偏导射流液压放大器中位压力的大量试验结果分布符合正态分布。中位压力试验平均值为3.44 MPa。与表2中的3 259 943网格仿真结果比较,低雷诺数 k - ε模型仿真结果为3.28 MPa,与试验结果相比偏差为4.6%。而标准 k - ε模型在标准壁面函数下中位压力仿真结果为2.03 MPa,增强壁面函数仿真结果为1.97 MPa,误差约为40%。
压差特性试验采用精度为0.002 mm的千分表抵住衔铁一侧,分别对衔铁两侧施加不同的位移,记录导流槽处每变化0.01 mm时的前置级压差特性,导流槽位移与衔铁位移的对应关系由衔铁组件的尺寸关系计算得出。压差特性试验与仿真结果对比如图11所示,仿真值与试验值在中位附近偏差较低,在位移最大的±0.04 mm位置偏差较高。±0.04 mm处两腔压差低雷诺数 k - ε模型仿真值为5.4 MPa,试验平均值为5.1 MPa,误差为5.9%。标准 k - ε模型±0.04 mm位移处压差仿真值为2.9 MPa,误差为46%。由仿真和试验结果对比可见,对于偏导射流前置级内部流场问题,采用低雷诺数模型进行计算流体力学仿真分析与标准 k - ε模型相比能够得到更高的计算精度。
通过偏导射流液压放大器的压力特性仿真与试验分析,得到了以下结论:
a)应用雷诺平均模型对偏导射流液压放大器进行计算流体力学仿真分析时,近壁面问题是重要的影响因素。通过仿真分析,偏导射流流场在V型槽、劈尖以及间隙等位置的紊流雷诺数较低,而以上结构对偏导射流液压放大器输出特性影响显著,采用标准 k - ε模型会产生较大误差,低雷诺数模型具有更好的适应性。
b)射流盘内部射流口、尖劈等结构的几何尺寸和形位公差在加工和装配中容易产生较高的不一致性。通过试验分析数据统计,偏导射流液压放大器压力特性符合正态分布,大量数据的试验均值可以作为仿真的对比参照。
c)通过仿真和试验对比,低雷诺数 k - ε模型在偏导射流液压放大器压力特性仿真中与试验数据均值更为接近,中位压力仿真误差为4.6%,压差特性仿真误差最大为5.9%,远低于标准 k - ε模型的仿真误差,证明了低雷诺数模型对偏导射流液压放大器的性能特性具有更好的预估效果。
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2025年第48卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250314
  • 接收时间:2024-10-27
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-27
  • 修回日期:2025-05-30
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    1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
    2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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