Article(id=1154065847258701995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718726400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-19, revisedDate=1733155200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753080339493, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753080339493, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753080339493, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753080339493, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298855528714458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943800098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754905336149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154065847757824173, articleId=1154065847258701995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Optimization and Verification of Clamping Method for Vibration Testing of Solid Rocket Engine Shell, columnId=1154057566893105509, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Propulsion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vibration testing is one of the key methods for verifying the structural performance of solid rocket engines. It involves securing the test piece on the vibration table with fixtures to ensure accurate transmission of vibration loads, preventing resonance or tailing phenomena, which are the desired outcomes of vibration testing for solid rocket engines. This research focuses on a certain model solid rocket engine shell vibration testing fixture clamping methods and proposes a vibration testing fixture optimization method based on a proportionality coefficient. A simulation model of the solid rocket engine shell and the fixtures is established. Modal analysis and harmonic response analysis are carried out for the structure under different proportionality coefficients of the clamping methods. The vibration testing of the shell is conducted on a ${90}\mathrm{{kN}}$ electromagnetic vibration table. The test results indicate that a proportionality coefficient of 0.9 is the optimal clamping method for the vibration testing of the solid rocket engine shell with a slenderness ratio of 2.6, which is generally consistent with the simulation analysis results. This clamping optimization method has practical reference value for vibration testing of solid rocket engine shells.

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振动环境试验是固体发动机结构性能验证的重要手段之一,使用工装夹具将试验件紧固在振动台上,保证振动载荷能够准确传递,避免共振或甩尾现象的发生,是固体发动机振动试验期望达到的理想目标。针对某型号固体发动机壳体振动试验工装夹持方式,提出一种基于比例系数的振动试验夹持优化方法,建立固体发动机壳体和工装夹具的仿真模型,在不同比例系数的夹持方式下,对结构进行模态分析和谐响应分析,并在${90}\mathrm{{kN}}$电磁振动台上完成壳体的振动试验测试。试验结果表明,在进行该长细比为2.6的固体发动机壳体振动试验时,比例系数为0.9时为最优夹持方式,与仿真分析结果基本一致,本央持优化方法对固体发动机壳体振动试验具有一定参考价值。

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奥玉杰(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体发动机试验技术与装备。

刘兵(1970—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为固体发动机结构强度试验技术。

翟晓(1984-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固体发动机结构强度试验技术。

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奥玉杰(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体发动机试验技术与装备。

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奥玉杰(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体发动机试验技术与装备。

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刘兵(1970—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为固体发动机结构强度试验技术。

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刘兵(1970—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为固体发动机结构强度试验技术。

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翟晓(1984-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固体发动机结构强度试验技术。

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翟晓(1984-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固体发动机结构强度试验技术。

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China Inspection Body & Laboratory, 2022,30(6): 12-15+92., articleTitle=Application analysis of commonly used structures in the design of vibration test fixtures, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197268530426069110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197268530434457719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, companyId=1197268530426069110, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Testing Technology Research Institute,Xi'an,710025), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197268530442846328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, companyId=1197268530426069110, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安航天动力测控技术研究所,西安,710025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197268536281317547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic of solid engine vibration fixture connection, figureFileSmall=w1IVmFZQ3bBkuOSXtvEPrw==, figureFileBig=iDYqnrV2C6XZGpq0bMr4ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268536570724527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图1, caption=固体发动机振动工装连接示意, figureFileSmall=w1IVmFZQ3bBkuOSXtvEPrw==, figureFileBig=iDYqnrV2C6XZGpq0bMr4ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268536927240370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Simplification of complex structures in multi degree of freedom systems, figureFileSmall=YxfG+eRmjoqHcCBBGRa0kQ==, figureFileBig=sugcZngBsWVMTp2e1BGnmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268538198114483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图2, caption=多自由度系统的复杂结构简化

${m}_{1}$一转接板;${m}_{2}$一弧座;${m}_{3}$一壳体;${k}_{1},{k}_{2},{k}_{3}$一刚体之间的刚度;${c}_{1},{c}_{2},{c}_{3}$一刚体之间的刚度阻尼。

