Article(id=1154065849922081098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739116800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-10, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753080340128, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753080340128, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753080340128, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753080340128, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298855528714458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943800098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754905336149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154065850651889996, articleId=1154065849922081098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Theory Development of Weapon System of Systems and Application in the Space Filed, columnId=1154065850593169739, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Review of Chief Editor, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The theoretical development of weapon equipment system of systems engineering is reviewed from three aspects of the formation process of combat System of Systems, such as mutual reference relationship and connotation, research status of main links, intelligence, toughness and emergence, and the theoretical development of weapon equipment System of Systems engineering under the guidance of system engineering theory is summarized and analyzed. In the space field, the System of Systems project is the main carrier to carry out application exploration in two aspects of technology and management, based on which the future development direction is prospected.

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从作战体系形成过程中的相互映衬关系及内涵、主要环节研究现状和体系智能化、体系韧性、体系涌现性等前沿领域3个方面评述了武器装备体系工程的理论发展,并总结分析了在体系工程理论指导下,航天领域以体系项目为主要载体开展的技术和管理两个方面的应用探索,在此基础上展望了未来武器装备体系工程理论发展的重点方向。

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李明华(1962—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天飞行器设计与控制、工程管理。

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李明华(1962—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天飞行器设计与控制、工程管理。

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李明华(1962—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天飞行器设计与控制、工程管理。

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武器装备体系工程的理论发展及航天领域应用探索
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李明华
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 主编综述 2025,48(1): 1-7
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 主编综述 2025, 48(1): 1-7
武器装备体系工程的理论发展及航天领域应用探索
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李明华
作者信息
  • 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 李明华(1962—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天飞行器设计与控制、工程管理。

Theory Development of Weapon System of Systems and Application in the Space Filed
Minghua LI
Affiliations
  • China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250101
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从作战体系形成过程中的相互映衬关系及内涵、主要环节研究现状和体系智能化、体系韧性、体系涌现性等前沿领域3个方面评述了武器装备体系工程的理论发展,并总结分析了在体系工程理论指导下,航天领域以体系项目为主要载体开展的技术和管理两个方面的应用探索,在此基础上展望了未来武器装备体系工程理论发展的重点方向。

武器装备  /  体系工程  /  智能化  /  韧性  /  涌现性

The theoretical development of weapon equipment system of systems engineering is reviewed from three aspects of the formation process of combat System of Systems, such as mutual reference relationship and connotation, research status of main links, intelligence, toughness and emergence, and the theoretical development of weapon equipment System of Systems engineering under the guidance of system engineering theory is summarized and analyzed. In the space field, the System of Systems project is the main carrier to carry out application exploration in two aspects of technology and management, based on which the future development direction is prospected.

