Article(id=1154065847690715308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708272000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-19, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753080339596, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753080339596, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753080339596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753080339596, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298855528714458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943800098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754905336149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154065848168865967, articleId=1154065847690715308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Adaptive Sliding Mode Agile Maneuver Control Method with Attack Angle Constraints, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An adaptive sliding mode control method for spacecraft with attack angle constraints is proposed based on a direct force/aerodynamic composite control strategy for agile maneuvering control at high angles of attack. Firstly, a longitudinal direct force/aerodynamic composite control model and a lateral jet interference model are established respectively. By designing a prescribed performance nonlinear mapping function, the attitude control problem of the missile body pitch channel with attack angle constraints can be transformed into an unconstrained angle of attack error adjustment control problem. Secondly, an attack angle error-based nonlinear integral sliding mode surface is designed. Under the framework of Backstepping control, an integral Backstepping sliding mode control method for adaptive estimation of lateral jet interference is proposed, in which the upper bound of lateral jet interference can be estimated online to achieve agile and accurate control. Finally, based on Lyapunov stability theory, the asymptotic stability of the designed closed-loop control system is analyzed. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that compared to the classical sliding mode control method, the proposed method reduces steady-state time by 79.16%, overshoot by 24.68%, and energy consumption by 34.54%.

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针对航天器大攻角敏捷机动控制问题,基于直接力/气动力复合控制策略,提出攻角约束下航天器自适应滑模姿态控制方法。首先,建立纵向直接力/气动力复合控制模型和侧向喷流干扰模型,通过设计考虑攻角约束的预设性能非线性映射函数,将攻角约束的俯仰通道姿态控制问题转换为无约束的攻角误差调节控制问题;其次,设计攻角误差启发的非线性积分型滑模面,在反演控制框架下,提出侧向喷流干扰自适应估计的积分反演滑模控制方法,保证对侧向喷流干扰上界的在线估计,实现大攻角敏捷精准控制。最后,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,证明了所设计的闭环控制系统的渐近稳定性。数值仿真表明:所提方法相比经典滑模控制方法,稳态时间缩短了79.16%,超调量减小了24.68%,舵偏能量消耗减小了34.54%。

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张旋(1987-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器导航、制导与控制。

陈升泽(1987-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为轨道博弈。

王子晗(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为无人集群任务规划、协同制导。

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陈升泽(1987-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为轨道博弈。

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王子晗(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为无人集群任务规划、协同制导。

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王子晗(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为无人集群任务规划、协同制导。

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ArticleFig(id=1197268547182313708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847690715308, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameter impact analysis, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数选择${c}_{1}$${c}_{2}$${c}_{3}$${c}_{4}$
本文选取参数0.110130
第1组对比参数110530
第2组对比参数0.05100.530
第3组对比参数0.15130
第4组对比参数0.115130
第5组对比参数0.110120
第6组对比参数0.110135
), ArticleFig(id=1197268547475914990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847690715308, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同控制器参数对控制效果的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数选择${c}_{1}$${c}_{2}$${c}_{3}$${c}_{4}$
本文选取参数0.110130
第1组对比参数110530
第2组对比参数0.05100.530
第3组对比参数0.15130
第4组对比参数0.115130
第5组对比参数0.110120
第6组对比参数0.110135
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攻角约束的敏捷机动自适应滑模控制方法
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张旋 1 , 陈升泽 1 , 王子晗 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2025,48(1): 78-84
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2025, 48(1): 78-84
攻角约束的敏捷机动自适应滑模控制方法
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张旋1, 陈升泽1, 王子晗2
作者信息
  • 1中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 2北京理工大学,北京,100081
  • 张旋(1987-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器导航、制导与控制。

