Article(id=1154065848164671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715529600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-13, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753080339709, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753080339709, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753080339709, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753080339709, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298855528714458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943800098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754905336149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154065848621850801, articleId=1154065848164671662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Dynamic Analysis and Linear Control Method Design for an Underwater Vehicle, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve attitude stability and depth control of a underwater vehicle, the dynamic characteristics and the influence of the tail rudders and sliding force on its dynamic characteristics are analyzed. The system is divided into three loops, and the controllers are designed for them. According to the damping characteristics of the system, pole placement is performed on the diagonal rate loop, followed by hysteresis correction on the overload loop based on the frequency domain characteristics of the system. Finally, the time domain characteristics of the depth loop are improved by adjusting the gain. Through simulation experiments, it has been verified that the control law designed can achieve attitude stability and depth control of a underwater vehicle, and has certain anti-interference ability. The linear control methods used in the article are common in engineering practice, and the calculation of controller parameters is based on the system's time-domain and frequency-domain performance indicators. The physical meaning is clear, and it has certain reference significance for engineering practice related to underwater vehicle attitude control.

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为实现水下航行体的姿态稳定控制与定深控制,采用线性控制方法设计了过载控制回路与深度跟踪回路。根据初始状态响应结果,分析了航行体的尾舵与所受滑行力对其动力学特性产生的影响。针对角速率回路的弱阻尼特性,采用极点配置法得到理想的等效阻尼,并利用频域分析法对过载回路进行滞后校正,通过调节双回路反馈增益实现了深度跟踪。仿真试验验证了所设计的控制律能够实现对水下航行体的姿态稳定控制以及定深控制,并且具有一定的抗扰能力。控制器设计过程中采用的均为工程实践中常见的线性控制方法,控制器参数的计算均基于系统时域与频域性能指标,物理意义明确,对于水下航行体姿态控制相关的工程实践具有一定的参考意义。

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岳玲玮(1999-),女,助理工程师,主要研究方向为姿控总体设计。

赵长见(1976—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

宋志国(1987—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行控制。

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${\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}$一头部控制器攻角;${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$一头部控制器的舵偏角;${\delta }_{\mathrm{f}}$一尾部控制器的舵偏角;$\theta$一弹道倾角;${L}_{\mathrm{c}}$一头部控制器中心到航行体质心的距离;${L}_{\mathrm{f}}$一尾部控制器中心到航行体质心的距离;$V$一航行体航行速度。