weapons  /  SoS engineering  /  intelligence  /  toughness  /  emergence
李明华. 武器装备体系工程的理论发展及航天领域应用探索. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (1) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250101
Minghua LI. Theory Development of Weapon System of Systems and Application in the Space Filed[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (1) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250101
21世纪以来, 以信息技术为代表的各项高新技术的广泛应用, 使得系统之间的联系和交互变得越来越频繁和紧密。系统间的联系多以信息为介质, 以网络为载体, 通过互联、互通和互操作实现系统间的交互和协同,以完成共同的目标和使命。在这一背景下, 不论是在军事、交通、信息、能源、环境、航天等领域, 还是在社会科学领域, 体系及体系工程逐渐成为新的研究热点。其中, 军事领域作为体系工程理论的起源之地, 体系工程技术在该领域的研究最为深入, 积累最为深厚, 在航空航天、船舶、电子等领域也有很多突出的成果。美俄等主要军事国家开始重视武器装备体系工程, 并研究新的开发模式和管理模式, 以支撑装备采办和生成作战能力。本文梳理了当前武器装备体系工程发展的现状及前沿热点问题, 总结分析了航天领域在装备体系工程方面的应用探索, 基于上述研究提出了未来展望。
在拉开现代化战争序幕的海湾战争中, 美军首次实现了形式上的陆、海、空三军联合作战, 其被认为是实施体系作战的世界第一场大型局部战争。美军由此提出关注两个方面的发展:一是在战略指导上向 “基于能力” 全面转型,通过聚焦 “联合能力” 来提高军种之间的协同程度, 构建绝对优势的联合作战能力,实现 “体系作战”;二是在力量建设上积极开展体系工程实践, 以体系作战需求为牵引, 研制和开发先进军事技术的武器装备体系,支撑构建“作战体系”。
学术界普遍认为, 武器装备体系指在国家安全和军事战略指导下,为了完成特定的作战使命,在可实现的经济和技术基础上,由功能上相互联系、性能上相互补充的武器装备系统, 按照一定结构综合集成的更高层次的有机整体[1]。武器装备体系建设的根本目的是作战, 装备体系与作战体系的建设也需要同步思路、相互映衬,需要全面发展,不能有短板,如预警侦察、指挥控制、火力打击等作战要素需均衡发展。 换言之, 如果武器装备体系发展不协调, 结构不合理, 功能不齐全, 单凭几件先进武器无法形成强大的作战能力。俄乌冲突中就出现了不少武器装备体系优势的案例,例如乌军“派单式”作战,乌军依靠西方情报监侦信息支持定位俄军位置, 然后通过星链卫星等通信渠道将信息发送至后方指挥部,指挥部再通过类似通信渠道进行 “派单”,最后乌军散布在各地的游击小队利用接收的火力装备 “接单”, 实施目标打击。乌军通过分散、快速、可扩展、自适应联合多域装备所构建的杀伤力, 远远超出现有装备的设计初衷, 深刻体现了装备体系涌现性的新型能力优势。
随着武器装备的复杂性和不确定性日益凸显, 亟需通过体系设计方法解决其正向研发问题[2]。国内外学者在装备体系工程的各个环节上持续深化理论研究。在体系需求论证方面,有学者探索多个体系能力的需求综合权衡方法。在军事项目中,需求统筹是一项至关重要的任务, 其目的是通过系统化的方法来识别、分析、协调并最终整合来自不同部门、单位和用户群体的需求[3]。李剑等[4]使用SFSM状态转换图来描述需求, 提出了一种自动合成视点的方法, 使视点集成过程可以自动完成, 并在一定程度上引导需求定义人员检查和解决需求不一致性。 常雷雷[5]提出了基于证据推理算法的装备技术体系成熟度评估方法和面向主观/客观信息的装备技术体系满足度评估方法, 支持评价需求统筹程度。体系设计方面更加注重与杀伤链设计同步开展。路惠明[6]跟踪了杀伤网概念的发展历程,提出了以软件定义+人工智能为核心的策略, 对其中的资源服务化封装、任务-资源匹配规划和资源动态可编程调度等关键技术提出了一种可行方法。刘刚等[7]针对传统方法线性累加杀伤链各环节耗时问题,在F2T2EA模型的基础上, 提出一种基于并行重叠关系的时敏目标杀伤链闭合时间动态精准测算方法。