    陈升泽(1987-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为轨道博弈。

    王子晗(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为无人集群任务规划、协同制导。

Adaptive Sliding Mode Agile Maneuver Control Method with Attack Angle Constraints
Xuan ZHANG1, Shengze CHEN1, Zihan WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
  • 2Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,100081
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250111
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针对航天器大攻角敏捷机动控制问题,基于直接力/气动力复合控制策略,提出攻角约束下航天器自适应滑模姿态控制方法。首先,建立纵向直接力/气动力复合控制模型和侧向喷流干扰模型,通过设计考虑攻角约束的预设性能非线性映射函数,将攻角约束的俯仰通道姿态控制问题转换为无约束的攻角误差调节控制问题;其次,设计攻角误差启发的非线性积分型滑模面,在反演控制框架下,提出侧向喷流干扰自适应估计的积分反演滑模控制方法,保证对侧向喷流干扰上界的在线估计,实现大攻角敏捷精准控制。最后,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,证明了所设计的闭环控制系统的渐近稳定性。数值仿真表明:所提方法相比经典滑模控制方法,稳态时间缩短了79.16%,超调量减小了24.68%,舵偏能量消耗减小了34.54%。

直接力/气动力  /  预设性能  /  自适应滑模  /  姿态控制  /  敏捷控制

An adaptive sliding mode control method for spacecraft with attack angle constraints is proposed based on a direct force/aerodynamic composite control strategy for agile maneuvering control at high angles of attack. Firstly, a longitudinal direct force/aerodynamic composite control model and a lateral jet interference model are established respectively. By designing a prescribed performance nonlinear mapping function, the attitude control problem of the missile body pitch channel with attack angle constraints can be transformed into an unconstrained angle of attack error adjustment control problem. Secondly, an attack angle error-based nonlinear integral sliding mode surface is designed. Under the framework of Backstepping control, an integral Backstepping sliding mode control method for adaptive estimation of lateral jet interference is proposed, in which the upper bound of lateral jet interference can be estimated online to achieve agile and accurate control. Finally, based on Lyapunov stability theory, the asymptotic stability of the designed closed-loop control system is analyzed. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that compared to the classical sliding mode control method, the proposed method reduces steady-state time by 79.16%, overshoot by 24.68%, and energy consumption by 34.54%.