, figureFileSmall=E1IIW2wjAYgZeDlWjKW73Q==, figureFileBig=mfH0xmJxw8WAIWFU3oTWOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268719622730076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Initial state response of vehicle with tail control, figureFileSmall=Og35IOMkK6Uad7eNyAsR0Q==, figureFileBig=tXYBdyXVah60MjhZ6pC2aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268719891165533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=CN, label=图2, caption=有尾部控制力航行体初始状态响应, figureFileSmall=Og35IOMkK6Uad7eNyAsR0Q==, figureFileBig=tXYBdyXVah60MjhZ6pC2aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268720105075038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Initial state response of vehicle without tail control, figureFileSmall=Upj30ze26zd6DU5Y98cHfg==, figureFileBig=ijidGtnz/BOGXodXnLO/zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268720318984543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=CN, label=图3, caption=无尾部控制力航行体初始状态响应, figureFileSmall=Upj30ze26zd6DU5Y98cHfg==, figureFileBig=ijidGtnz/BOGXodXnLO/zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268720520311136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Response of the planning force and moment of tail control, figureFileSmall=i6dX3VNApv48xt55dckaeA==, figureFileBig=mtQRwa2fvwCtfhIZoVuihA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268720704860513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=CN, label=图4, caption=滑行力和尾部控制力矩, figureFileSmall=i6dX3VNApv48xt55dckaeA==, figureFileBig=mtQRwa2fvwCtfhIZoVuihA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268720897798498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, 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language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Structure of the acceleration control loop, figureFileSmall=5N3ihO1d+sNtf/OSiyk+NQ==, figureFileBig=2Qakf/HjVR4ad7BX6jiXtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268724307767662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=CN, label=图10, caption=过载控制回路结构, figureFileSmall=5N3ihO1d+sNtf/OSiyk+NQ==, figureFileBig=2Qakf/HjVR4ad7BX6jiXtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268724525871471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Structure of the depth control loop, figureFileSmall=2ogtRIaJXE7ZYbrpoZyZlQ==, figureFileBig=rJZ16Sw8C6IWPHlr69Nq3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268724702032240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848164671662, language=CN, label=图11, caption=深度控制回路结构, figureFileSmall=2ogtRIaJXE7ZYbrpoZyZlQ==, 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水下航行体动力学分析与线性控制方法设计
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岳玲玮 , 赵长见 , 宋志国
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(1): 29-36
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(1): 29-36
水下航行体动力学分析与线性控制方法设计
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岳玲玮, 赵长见, 宋志国
作者信息
  • 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 岳玲玮(1999-),女,助理工程师,主要研究方向为姿控总体设计。

    赵长见(1976—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

    宋志国(1987—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行控制。