王梦等[8]针对作战体系中杀伤链结构和连接关系的复杂性问题, 基于超网络和可执行架构理论, 聚焦目标作战回路设计链路节点, 并依托体系架构设计工具对相应目标任务链路进行设计。在体系验证评估方面,叶康等[9]针对当前中国军队作战试验科目设计方法存在的问题, 提出了一种基于能力域和作战线的装备试验科目设计方法, 旨在解决现有方法未考虑试验环境影响、设计过程繁杂以及生成冗余科目较多的问题。钟岳等[10]分析了信息化战争条件下的装备作战特点, 对装备作战任务单元和功能展开需求分析, 提出一种基于作战试验一体化的数字化装备试验思路。孙旭涛等[11]针对装备试验鉴定能力评估缺乏相应评估理论和方法的问题, 构建装备试验鉴定能力投影寻踪多变量约束评估模型, 设计基于改进随机蛙群的评估模型求解算法, 形成基于最大投影方向的能力评估方法。 张勇等[12]采用复杂网络理论构建了一个考虑节点和边物理属性的装备保障网络演化模型, 展现出无标度和小世界特性, 为装备保障网络的结构和动力学研究提供了基础。
军事智能可分为单体、群体和体系3个层次, 体系智能是军事智能发展的高级阶段。装备体系的智能化是指在装备体系中融入人工智能、机器学习、物联网、大数据等先进技术,使其具备自主感知、自主决策、自主执行和自适应学习能力,从而实现作战效能的提升和作战方式的变革[13]。王晗等[14]从现状、运用和趋势等方面梳理分析了美军智能化装备体系的发展;王波兰[15]在分析军事智能应用优势和国外智能化发展特点基础上, 提出了未来智能空天防御体系发展设想、主要阶段和关键技术;李小波等[16]提出了包含1个开放式集成架构为顶层、 3个智能化特征为主体和1个多域设计优化为综合的智能化空天体系设计理念;唐胜景等[17]从作战理念的核心思想、体系架构的组成要素及其突出特点3个方面出发, 论述了智能化分布式协同作战的概念与内涵。姜江等[18]介绍了智能化时代国防科技体系工程的相关概念, 辨析了其内涵, 明确了其研究范畴, 并采用工程化的思维结合团队多年来的研究成果探索国防科技体系的建模、评估和预测。
国内外学者们分别从鲁棒性[19-20]、抗毁性[21-22]、可靠性[23-24]等不同角度开展评估并构建合适的体系结构。韧性(Resilience)最早来源于拉丁词, 意思为反弹, 也被翻译为弹性。韧性具有表征系统或体系对打击进行抵抗、吸收和恢复的能力, 是用以衡量一个系统对抗破坏和干扰并从中恢复的能力。最早由Holling在生态学领域提出, 经过近年的研究发展,韧性广泛应用于多个学科领域。学科特性不同, 促使其在不同的领域有不同的理解和定义[25]。Hosseini等[26]从组织管理领域、社会领域、 经济领域及工程领域等,对韧性的定义进行了归纳。军事领域的韧性是反映系统在遭受敌方干扰或攻击,从而造成毁伤或性能降级后,通过相应手段修复后仍能够完成任务的能力,针对该方面研究主要有:韧性评估、韧性提升等。在韧性评估方面, Tran等[27]利用战场感知的信息熵作为韧性评估测度,构建了基于agent的网络中心化$\mathrm{C}2$指控网络韧性评估模型。杨博帆等[28]结合装备的固有可靠性工程参数、系统的全过程性能变化以及期间存在的不确定因素, 提出了复杂装备系统的韧性度量方法, 通过一定的机制策略提升研究对象的韧性。李凡等[29]针对指挥信息网络结构韧性性能,提出基于网络结构的拓扑设计、网络节点或连边的故障修复、冗余备份策略、接替策略以及适应性重构策略等韧性优化方案。潘星等[30]指出提高体系韧性的关键在于设计和选择合适的恢复策略以使得体系性能得到恢复, 并提出一种基于组件重要度分析的韧性优化方法, 通过改善组件的修复顺序提升体系韧性。
涌现现象普遍存在, 系统科学将整体具有而部分不具有的东西, 称为涌现性。涌现性是系统和体系都具有的一个重要特性, 是由组分之间、层次之间、系统与环境之间动态的非线性相互作用激发出来的整体效应[31]。武器装备体系的涌现性是指武器装备产品在不同使用场景下,各个分系统、装备要素协同工作时, 任务执行的演化过程中产生的整体涌现性效果的程度, 具体表现为在不同任务场景下的体系效能组合增益, 实际产生的效果 “整体大于部分之和”[32]。这种整体行为可以带来许多优势, 如提高效率、减少误差、增强鲁棒性等,是体系对抗能力、效能的 “倍增器”[33],但在运行过程中也存在装备故障、交互中断摧毁、流程不畅等消极涌现,对体系整体能力与效能产生负面影响。随着环境的变化, 武器装备体系中不同的武器部件也有可能重新排列组合, 武器装备体系则会涌现新功能与特性,直至形成新的层级结构[34]。而相同层级的涌现也存在着趋同效应, 使得层级的涌现之间相互影响, 在进一步的非线性作用下就形成了更高层级的作战能力,系统整体层级上的涌现现象[35]。在装备体系涌现度量及管控策略方面,齐小刚等[35]基于CAS概念模型+改进SEM结构方程模型,设计武器装备体系涌现性度量模型;杨克巍等[36]借鉴平行执行方法, 提出了一种体系作战能力导向涌现的可行方法, 能够有效支撑体系作战能力的生成与发展;白宗磊等[33]利用强化学习、马尔可夫决策模型和遗传算法, 设计了空天防御体系的多任务可控涌现机制。