direct force/aerodynamic force  /  prescribed performance  /  adaptive sliding mode  /  attitude control  /  agile control
张旋, 陈升泽, 王子晗. 攻角约束的敏捷机动自适应滑模控制方法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (1) : 78 -84 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250111
Xuan ZHANG, Shengze CHEN, Zihan WANG. Adaptive Sliding Mode Agile Maneuver Control Method with Attack Angle Constraints[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (1) : 78 -84 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250111
末制导阶段${30}\sim {40}\mathrm{g}$的大过载[1]需求,对航天器的机动能力及其控制系统提出了巨大挑战。当前针对航天器的控制系统设计方式主要分为两类: 一类是采用纯气动舵控制的方式实现对航天器姿态的控制[2-3]。 田辈辈等[4]采用自适应动态规划算法,设计了一种鲁棒最优导弹自动驾驶仪, 但并未考虑约束条件下的系统快速响应问题。戴世聪等[5]考虑执行机构饱和约束,设计了一种抗饱和控制器,解决了飞行器饱和系统稳定性和快速性的矛盾。Guo等[6]在考虑执行器饱和约束下,基于齐次理论, 设计了有限时间的积分滑模控制方法, 保证系统误差在有限时间内收敛到零,但没有针对滑模控制的抖振问题进一步处理。熊佳富等[7]针对自动驾驶仪设计问题,提出了基于扩张状态观测器的滑模控制律, 实现了系统在外界未知干扰下对指令信号的精准快速跟踪。总之, 采用纯气动舵控制的方式, 虽然已经取得了较好的研究成果, 但由于其仅依赖气动舵产生气动力和力矩, 建立姿态的过程较慢, 难以满足航天器敏捷机动要求。另一类是采用直接力/气动力复合控制[8]的方式,实现对航天器的敏捷控制。于靖等[9]基于直接力思想,引入干扰观测器, 设计了自适应滑模控制律, 实现了外界干扰条件下对临近空间飞行器的稳定姿态控制。孙笑云等[10]针对着舰过程的强时变性和参数不确定性, 提出了一种自适应模糊控制方法, 对比分析了直接力控制方案和常规控制方案的优缺点, 明确了直接力控制方案在系统动态性能控制方面的优越性。潘瑾瑜等[11]针对俯仰通道的姿态控制问题,设计了基于有限时间的辅助滑模控制律, 在保证对系统不确定性估计的基础上,实现对俯仰通道的稳定控制。尽管上述文献均采用直接力/气动力复合控制,相对于纯气动舵控制方式, 在敏捷控制方面取得了较大的进步。但上述文献均未考虑直接力引起的侧向喷流干扰影响, 难以反映导弹在实际飞行环境下直接力/气动力复合控制的耦合问题, 降低了弹体姿态控制动态特性与稳态性能。
基于上述研究工作, 本文针对航天器大攻角敏捷控制问题, 考虑直接力/气动力复合控制中存在的侧向喷流干扰, 提出了攻角约束下航天器自适应滑模姿态控制方法。通过定义攻角约束的预设性能非线性映射函数, 将有约束弹体攻角控制问题转换为无约束攻角误差调节问题, 随后, 基于Backstepping控制框架, 设计了自适应滑模控制器, 在部分模型信息未知情况下,通过自适应律在线估计干扰参数的上界,提升了航天器俯仰通道大攻角控制系统的动态性能。
本文只分析其俯仰通道的运动学和动力学模型, 即建立航天器纵向平面的刚体模型。
航天器纵向刚体模型可描述为如下形式[12]:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{V}= \frac{T\cos \alpha - D -{mg}\sin \theta }{m}\\\dot{\theta }= \frac{T\sin \alpha + L -{mg}\cos \theta }{mV}\\\dot{\alpha }= {\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}- \dot{\theta }\\{\dot{\omega }}_{\mathrm{z}}= \frac{{M}_{\mathrm{z}}+ {K}_{\mathrm{F}}{H}_{\mathrm{{cir}}}{L}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}}{{J}_{\mathrm{z}}}\\\dot{\alpha }= V\cos \theta \\\dot{\alpha }= V\sin \theta \end{array}\right.$
式中$V,\theta ,\alpha ,{\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}, x, y$分别为航天器的飞行速度、 弹道倾角、攻角、俯仰角速度、射程和高度;$T$为主发动机推力;$D$为阻力;$m$为航天器质量;$L$为升力;${M}_{\mathrm{z}}$为俯仰力矩;${K}_{\mathrm{F}}$为侧喷干扰系数;${F}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}$为姿控发动机产生的直接力;${L}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}$为直接力距离质心的距离;${J}_{\mathrm{z}}$为俯仰通道转动惯量;$g$为当前高度下的重力加速度,$g ={g}_{0}{R}^{2}/{\left( R + y\right)}^{2},{g}_{0}$为地球表面的重力加速度,${g}_{0}=$${9.81}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}, R$为地球半径,$R ={6.371}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;m}$