Dynamic Analysis and Linear Control Method Design for an Underwater Vehicle
Lingwei YUE, Changjian ZHAO, Zhiguo SONG
Affiliations
  • China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250104
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为实现水下航行体的姿态稳定控制与定深控制,采用线性控制方法设计了过载控制回路与深度跟踪回路。根据初始状态响应结果,分析了航行体的尾舵与所受滑行力对其动力学特性产生的影响。针对角速率回路的弱阻尼特性,采用极点配置法得到理想的等效阻尼,并利用频域分析法对过载回路进行滞后校正,通过调节双回路反馈增益实现了深度跟踪。仿真试验验证了所设计的控制律能够实现对水下航行体的姿态稳定控制以及定深控制,并且具有一定的抗扰能力。控制器设计过程中采用的均为工程实践中常见的线性控制方法,控制器参数的计算均基于系统时域与频域性能指标,物理意义明确,对于水下航行体姿态控制相关的工程实践具有一定的参考意义。

水下航行体  /  姿态控制  /  定深控制  /  极点配置  /  串联校正

To achieve attitude stability and depth control of a underwater vehicle, the dynamic characteristics and the influence of the tail rudders and sliding force on its dynamic characteristics are analyzed. The system is divided into three loops, and the controllers are designed for them. According to the damping characteristics of the system, pole placement is performed on the diagonal rate loop, followed by hysteresis correction on the overload loop based on the frequency domain characteristics of the system. Finally, the time domain characteristics of the depth loop are improved by adjusting the gain. Through simulation experiments, it has been verified that the control law designed can achieve attitude stability and depth control of a underwater vehicle, and has certain anti-interference ability. The linear control methods used in the article are common in engineering practice, and the calculation of controller parameters is based on the system's time-domain and frequency-domain performance indicators. The physical meaning is clear, and it has certain reference significance for engineering practice related to underwater vehicle attitude control.

underwater vehicle  /  attitude control  /  depth control  /  pole placement  /  cascade compensation
岳玲玮, 赵长见, 宋志国. 水下航行体动力学分析与线性控制方法设计. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (1) : 29 -36 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250104
Lingwei YUE, Changjian ZHAO, Zhiguo SONG. Dynamic Analysis and Linear Control Method Design for an Underwater Vehicle[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (1) : 29 -36 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250104
水下航行体受水中阻力的影响, 速度难以大幅度提升,其性能的提升也受到限制[1]。20世纪40年代开始的超空泡减阻技术的研究, 为水下航行体的减阻提速提供了新的方法。水下航行体安装特殊头部控制器, 当速度足够大时, 航行体机身与液体的交界面会汽化, 形成气泡。在头部控制器的作用下, 分散的小气泡会逐渐后移增大,最终形成一个将航行体完全包裹的气泡,即超空泡[2]。在超空泡的作用下,航行体只有头部和尾部的执行机构与水接触, 减少了航行体与水的接触面积, 降低了水阻对航行体的影响, 从而达到提速的目的[3]。但与此同时,由于水下航行体的机身被空泡包裹, 空泡内蒸汽对其产生的流体动力作用很小, 可以忽略不计, 因此水下航行体只有头部和尾部两处受到流体动力作用, 使得航行体的动力学特性与传统飞行器完全不同。水下航行体独特的受力方式, 使其在没有控制力时无法维持稳定, 并具有在扰动作用下易产生发散振荡的特性。因此, 发展水下航行体控制技术对其进一步发展与应用至关重要。
国内外学者对空泡形态预示以及水下航行体的动力学模型开展了大量研究[4-9]。俄罗斯著名学者Log vinovich[10]提出了空泡的独立膨胀原理,是准确预测空泡形状的基础理论之一, 为水下航行体的动力学研究奠定了基础。Dzielski[11]建立了简化的水下航行体纵向平面的动力学方程, 至今仍被广泛应用于控制系统设计研究。对于水下航行体的稳定控制, 国内外学者尝试了许多控制方法[12-15]。Vanek[16]通过动态逆方法对方程进行反馈线性化, 对线性化后的系统进行极点配置, 解决了振荡问题。Shao等[17]采用非线性切换控制策略解决滑行力非光滑问题, 试验证实了该控制策略可以实现对航行体的稳定控制。庞爱平等[18]考虑航行体在滑行力持续作用下的运动状态, 采用${H}_{\infty }$控制,确保了在滑行力的作用下,航行体仍能快速稳定。