随着航天武器装备种类增多, 功能增强, 逐渐实现了要素齐全、运行协同,具备典型的领域特色任务场景和战略态势, 且可吸纳支撑要素形成相对独立遂行任务、达成使命的体系能力。为适应这种趋势, 航天重大工程的组织管理模式也逐步从系统工程向体系工程迈进, 以支撑从交付装备向交付作战能力的转变。为此, 在体系工程理论指导下, 航天领域以体系项目为主要载体, 始于航天领域典型场景下的任务要求, 以航天武器装备发挥效能为主线, 围绕典型作战任务和能力,以体系演化升级引领未来体系发展,以新型举国体制下的体系项目管理为支撑, 开展了一系列的体系工程应用。
总结军地协同需求论证流程, 梳理相应步骤的输入输出及相关理论方法。一是站在航天体系对抗的角度, 按照 “分析安全形势-研判威胁-分析力量对比-进行对策分析” 流程, 研判本领域面临的战略形势; 二是依据形势分析所得出的力量对比、面临的威胁等,按照 “设定作战背景-确定作战企图-确定参战力量-分析双方优劣-提出制胜策略-设计作战进程” 流程, 将作战概念具象化设计形成作战场景, 并根据 “场景-任务” 分解法, 以作战进程和指挥控制关系为分解依据, 由粗到细、自顶向下地从作战场景中分解出作战任务;三是以建立场景、任务、能力三者之间的映射关系为核心,按照 “提出任务要求、 进行能力分解、提出体系需求”流程, 开发体系核心能力需求,并进行能力需求与现有能力的差距分析。
构建装备体系架构设计流程, 并梳理总结相应方法。一是体系架构设计范围界定:以需求论证成果为输入, 结合具体任务要求, 明确体系设计范围, 包括设计背景和目标, 设计的环境、资源, 以及能力需求边界等内容。二是体系架构总体设计:基于设计范围明确航天武器装备体系要素框架; 对航天武器装备体系架构涉及的各视角设计产品进行调整, 确定相应设计产品; 根据实际任务需求, 采用面向过程或者面向对象的体系架构设计方法, 结合杀伤链分析过程, 对体系架构进行建模。三是体系架构方案生成: 参考体系总体设计的视图产品, 生成航天武器装备体系的要素功能集和要素集, 进而提出装备建设要求, 结合现役、在研、预研航天武器装备,形成装备加改装、新研装备指标及交互关系、装备经费规模分析, 并通过架构方案静态验证评估和动态仿真评估, 实现架构方案的优选。
由于体系工程整体呈现出与传统系统工程的多种特性差异, 体系工程中的系统也部分继承了体系的特征,表现出区别于传统系统的特点。以体系工程向系统开发传递的复杂性、涌现性、演化性、分布性特征为主线, 整理体系框架下系统开发特点。 考虑体系工程特点, 侧重于体系项目实施过程中体系总体与系统总体的交互界面, 对体系工程各环节涉及的系统工作, 以及体系总体与系统的交互接口关系进行总结。
逐层构建适合航天武器装备体系集成验证的流程方法, 回答装备体系是否 “能用” 的问题, 检验装备体系架构设计的正确性、合理性和协调性。重点围绕预警侦察、指挥控制、网络通信、火力打击、综合保障等各要素,按照 “系统间-体系要素间-体系间(视体系层级情况)” 进行综合集成, 形成功能有机的 “聚合体”,并对整体进行功能、性能等综合验证,确保符合航天装备体系架构设计的要求。主要包含体系集成联试试验、体系功能验证试验和体系能力鉴定试验等子活动任务。集成验证完成后装备体系具备整体作战能力, 可开展小批试生产, 交付用户使用与验证。
构建适合航天武器装备体系考核运行的流程方法, 主要回答装备体系是否 “管用”“好用” 的问题, 重点围绕已经完成集成验证后的航天武器装备体系, 在交付部队使用过程中, 验证对使命任务下的作战能力和效能的满足程度, 并在外部保障条件支撑下, 确保在部队使用过程中的装备运行稳定。装备体系考核运行主要分为体系作战试验、体系在役考核、体系综合保障等环节,重点是将航天武器装备体系融入联合作战体系下,考核在典型场景、典型任务下航天武器装备体系完成任务的作战效能以及适用性等内容。全面检验航天装备体系在作战部队、作战环境下的综合效能。