同时, 考虑到航天器飞行状态约束、输入饱和约束, 航天器飞行状态和舵偏角需要满足如下约束:
$\begin{array}{cc} \omega_{\mathrm{z}} \in\left[-200\left(^{\circ}\right) / \mathrm{s}, 200\left(^{\circ}\right) / \mathrm{s}\right] & \alpha \in\left[-5^{\circ}, 5^{\circ}\right] \\ \dot{\delta}_{\mathrm{z}} \in\left[-180\left(^{\circ}\right) / \mathrm{s}, 180\left(^{\circ}\right) / \mathrm{s}\right] & \delta_{z} \in\left[-30^{\circ}, 30^{\circ}\right] \end{array}$
由文献[12]可知, 航天器升力的表达式为
$ L =\frac{1}{2}\rho {V}^{2}{S}_{\text{ref }}{C}_{\mathrm{L}}$
式中$\rho$为空气密度;${C}_{\mathrm{L}}$为升力系数;${S}_{\text{ref }}$为航天器的参考面积。
阻力的表达式为
$ D =\frac{1}{2}\rho {V}^{2}{S}_{\text{ref }}{C}_{\mathrm{D}}$
式中${C}_{\mathrm{D}}$为阻力系数。
俯仰力矩由两部分组成, 气动力产生的俯仰力矩及直接力产生的俯仰力矩, 表达式为
${M}_{\mathrm{z}}= \frac{1}{2}\rho {V}^{2}{S}_{\text{ref }}{L}_{\text{ref }}{C}_{\mathrm{{mz}}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}{L}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}$
式中${C}_{\mathrm{{mz}}}$为俯仰力矩系数;${L}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}$为航天器的参考长度。
当航天器采用直接力/气动力复合控制时, 姿控发动机工作产生的喷流会对航天器周围的横向喷流造成干扰。横向喷流与航天器的气流交叉形成复杂的流场,且在流场内会产生分离激波和弓形激波[13-14]等复杂现象, 这种现象被称为侧向喷流干扰效应。这种干扰与航天器的马赫数、弹体外形、空气密度等密切相关, 具有很大的非线性和不确定性, 对复合控制系统的设计产生较大影响, 因此有必要对其进行建模并分析。
本文采用干扰因子${K}_{\mathrm{F}}$来描述侧向喷流干扰对直接力的影响。影响干扰因子的因素主要有攻角、马赫数和舵偏角等。本文中, 将干扰因子简化为与攻角和舵偏角有关的非线性函数, 即:
${K}_{\mathrm{F}}= {K}_{\mathrm{F}0}+ {K}_{\mathrm{F}}\left(\alpha \right)+ {K}_{{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}}{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}$
式中${K}_{\mathrm{F}0}$为标称状态下的干扰因子;${K}_{\mathrm{F}}\left(\alpha \right)$为攻角引起的干扰因子的增量;${K}_{{\delta }_{z}}$为舵偏角引起的干扰因子的增量;${\delta }_{z}$为俯仰通道舵偏角。
本文主要考虑对航天器进行大攻角精准控制, 重点关注攻角响应的动态性能与瞬态性能, 因此, 选取$\alpha$${\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}$作为状态变量。基于前述建立的侧向喷流干扰模型, 将系统表述为如下形式:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\alpha }= {\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}- \dot{\theta }\\{\dot{\omega }}_{\mathrm{z}}= \frac{{M}_{\mathrm{z}}}{{J}_{\mathrm{z}}}+ \xi \left({\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中$\xi \left({\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right)$为由侧向喷流干扰引起的模型不确定性;$\dot{\theta }$为弹道倾角的变化率,进一步考虑需满足如下不等式:
$\xi \left({\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right)\leq {\mu }_{0}\left|{\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right|$
式中${\mu }_{0}$为未知常数,${\mu }_{0}> 0$