尾部控制器受力规律与头部控制器并不相同, 尾部控制器沾湿部分所受流体动力对水下航行体的稳定具有重要的作用, 也改变了航行体的动力学特性。本文对头部和尾部控制器共同作用下的水下航行体进行了动力学建模, 并对其动力学特性进行分析, 采用线性方法设计过载回路控制器, 最终实现姿态稳定控制以及定深控制。
水下航行体动力学建模所需坐标系如图1所示。 发射坐标系$O -{xyz}$,以航行体发射点为原点,${Ox}$在发射水平面内指向发射方向,${Oz}$轴垂直于发射点水平面指向下方,顺着发射方向看去,${Oy}$轴指向左边。 航行体体坐标系${o}_{1}- {x}_{1}{y}_{1}{z}_{1}$与航行体质心固连,${o}_{1}{x}_{1}$沿机身对称轴,指向头部,${o}_{1}{z}_{1}$轴在主对称面内与${o}_{1}{x}_{1}$轴垂直指向下,顺着发射方向看去,${o}_{1}{y}_{1}$轴指向左边。 机身相对于发射系的姿态角为$\psi \text{、}\varphi \text{、}\gamma ,\psi$为偏航角,$\varphi$为俯仰角,$\gamma$为滚转角。头部控制器坐标系${o}_{\mathrm{e}}- {x}_{\mathrm{e}}{y}_{\mathrm{e}}{z}_{\mathrm{e}}$与头部控制面固连,以控制面中心为原点,${o}_{\mathrm{c}}{x}_{\mathrm{c}}$垂直于控制面指向航行体前方,${o}_{\mathrm{c}}{z}_{\mathrm{c}}$在控制面内与${o}_{\mathrm{c}}{x}_{\mathrm{c}}$垂直并指向下方,${o}_{\mathrm{c}}- {x}_{\mathrm{c}}{y}_{\mathrm{c}}{z}_{\mathrm{c}}$为右手直角坐标系。${o}_{\mathrm{c}}{x}_{\mathrm{c}}$${o}_{1}{x}_{1}$之间的夹角为头部控制器的舵偏角${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$,航行体坐标系${o}_{1}- {x}_{1}{y}_{1}{z}_{1}$${o}_{1}{y}_{1}$轴正向旋转${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$后与头部控制器坐标系重合。航行体坐标系之间产生的角度如图1所示。尾部控制器以控制面中心为原点,舵偏角为${0}^{\circ }$时,尾部控制器轴线与航行体体轴平行,指向前方。
航行体在直航段, 只有头部以及尾部控制器刺破空泡的部分与水接触。此时机身所受流体动力来自于气态水, 相较于两执行机构所受的流体动力很小, 可以忽略不计。因此, 水下航行体受到的作用力为重力${F}_{\mathrm{g}}$、头部控制器受力${F}_{\mathrm{{cav}}}$、尾部控制器受力${F}_{\mathrm{f}}$、发动机推力${F}_{\mathrm{T}}$、滑行力${F}_{\text{plane }}$
根据动量定理可以得到水下航行体纵向动力学方程:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} M\left({\dot{u}+ {qw}}\right)= {F}_{\mathrm{{cav}},{x}_{1}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{g},{x}_{1}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{{fin}},{x}_{1}}+ T \\ M\left({\dot{w}- {qu}}\right)= {F}_{\mathrm{{cav}},{z}_{1}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{g},{z}_{1}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{{fin}},{z}_{1}}+ {F}_{\text{plane }}\\{I}_{y}\dot{q}= {M}_{\mathrm{{cav}},{y}_{1}}+ {M}_{\mathrm{g},{y}_{1}}+ {M}_{\mathrm{{fin}},{y}_{1}}+ {M}_{\mathrm{{plane}},{y}_{1}}\\\dot{\varphi }= q \end{array}\right.$
式中$u, w$为速度矢量在航行体体坐标系下的分量;$q$为角速度矢量在航行体体坐标系下的分量;$M$为航行体质量;${I}_{y}$为航行体绕${o}_{1}{y}_{1}$轴转动惯量; 等式右侧为各部分力和力矩在航行体体坐标系下的分量。
a)重力在航行体坐标系下可分解为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{g},{x}_{1}}= -{Mg}\sin \varphi \\{F}_{\mathrm{g},{z}_{1}}= {Mg}\cos \varphi \end{array}\right.$
b)头部控制面总是和水接触, 既能诱导超空泡的产生, 同时又能为航行体提供控制力与力矩。头部控制器受到沿速度反方向的水动力作用:
${F}_{\mathrm{{cav}}}= -{q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}$
式中${q}_{\mathrm{v}}$为航行体动压;${S}_{\mathrm{n}}$为头部控制器面积;${C}_{\mathrm{x}}$为作用于头部控制器的阻力系数。
头部控制器阻力系数可由下式计算:
${C}_{\mathrm{x}}= {C}_{\mathrm{x}0}\left({1 +\sigma }\right)$
式中${C}_{\mathrm{x}0}$为零攻角零空化数阻力情况下的阻力系数, 常取值为0.82 ;$\sigma$为空化数,本文采用定常空化数,$\sigma$=0.02。
将式(3)中水动力沿头部控制器坐标系进行分解, 由于沿头部控制器表面切向的分量很小, 可忽略不计, 仅考虑头部控制器法向受力:
${F}_{\mathrm{{cav}},{x}_{\mathrm{c}}}= -{q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}\cos \left({\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)$