根据体系项目技术层级划分和项目组织结构, 将航天武器装备体系项目分为决策层、管理层、执行层和操作层4个管理层次, 分别指战略管理委员会、体系 “两总” 系统、体系项目总体部和项目办公室、装备研制机构。航天武器装备体系项目管理将项目组合管理、多项目管理和系统工程思想相结合,以实现体系项目目标为宗旨,将使命任务转化为装备解决方案, 并综合考虑进度、成本、风险等因素, 选择相应组合并形成项目组合路线图和关键系统清单, 并在全生命周期评估、优化、管理体系项目组合,确保在使命任务框架下的动态调整。
航天装备体系可靠性可参考借鉴产品和单装可靠性的定义, 即航天装备体系可靠性是指其在规定的作战场景下和规定的时间内, 完成规定的作战任务的能力。但由于航天装备体系完成不同作战任务的作战场景、作战持续时间不同,完成不同作战任务的能力差异较大, 故不能简单套用单装可靠性的研究方法, 不同装备体系侧重点不同,其内涵也不尽相同。对于一个特定的装备体系其可靠性是指装备体系按规定的任务剖面完成体系使命任务的能力,主要包括体系在经受打击破坏时具备的生存能力、迅速恢复体系功能的重构能力和体系受扰动后的保障能力, 以及最终实现体系使命目标的任务完成能力。其中, 任务剖面是指体系在完成规定任务的这段时间内所经历的事件和环境的时序描述。装备体系一般都具有非序列多层次任务, 需将所有可能穷举出来的若干任务划分为多个任务剖面,且体系在完成不同任务时其任务剖面很可能各不相同。对于装备体系这一类面向重大使命任务的高可靠性复杂大系统来讲, 其在任务中表现出的可靠性对体系任务成败有着直接而重要的意义。
航天装备体系可靠性需要一整套参数来表征可靠性的高低。指标的论证属于装备体系需求分析的范畴。基于装备体系的需求分析过程,结合现有装备的可靠性论证程序, 以装备体系使命为依据, 按照 “自顶向下” 的分解原则对装备体系进行使命任务需求分解, 建立装备体系可靠性参数框架。论证装备体系可靠性指标的一般步骤为: 首先基于装备体系的作战场景, 对装备体系可靠性能力要求进行分析, 形成初步的可靠性参数和指标作为装备体系可靠性论证的基础;其次, 基于分解的任务活动, 映射装备体系的生存性、稳健性和保障性要求, 在可靠性能力要求分析基础上形成装备体系可靠性初步要求;最后,生成需求方案, 基于体系任务活动对体系可靠性要求进行细化并进行仿真权衡, 从而形成最终的装备体系可靠性要求。航天武器装备体系可靠性通过需求论证过程, 确定装备体系各能力、子能力的参数和指标, 在理论上是通过装备体系架构设计和各组成装备自身的产品可靠性设计, 达到装备体系可靠性要求。但在实际工程研制过程中发现, 必须在整个航天装备体系层面, 采取针对性设计措施, 或增加具有特定功能的节点, 才能保证航天装备体系的任务可靠性, 否则很难通过装备体系自身优化架构或者提高单装设计水平满足可靠性要求。武器装备体系可靠性设计工作主要由3部分构成:一是将武器装备体系可靠性指标分解成系统级指标, 作为系统级开展可靠性设计工作的依据; 二是将部分武器装备体系级指标转化成对体系架构的要求, 作为体系架构设计工作的依据; 三是为满足体系层面可靠性的要求, 增加具有特定功能的节点, 开展针对性设计, 保证航天武器装备体系的任务可靠性。
近年来, 武器装备体系工程研究发展较为迅速, 理论与实践的结合也越来越深、越来越实。从体系的正向设计到系统体系接口, 再到验证评估、运行优化的全过程, 以及体系智能化、体系韧性和可靠性、体系涌现性等前沿方向,都取得了大量成果。 未来, 武器装备体系工程的研究可以重点围绕以下3个方面开展:一是从 “体系” 入手,通过体系的涌现性、可靠性与系统相异之处, 在理论层面挖掘体系工程与系统工程的差别之处和特点; 二是从 “方法” 入手, 基于体系特点, 在体系工程的各主要环节, 建立能够指导实践的体系工程系列方法论; 三是从 “工程” 入手,结合人工智能、大数据、云计算等新技术, 组织推动体系项目在实践层面落细落实, 打通关键环节, 形成理论-实践的循环上升。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250101
  • 接收时间:2025-02-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-10
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    中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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