定义状态变量$\mathbf{x}= {\left\lbrack {x}_{1},{x}_{2}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}= {\left\lbrack \alpha ,{\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{x}}_{1}= {x}_{2}- \dot{\theta }\\{\dot{x}}_{2}= \frac{u}{{J}_{z}}+ \xi \left({\omega }_{z}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中$u$为俯仰通道力矩;${J}_{\mathrm{z}}$为俯仰通道转动惯量。
为不失一般性, 选择预设性能函数为
$\chi \left( t\right)= \left({{\chi }_{0}- {\chi }_{\infty }}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-{\gamma t}}+ {\chi }_{\infty }$
式中${\chi }_{0}$为误差响应曲线的最大超调量,${\chi }_{0}> 0;{\chi }_{\infty }$为误差收敛后的稳态误差,${\chi }_{\infty }> 0;\gamma$为误差收敛速率,$\gamma > 0$
设攻角信号指令为${x}_{1\mathrm{c}}$,且${\dot{x}}_{1\mathrm{c}}$已知,定义攻角跟踪误差为
${e}_{1}= {x}_{1}- {x}_{1c}$
为了达到期望的跟踪性能, 跟踪误差应该满足如下表达式:
$- {\mu \chi }\left( t\right)< {e}_{1}\left( t\right)< {\mu \chi }\left( t\right)$
式中$\mu$为大于0的常数;$\chi \left( t\right)$为预设性能函数。
定义误差转换函数如下:
${e}_{1}\left( t\right)= \chi \left( t\right) S\left(\zeta \right)$
式中$\zeta$为新的转换误差;$S\left(\zeta \right)$为一个严格单调递增的函数, 定义为
$ S\left(\zeta \right)= \frac{\mu \left({{\mathrm{e}}^{\zeta }- {\mathrm{e}}^{-\zeta }}\right)}{{\mathrm{e}}^{\zeta }+ {\mathrm{e}}^{-\zeta }}$
可得:
$- \mu < S\left(\zeta \right)< \mu ;\mathop{\lim }\limits_{{\zeta \rightarrow +\infty }}S\left(\zeta \right)= \mu ,\mathop{\lim }\limits_{{\zeta \rightarrow -\infty }}S\left(\zeta \right)= -\mu 。$
可得:
$\dot{\zeta }\left( t\right)= M\left({{x}_{2\mathrm{c}}- \dot{\theta }- {x}_{1\mathrm{c}}- \frac{{e}_{1}\dot{\chi }}{\chi }}\right)$
式中$M$为一个有界变量,$M =\frac{1}{2\chi }\left({\frac{1}{\varphi \left( t\right)+ \mu }- }\right.$$\left.\frac{1}{\varphi \left( t\right)- \mu }\right)> 0;{x}_{2\mathrm{c}}$代表虚拟控制量,即为俯仰角速度的期望${\omega }_{\mathrm{{zc}}}$
本节选用预设性能控制方法, 通过引入自适应律,设计航天器直接力/气动力复合控制器。
步骤1: 根据攻角误差定义式, 结合误差转换函数, 设计关于新的转换误差的积分型滑模面如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{s}_{1}= \zeta +{k}_{1}{G}_{1}\left(\zeta \right){\zeta }_{1}\\{\dot{\zeta }}_{1}= \zeta \end{array}\right.$
式中${k}_{1}$为设计参数,${k}_{1}> 0;{G}_{1}\left(\zeta \right)$的表达式由下式确定:
${G}_{i}\left( e\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{\epsilon }_{i}\sin \frac{\pi e}{2{\epsilon }_{i}}& \left| e\right|< {\epsilon }_{i}\\{\epsilon }_{i}\operatorname{sgn}\left( e\right)& \left| e\right|\geq {\epsilon }_{i}\end{array}\right.$
式中$e$为误差;${\epsilon }_{i}$为一个与误差有关的量,通过改变${\epsilon }_{i}$的值可以获得期望的动态特性。$\operatorname{sgn}\left(\cdot \right)$为符号函数, 定义为
$\operatorname{sgn}\left( x\right)= \left\{\begin{matrix} 1 & x > 0 \\ 0 & x = 0 \\- 1 & x < 0 \end{matrix}\right.$
求导可得:
${\dot{s}}_{1}= M\left({{x}_{2\mathrm{c}}- \dot{\theta }- {x}_{1\mathrm{c}}- \frac{{e}_{1}\dot{\chi }}{\chi }}\right)+ {k}_{1}{G}_{1}\left(\zeta \right)\zeta $
设计虚拟控制量${x}_{2\mathrm{c}}$为如下形式:
${x}_{2\mathrm{c}}= \dot{\theta }+ {x}_{1\mathrm{c}}+ \frac{{e}_{1}\dot{\chi }}{\chi }- \frac{1}{M}\left({{k}_{1}{G}_{1}\left(\zeta \right)\zeta +{c}_{1}\operatorname{sgn}\left({s}_{1}\right)+ {c}_{2}{s}_{1}}\right)$
式中${c}_{1},{c}_{2}$为设计参数,均大于0 。
步骤2: 对于角速度环,定义误差${e}_{2}= {x}_{2}- {x}_{2\mathrm{c}}$,设计如下的非线性积分型滑模面:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{s}_{2}= {e}_{2}+ {k}_{2}{G}_{2}\left({e}_{2}\right){e}_{2\mathrm{I}}\\{\dot{e}}_{2\mathrm{I}}= {e}_{2}\end{array}\right.$
式中${e}_{21}$为角速度误差积分量。
求导可得:
${\dot{s}}_{2}= \frac{u}{{J}_{\mathrm{z}}}+ \xi \left({\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right)- {\dot{x}}_{2\mathrm{c}}+ {k}_{2}{G}_{2}\left({e}_{2}\right){e}_{2}$
基于Backstepping框架,设计控制量$u ={M}_{\mathrm{{zc}}}$如下:$u ={J}_{z}\left({-{c}_{3}\operatorname{sgn}\left({s}_{2}\right)- {c}_{4}{s}_{2}+ {\dot{\omega }}_{\mathrm{{zc}}}- {k}_{2}{G}_{2}\left({e}_{2}\right){e}_{2}- \widehat{\xi }\left({\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right)}\right)\left({23}\right)$式中${c}_{3},{c}_{4}$为设计参数,均大于$0;\widehat{\xi }\left({\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right)$用来补偿模型不确定性,$\widehat{\xi }\left({\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right)= {\widehat{\mu }}_{0}\left|{\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right|$,表示不确定项$\xi \left({\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right)$的估计值;${\widehat{\mu }}_{0}$为未知参数${\mu }_{0}$的估计值。
设计自适应律${\widehat{\mu }}_{0}$
${\dot{\widehat{\mu }}}_{0}= {\lambda }_{0}{s}_{2}\left|{\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}\right|$
式中${\lambda }_{0}$为自适应增益,${\lambda }_{0}> 0$
值得注意的是, 参数自适应律主要用来估计不确定性侧向喷流干扰的上界。因此, 与经典的干扰观测器和扩张状态观测器[15]等相比,本文所设计的控制律不依赖于模型信息, 具有较强的鲁棒性。
为了避免姿控发动机的浪费, 最大化发挥气动舵的连续控制作用和直接力的快速响应能力, 提出了一种基于攻角偏差的指令分配算法。
其具体的分配逻辑如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{M}_{1}= {M}_{\mathrm{{zc}}}- {M}_{\mathrm{{dir}}},{M}_{2}= {M}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}& t \leq {T}_{\mathrm{F}}\\{M}_{1}= {M}_{\mathrm{{zc}}},{M}_{2}= 0 & t >{T}_{\mathrm{F}}\end{array}\right.$
式中${M}_{1}$为气动力子系统产生的力矩;${M}_{2}$为姿控发动机产生的力矩;${M}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}$为直接力产生的俯仰力矩,${M}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}= {F}_{\mathrm{{dir}}}{L}_{\mathrm{{dir}}};\;{T}_{\mathrm{F}}= {0.2}\mathrm{\;s}$
选取Lyapunov函数如下:
$ V =\frac{1}{2}{s}_{1}^{2}+ \frac{1}{2}{s}_{2}^{2}+ \frac{1}{2{\lambda }_{0}}{\widetilde{\mu }}_{0}^{2}$
式中${\widetilde{\mu }}_{0}= {\mu }_{0}- {\widehat{\mu }}_{0}$
可得:
$\dot{V}\leq -{c}_{1}\left|{s}_{1}\right|- {c}_{2}{s}_{1}^{2}- {c}_{3}\left|{s}_{2}\right|- {c}_{4}{s}_{2}^{2}$