以上水动力表达式在头部控制器攻角在$-{45}^{\circ }\sim {45}^{\circ }$时有效, 将头部控制器水动力分解到航行体体坐标系中, 在小角度假设下, 简化可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{{cav}},{x}_{\mathrm{l}}}= -{q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}\cos \left({\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\cos \left({\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\approx -{q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}\\{F}_{\mathrm{{cav}},{z}_{\mathrm{l}}}= {q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}\cos \left({\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\sin \left({\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\approx {q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}{\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}\end{array}\right.$
头部控制器所受水动力产生的俯仰力矩为
${M}_{\mathrm{{cav}},{y}_{1}}= -{F}_{\mathrm{{cav}},{z}_{1}}{L}_{\mathrm{c}}$
c)为了提高执行机构的控制能力, 航行体的控制力与控制力矩由前后两部分提供。由于执行机构所受流体动力大小不同, 后半部分执行机构仅考虑控制力矩。
${M}_{\mathrm{{fin}},{v}_{\mathrm{t}}}= {m}_{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{f}}}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{f}}n{q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{f}}L $
式中${m}_{{\alpha }_{f}}$为俯仰力矩系数,通过CFD仿真取得;${S}_{\mathrm{f}}$为俯仰舵面积;$L$为航行体总长度;$n$为尾部控制器沾湿率。
d)水下航行体由于机身部分失去浮力支撑, 因此在没有控制输入时, 在重力作用下尾部会下坠, 与空泡壁碰撞, 此时, 航行体会受到一个很大的反推力将其推回空泡内部, 这个反推力就称为滑行力。
由于滑行力的产生与空泡半径的大小以及变化规律相关,因此首先需要计算碰撞位置空泡的半径${R}_{\mathrm{c}}$和空泡半径的变化率${\dot{R}}_{\mathrm{c}}{}$[11]:
${R}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{n}}}{2}{\left({0.82}\frac{1 +\sigma }{\sigma }\right)}^{0.5}{k}_{2}$
${\dot{R}}_{\mathrm{c}}= -\frac{20}{17}{\left({0.82}\frac{1 +\sigma }{\sigma }\right)}^{0.5}V\left({1 -\frac{4.5\sigma }{1 +\sigma }{k}_{1}^{\frac{23}{17}}}\right){\left\lbrack {k}_{2}\left(\frac{1.92}{\sigma }-3\right)\right\rbrack }^{-1}$
${k}_{1}= \frac{L}{{R}_{\mathrm{n}}}{\left(\frac{1.92}{\sigma }-3\right)}^{-1}- 1 $
${k}_{2}= {\left\lbrack 1 -\left( 1 -\frac{4.5\sigma }{1 +\sigma }\right){k}_{1}^{\frac{40}{17}}\right\rbrack }^{0.5}$
式中${R}_{\mathrm{n}}$为头部控制器半径。
滑行力主要与航行体尾部浸入液体的深度和浸入角度有关, 在Dzielski提出的滑行力模型中, 滑行力是航行体纵向速度$w$的函数。
${F}_{\mathrm{p}}= -{V}^{2}\left\lbrack {1 -{\left(\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{c}}- R}{{h}^{\prime }R +{R}_{\mathrm{c}}- R}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack \left(\frac{1 +{h}^{\prime }}{1 + 2{h}^{\prime }}\right){\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}$
式中$R$为航行体机身半径;${h}^{\prime }$为航行体相对浸入深度;${\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}$为航行体浸入角。相对浸入深度与浸入角度的计算公式为
${h}^{\prime }= \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{L}{R}\left|\frac{w}{V}\right|- \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{c}}- R}{R},& \left| w\right|> \frac{V\left({{R}_{\mathrm{c}}- R}\right)}{L}\\ 0,& \left| w\right|\leq \frac{V\left({{R}_{\mathrm{c}}- R}\right)}{L}\end{matrix}\right.$
${\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{w}{V}- \frac{{\dot{R}}_{\mathrm{c}}}{V},& w > 0 \\\frac{w}{V}+ \frac{{\dot{R}}_{\mathrm{c}}}{V},& w \leq 0 \end{array}\right.$
e)将各部分受力的数学表达式带入式(1)中可得水下航行体纵向动力学方程:
$\left\{\begin{matrix} M\left({\dot{u}+ {qw}}\right)= -{q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}\cos {\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}\cos {\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}- {Mg}\sin \varphi + T \\ M\left({\dot{w}- {qu}}\right)= {q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}\cos {\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}\sin {\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}+ {Mg}\cos \varphi -\\{V}^{2}\left\lbrack {1 -{\left(\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{c}}- R}{{l}^{n}/R +{R}_{\mathrm{c}}- R}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack \left(\frac{1 +{h}^{\prime }}{1 + 2{h}^{\prime }}\right){\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}\\{I}_{y}\dot{q}= -{q}_{\mathrm{v}}{S}_{\mathrm{n}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}\cos {\alpha }_{\mathrm{c}}\sin {\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}{L}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {m}_{\mathrm{a}}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}{n}_{\mathrm{g}}{V}_{\mathrm{s}}L -\\{V}^{2}\left\lbrack {1 -{\left(\frac{{c}_{\mathrm{p}}- R}{{l}^{n}/R +{R}_{\mathrm{c}}- R}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack \left(\frac{1 +{h}^{\prime }}{1 + 2{h}^{\prime }}\right){\omega }_{\mathrm{p}}{L}_{\mathrm{f}}\\\dot{z}= s \end{matrix}\right.$
水下航行体在发射坐标系下运动学方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{x}= u\cos \varphi + w\sin \varphi \\{v}_{z}= - u\sin \varphi + w\cos \varphi \\\dot{x}= {v}_{x}\\\dot{z}= {v}_{z}\end{array}\right.$
式中${v}_{x}$${v}_{z}$为航行体在发射系下的速度分量;(x, z)为航行体在发射系下的坐标;$\alpha$为航行体攻角。
对推导的航行体动力学模型进行Simulink仿真, 设定归一化后的初始速度${V}_{0}= 1$,初始深度${z}_{0}= 1$,${w}_{0}= {\varphi }_{0}= {\theta }_{0}= 0$,图2图3分别为航行体受到尾部控制力与不受尾部控制力时的初始状态响应。
图2可以看出, 在不施加控制输入时, 重力使得航行体纵向向下的速度逐渐增大, 由滑行力计算式(13)~式(15)可知,当纵向速度增大至阈值时, 航行体会受到滑行力的 “反弹” 作用。然而航行体尾部拍打空泡壁一次之后便稳定在空泡之中航行, 不再产生滑行力, 航行体的攻角与纵向速度也并不是发散状态, 而是在经过短暂的振荡后逐渐趋向稳定。但由于向下的纵向速度一直存在, 航行体的航行深度不断增加, 航行体的俯仰角逐渐增大。当航行体不受尾部控制器作用时, 航行体受到的尾部恢复力矩为0 , 此时航行体的初始状态响应如图3所示, 航行体的攻角与纵向速度无法收敛。
图4为航行体受到尾部控制器作用时, 滑行力与尾部控制力矩的变化。图5为不受尾部控制器作用时, 滑行力的作用规律。结合图2图3中攻角变化规律可见, 当航行体攻角变化时, 尾部控制器沾湿部分会产生恢复力矩, 使得航行体的攻角逐渐趋于稳定, 同时也使得俯仰角变化率逐渐趋于稳定, 从而对航行体纵向速度也起到稳定作用。由于航行体纵向速度逐渐收敛至0,在后续运动过程中航行体尾部不再与空泡壁发生碰撞, 也就不再受到滑行力作用。当没有尾部控制器作用时, 航行体的纵向速度超过阈值,尾部便会与空泡壁碰撞,受到滑行力, 由于攻角与纵向速度无法收敛, 滑行力也会持续地出现。
由以上分析可知, 尾部控制器产生的力矩对航行体的攻角以及纵向速度的稳定具有重要的作用, 也能有效避免空泡尾部反复拍打空泡壁而失稳, 使得有尾部控制与无尾部控制的航行体表现出截然不同的动力学特性。然而, 仅靠尾部控制器的作用无法使航行体的姿态保持稳定, 也不能将航行深度控制在稳定值, 因此需要合理设计控制策略, 使水下航行体实现稳定的定深航行。
对水下航行体进行控制方案设计的主要思路为, 通过小角度线性化和控制分配对航行体的状态方程进行简化, 并转化为传递函数的形式, 通过频率域的方法分析系统的特性。在逐个回路进行控制器设计时, 根据不同回路的特性, 选择适用的线性控制方法。
进行线性控制器设计之前, 需要先对系统状态方程进行简化。由式(16)可以看出, 在航行体受力中, 只有滑行力无法进行小角度线性化。滑行力的动力学特性复杂, 如今常用的几种估计模型与实际情况仍存在较大误差, 在进行控制器设计时, 如果被控对象模型中包括滑行力,反而会带来更大的建模不确定性。滑行力并非一直存在, 因而可以将滑行力当作一种未知的外来扰动, 利用不含滑行力的线性动力学方程设计控制器, 当控制器具有足够强的抗扰能力时, 在滑行力的作用下, 航行体仍能保持稳定航行。
对式(16)中的动力学方程滑行力以外的部分进行小角度线性化, 建立不含滑行力的线性动力学方程, 并将其表示为状态方程:
$\begin{aligned} {\left[\begin{array}{c} \dot{w} \\ \dot{q} \end{array}\right]=} & {\left[\begin{array}{cc} 0 & V \\ \frac{m_{a_{\mathrm{f}}} n q_{\mathrm{v}} S_{\mathrm{f}} L}{I_{y} V} & \frac{m_{\alpha_{\mathrm{f}}} n q_{\mathrm{v}} L S_{\mathrm{f}} L_{\mathrm{f}}}{I_{y} V} \end{array}\right]+} \\ & {\left[\begin{array}{cc} \frac{q_{\mathrm{v}} S_{\mathrm{n}} C_{\mathrm{x}}}{M} & 0 \\ -\frac{q_{\mathrm{v}} S_{\mathrm{n}} C_{\mathrm{x}} L_{\mathrm{c}}}{I_{y}} & \frac{m_{a_{\mathrm{f}}} n q_{\mathrm{v}} L S_{\mathrm{f}}}{I_{y}} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c} \delta_{\mathrm{c}} \\ \delta_{\mathrm{f}} \end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{c} g \\ 0 \end{array}\right] } \end{aligned}$
$y=\left[\begin{array}{ll} 0 & 1 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l} w \\ q \end{array}\right]$
由于存在两个控制输入, 线性方法处理起来比较繁琐, 因此首先需要进行控制分配, 设定虚拟控制量${u}_{\mathrm{c}}$,根据两种控制输入产生的力矩大小的不同,分别令${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}= {0.75}{u}_{\mathrm{c}},{\delta }_{\mathrm{f}}= {0.25}{u}_{\mathrm{c}}$。经过控制分配后,可将多输入问题转化为单输入问题,求出俯仰角速率$q$相对虚拟控制输入${u}_{c}$的传递函数如式(20)所示,利用传递函数可以便于后续对系统频域特性的分析, 以及采用经典控制方法进行控制器的设计。
${G}_{{u}_{c}}^{q}\left( s\right)= \frac{-{680.9s}- {188.2}}{{s}^{2}+ {2.901s}+ {290.1}}$
为了实现深度控制, 首先需要设计自动驾驶仪, 本文采用经典的双回路过载自动驾驶仪, 由角速率回路与过载控制回路组成。
角速率回路的设计目标为改善系统的阻尼特性, 根据俯仰角速率与控制输入之间的传递函数${G}_{{u}_{c}}^{q}\left( s\right)$可得, 原系统的阻尼为0.085 , 为弱阻尼系统, 模型的不确定性和外来扰动会对系统造成很大影响, 系统鲁棒性差, 容易产生振荡。
由于水下航行体俯仰角速率与航行体的纵向运动速率耦合, 常规的单状态变量的反馈无法使闭环系统等效阻尼达到设定值。
容易证明式(18)描述的系统能控矩阵的秩为2 , 系统完全能控, 因此可以采用极点配置的方法, 改变特征多项式, 从而改善系统的阻尼特性。首先需要选定理想极点的位置, 再根据理想特征多项式与原特征多项式的差值计算反馈系数,反馈后角速率回路结构如图6所示。
等效阻尼比为0.707时, 系统的平稳性与快速性都能达到比较理想的状态, 因此可将共轭极点配置在$s$平面的$\pm {45}^{\circ }$线上。原系统开环极点为${S}_{1,2}= -{1.45}\pm$33.94i,特征多项式为
$ a\left( s\right)= {s}^{2}+ {2.901s}+ {290.1}$
由于执行机构操纵范围有限,因此理想极点与原开环极点距离不能过远。选定理想极点为${s}_{1,2}= -{16}\pm$16i;理想多项式为
${a}^{* }\left( s\right)= {s}^{2}+ {32s}+ {512}$
计算可得状态反馈矩阵$\mathbf{K}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}- {0.0031}& -{0.043}\end{array}\right\rbrack$,极点配置后角速率回路的闭环零点不变, 特征多项式变为${s}^{2}+ {32s}+ {512}$。角速率控制律可表示为
${u}_{\mathrm{c}}= v +{0.0031w}+ {0.043q}$
式中$v$为外环过载控制回路输入角速率回路的控制指令。
第2.2节中对俯仰角速率回路进行了极点配置, 航行体深度控制可通过控制过载实现, 过载可由航行体弹道倾角的变化率表示, 因此需要建立俯仰角速率与弹道倾角变化率之间的传递函数${G}_{q}^{\theta }\left( s\right)$,此时过载$a$相对于控制输入的开环传递函数表示为
$ P\left( s\right)= {\bar{G}}_{{u}_{c}}^{q}\left( s\right){G}_{q}^{\theta }\left( s\right)\cdot V \approx \frac{{64.86}\left({{s}^{2}+ {3.144s}+ {949.8}}\right)}{{s}^{2}+ {32s}+ {512}}$
过载回路开环幅相特性曲线和波特图分别如图7图8所示。开环系统不存在正实部极点, 但开环系统对数幅频特性曲线在中频段斜率很大, 因此容易产生振荡。
由以上对系统特性的分析可知, 若想改善过载回路的振荡特性, 需要改善其中频段的特性, 滞后校正器幅频特性曲线在转折点前的斜率为$-{20}\mathrm{\;{dB}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$,并且其幅频值为负数, 可以使原系统的幅频特性曲线向下移动,并与$0\mathrm{\;{dB}}$线相交,使得系统在截止频率附近的幅频曲线斜率为$-{20}\mathrm{\;{dB}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$,中频段具有较好的特性, 从而能改善系统的平稳性并抑制振荡。
在此处选用$\mathrm{{PI}}$控制器,需要确定的控制参数为${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$${K}_{\mathrm{i}}$。由图8可见,当频率$\omega >{15}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$时,对数幅频斜率变陡,而理想的中频段斜率为$-{20}\mathrm{{dB}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$,并且希望该斜率占据的频率范围较宽, 因此理想的截止频率不可超过${15}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$,并且截止频率越低,占据的频率范围越宽。但截止频率越低, 系统的调节时间越长, 快速性就越差。因此, 综合考虑平稳性与快速性的要求,选择期望截止频率为${10}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$。原系统在$\omega =$${10}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$时的幅值为${40.5}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$,因此令截止频率处控制器的幅频为$-{40.5}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$,即:
${20}\lg \left|{{G}_{\mathrm{c}}\left({j{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)}\right|= -{40.5}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$
${K}_{\mathrm{p}}\ll {K}_{\mathrm{i}}$,则:
$\left|{{G}_{\mathrm{c}}\left({j{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)}\right|\approx \left|{{K}_{i}/j{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right|$
由式(25)、(26)可得,${K}_{\mathrm{i}}= {0.09}$,由于${K}_{\mathrm{p}}\ll {K}_{\mathrm{i}}$, 则令${K}_{\mathrm{p}}= {0.009}$,可得滞后校正器:
${G}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)= {0.009}+ \frac{0.09}{s}$
校正后系统的对数幅相特性曲线如图9所示, 此时系统的截止频率为${10}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$,相稳定裕度为${71}^{\circ }$,低频段与中频段具有较好的特性, 因此闭环系统将具有较好稳态精度与平稳性。
由式(23)与式(27)可得控制律:
${u}_{\mathrm{c}}= {0.001\Delta a}+ {0.09}{\int }_{0}^{t}{\Delta a}\mathrm{\;d}t +{0.0031w}+ {0.043q}$
校正后过载控制回路结构如图10所示。
深度控制回路由深度与速度两个反馈回路组成, 深度跟踪回路结构如图11所示, 通过调节两个比例系数${K}_{1}$${K}_{2}$的大小来改善系统深度跟踪响应的动态特性, 反馈后的过载指令可表示为${a}_{\mathrm{c}}= {K}_{1}{K}_{2}\left({{z}^{* }- z}\right)- {K}_{2}{v}_{z}$
取深度控制回路比例系数${K}_{1}= {2.5}\text{、}{K}_{2}= 7$,可以得到系统最终的深度控制律:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{c}}= {0.001\Delta a}+ {0.09}{\int }_{0}^{t}{\Delta a}\mathrm{\;d}t +{0.0031w}+ {0.043q}\\{\Delta a}= {17.5}\left({{z}^{* }- z}\right)-7{v}_{z}\end{array}\right.$
设定归一化后的初始速度${V}_{0}= 1$,初始深度${z}_{0}= 1,{w}_{0}= {\varphi }_{0}= {\theta }_{0}= 0$,预期深度为1.1 ,根据式(29)中的控制律以及头部与尾部控制舵偏的分配比例, 可以得到控制指令, 带入模型进行仿真, 结果如图12所示。在接收阶跃深度指令${z}^{* }= {1.1}$后,航行体能够较快达到预定深度,调节时间为${0.77}\mathrm{\;s}$,稳态误差与超调量为0 ,系统的俯仰角、俯仰角速率以及过载均在短时间内达到稳定状态。
此时航行体执行机构偏转量以及滑行力如图13所示,执行机构控制峰值不超过${3}^{\circ }$,最终稳定在常值。通过滑行力的变化曲线可以看出, 在经过几次尾拍后, 最终航行体尾部在空泡壁上 “滑行”, 滑行力的数值稳定在$-{450}\mathrm{\;N}$,此时滑行力对航行体的稳定起到重要作用。由仿真结果可见, 在头部和尾部控制器的共同作用下, 可以实现水下航行体定深稳定航行, 而水下航行体所特有的滑行力也能够对航行体的稳定起到积极作用。
$t = 3\mathrm{\;s}$时对航行体施加持续${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$的脉冲扰动, 仿真结果如图14所示。由仿真结果可见, 在干扰消失后${0.8}\mathrm{\;s}$系统即可恢复稳定状态。图15为执行机构舵偏以及滑行力, 干扰作用后系统舵偏仍然不超过${3}^{\circ }$,在干扰作用下航行体再次产生尾拍现象,但最终滑行力仍然能恢复稳定状态, 说明系统具有较好的抗扰能力。
在无控制输入时, 水下航行体的控制机构能够提供恢复力矩, 使攻角逐渐收敛, 但无法维持航行深度稳定。为实现航行体定深控制, 由内到外分别为角速率回路、过载回路以及深度回路设计控制器。通过角速率的开环传递函数可知, 系统振荡特性是由于系统阻尼过小, 而航行体的姿态与其运动速度耦合, 因此通过重新配置闭环极点改变其阻尼特性。过载回路控制器设计则是根据其波特图, 计算滞后控制器的参数, 从而使闭环系统具有较好的频域特性。最后深度控制回路由深度与速度两个反馈回路组成。仿真结果表明, 控制器作用下系统具有较好的稳定性和抗扰能力。在控制器设计过程中运用经典控制理论对系统进行分析, 采用工程中广泛应用的常见线性方法设计控制器, 能够达到较好的控制效果, 同时对工程实践中的应用有一定的参考价值。
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2025年第48卷第1期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250104
  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
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    中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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