式中${c}_{1},{c}_{2},{c}_{3},{c}_{4}$为需要设计的大于0的参数,计算可知$\dot{V}< 0$。通过上述稳定性分析,可知所设计的控制器能够实现对指令的稳定跟踪, 能够保证闭环系统的稳定性。
初始弹道倾角${\theta }_{0}= {0}^{\circ }$,初始俯仰角${\vartheta }_{0}= {0}^{\circ }$,初始攻角${\alpha }_{0}= {0}^{\circ }$,初始俯仰角速度${\omega }_{\mathrm{z}0}= 0\;\left({}^{\circ }\right)/\mathrm{s}$,初始位置为(0,0),取指令攻角为${20}^{\circ }$,预设性能函数参数设定为:$\mu ={30},{\chi }_{0}= {2}^{\circ },{\chi }_{\infty }= {0.01}^{\circ },\gamma = 9$。非线性函数参数${\delta }_{2}= {0.01},{k}_{1}= 3,{k}_{2}= {15},{c}_{1}= {0.1},{\lambda }_{0}= 2,{c}_{2}= {10},{c}_{3}= 1$,${c}_{4}= {30},{K}_{\mathrm{F}0}= 1,{K}_{{\delta }_{z}}= {0.1}$
与经典滑模控制方法[16]进行对比仿真,其控制律表达式如下所示:
$ u ={J}_{\mathrm{z}}\left({-{c}_{3}\operatorname{sgn}\left({s}_{2}\right)- {c}_{4}{s}_{2}+ {\dot{\omega }}_{\mathrm{{zc}}}}\right)$
通过采用本文所设计的自适应滑模控制方法, 航天器敏捷机动仿真结果如图1~图5所示,分别为航天器的弹道倾角、俯仰角、俯仰角速度及攻角等的飞行状态对比。
本文方法设计的控制系统使得稳态时间在${0.297}\mathrm{\;s}$左右,超调量为${3.12}\%$; 采用滑模控制方法设计的控制系统的稳态收敛时间在${1.425}\mathrm{\;s}$左右,超调量为27.8%。因此, 采用本文提出的敏捷控制方法, 系统稳态收敛时间缩短了79.16%, 超调量减小了24.68%。
相应的, 在图3中, 滑模控制方法产生的俯仰角速度也较大。而由于滑模控制方法导致的攻角超调较多, 会带来控制量振荡的问题, 由于有舵偏饱和的约束,其舵偏角在$-{30}^{\circ }$${30}^{\circ }$之间振荡,当攻角达到指定值时, 由于滑模控制的切换控制的原理, 导致舵偏角仍然会有小的抖振。将舵偏角的绝对值对时间求积分来表征此过程中能量的消耗, 本文方法的能量消耗为31.52 , 而滑模控制方法消耗的能量为48.15 , 相比之下,本文方法的能量消耗降低了34.54%。
本节给出了不同控制器参数对控制效果的影响分析, 具体如表1所示。
当增大符号项前的系数$\left({{c}_{1},{c}_{3}}\right)$时,系统的抗干扰能力变强, 但符号项的存在会使得控制量抖振, 从而影响控制效果, 使得被控攻角超调较大; 当减小符号项前的系数$\left({{c}_{1},{c}_{3}}\right)$时,系统的抗干扰能力变弱, 由于符号项前的系数变小, 控制量变得更为平稳, 但控制系统的响应略微变慢, 其具体效果如图6图7所示。
当增大控制器的参数${c}_{2}$时,即对应表1中的第4组参数, 由于控制器中角度环的反馈增益变大, 控制系统的响应速度增快, 但相应地会产生较大的超调, 反而影响系统的整体性能; 当减小控制器的参数${c}_{2}$时,即对应表1中的第3组参数,控制器中角度环的反馈增益变小, 使得控制系统的响应速度变慢, 控制系统的超调减小, 但相应的收敛速度也会变慢, 对系统的整体性能有一定影响, 其具体结果如图8所示。
当增大控制器的参数${c}_{4}$时,即对应表1中的第6组参数, 控制器中角速度环的反馈增益变大, 使得控制系统的响应速度增快, 但相应地会产生较大的超调, 反而影响系统的整体性能; 当减小控制器的参数${c}_{4}$时,即对应表1中的第5组参数,控制器中角速度环的反馈增益变小, 使得控制系统的响应速度变慢, 控制系统的超调减小, 但相应的收敛速度也会变慢, 对系统的整体性能有一定影响, 其具体结果如图9所示。
本文针对直接力/气动力航天器敏捷机动复合控制问题, 提出了一种攻角约束下的敏捷机动自适应滑模控制方法, 设计了考虑攻角约束的预设性能函数和攻角误差触发的非线性积分型滑模面, 结合自适应估计反步滑模控制方法, 实现了航天器大攻角约束的敏捷机动控制。通过仿真对比试验, 证明了所设计的闭环系统的稳态性能与瞬态性能的优越性, 且仅需较少的舵偏能量消耗。
需要注意的是, 本文采用的Backstepping框架中的虚拟控制量${x}_{2\mathrm{c}}$含有弹道倾角导数信息。弹道倾角导数在飞行过程中不可直接测量, 存在解算偏差, 对控制精度产生影响。
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2025年第48卷第1期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250111
  • 接收时间:2024-02-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-19
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
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    1中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
    2北京理工大学,北京,100081
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