, figureFileSmall=YxfG+eRmjoqHcCBBGRa0kQ==, figureFileBig=sugcZngBsWVMTp2e1BGnmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268538336526517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Schematic of the maximum distance between two arc seats, figureFileSmall=E+lUWuXvpWi3J63EUV4Q+Q==, figureFileBig=kbghLCVNuPGSsCzs1f74yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268538558824631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图3, caption=两弧座最大间距示意, figureFileSmall=E+lUWuXvpWi3J63EUV4Q+Q==, figureFileBig=kbghLCVNuPGSsCzs1f74yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268538764345528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Finite element model, figureFileSmall=klVCBZ8iqHxXTB0GIj2g5Q==, figureFileBig=cbwNU8mMABLgY36LDDpUgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268538978255034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图4, caption=有限元模型, figureFileSmall=klVCBZ8iqHxXTB0GIj2g5Q==, figureFileBig=cbwNU8mMABLgY36LDDpUgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268539129249980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Structural state diagrams under different proportionality coefficient $\alpha$, figureFileSmall=wD/zcHRPoLqjv1DadSqN1g==, figureFileBig=OlSLh5SPFiVmFfTmNwKpsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268539460599998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同比例系数$\alpha$下的结构状态, figureFileSmall=wD/zcHRPoLqjv1DadSqN1g==, figureFileBig=OlSLh5SPFiVmFfTmNwKpsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268539645149376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Diagrams of the first 5 vibration mode of the structure with the proportionality coefficient $\alpha ={0.8}$, figureFileSmall=AUPwAPO2V7gggUB5ZOT6Fg==, figureFileBig=vzkCQc5Ag5qTH/H5BiPREw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268539875836098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图6, caption=比例系数$\alpha ={0.8}$时结构前5阶振型, figureFileSmall=AUPwAPO2V7gggUB5ZOT6Fg==, figureFileBig=vzkCQc5Ag5qTH/H5BiPREw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268540215574724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Acceleration response observation points, figureFileSmall=L3VWuJsRHzMoDKszlfPTlA==, figureFileBig=dxxXbkxaxACfhO0VXFI4FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268540546924742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图7, caption=加速度响应观测点, figureFileSmall=L3VWuJsRHzMoDKszlfPTlA==, figureFileBig=dxxXbkxaxACfhO0VXFI4FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268540714696904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Acceleration response curves under different proportionality coefficients, figureFileSmall=bs2mzF2lxMqwgJbKvjn2Cg==, figureFileBig=K9kVpd3JKwRlqi0FhQv0qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268540928606409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同比例系数下的加速度响应曲线, figureFileSmall=bs2mzF2lxMqwgJbKvjn2Cg==, figureFileBig=K9kVpd3JKwRlqi0FhQv0qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268541276733643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Sinusoidal sweep frequency vibration test results, figureFileSmall=5CPtoeZPhsScCLRI8in/ig==, figureFileBig=GDsum8sYxiSRYE0wwtSVvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268542480498893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=图9, caption=正弦扫频振动试验结果, figureFileSmall=5CPtoeZPhsScCLRI8in/ig==, figureFileBig=GDsum8sYxiSRYE0wwtSVvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268542820237518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Material parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件名称密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$杨氏模量/MPa泊松比
壳体1600100 0000.3
弧座7860200 000
毛毡2001000
转接板271070000
), ArticleFig(id=1197268543101255888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=材料参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件名称密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$杨氏模量/MPa泊松比
壳体1600100 0000.3
弧座7860200 000
毛毡2001000
转接板271070000
), ArticleFig(id=1197268543386468562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=The first 10 modal frequencies of the structure under different proportionality coefficients, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\alpha$阶数
12345678910
0.15120.39175.73188.20188.93229.35339.71340.39386.77543.45562.28
0.5191.72205.94207.89280.99337.15369.82372.80411.63564.37573.18
0.6196.13221.80227.86307.94350.07397.85403.25414.11561.22569.91
0.7200.82231.20253.97325.67358.71415.75429.48439.49553.41570.36
0.8204.62218.98286.77356.33363.00417.93452.99479.32548.13580.69
0.9188.69204.45314.18360.89407.97426.23443.56498.55542.25602.53
1159.58196.13320.92347.84432.38453.38481.49491.55520.85612.47
), ArticleFig(id=1197268543583600852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065847258701995, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同比例系数下结构的前10阶模态频率 单位: $\mathrm{{Hz}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\alpha$阶数
12345678910
0.15120.39175.73188.20188.93229.35339.71340.39386.77543.45562.28
0.5191.72205.94207.89280.99337.15369.82372.80411.63564.37573.18
0.6196.13221.80227.86307.94350.07397.85403.25414.11561.22569.91
0.7200.82231.20253.97325.67358.71415.75429.48439.49553.41570.36
0.8204.62218.98286.77356.33363.00417.93452.99479.32548.13580.69
0.9188.69204.45314.18360.89407.97426.23443.56498.55542.25602.53
1159.58196.13320.92347.84432.38453.38481.49491.55520.85612.47
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固体发动机壳体振动试验夹持方式优化与验证
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奥玉杰 , 刘兵 , 翟晓
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2025,48(1): 51-56
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2025, 48(1): 51-56
固体发动机壳体振动试验夹持方式优化与验证
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奥玉杰, 刘兵, 翟晓
作者信息
  • 西安航天动力测控技术研究所,西安,710025
  • 奥玉杰(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固体发动机试验技术与装备。

    刘兵(1970—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为固体发动机结构强度试验技术。

    翟晓(1984-),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为固体发动机结构强度试验技术。

Optimization and Verification of Clamping Method for Vibration Testing of Solid Rocket Engine Shell
Yujie AO, Bing LIU, Xiao ZHAI
Affiliations
  • Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Testing Technology Research Institute,Xi'an,710025
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250107
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振动环境试验是固体发动机结构性能验证的重要手段之一,使用工装夹具将试验件紧固在振动台上,保证振动载荷能够准确传递,避免共振或甩尾现象的发生,是固体发动机振动试验期望达到的理想目标。针对某型号固体发动机壳体振动试验工装夹持方式,提出一种基于比例系数的振动试验夹持优化方法,建立固体发动机壳体和工装夹具的仿真模型,在不同比例系数的夹持方式下,对结构进行模态分析和谐响应分析,并在${90}\mathrm{{kN}}$电磁振动台上完成壳体的振动试验测试。试验结果表明,在进行该长细比为2.6的固体发动机壳体振动试验时,比例系数为0.9时为最优夹持方式,与仿真分析结果基本一致,本央持优化方法对固体发动机壳体振动试验具有一定参考价值。

固体发动机壳体  /  振动夹具  /  工装夹持方式  /  模态分析  /  谐响应分析

Vibration testing is one of the key methods for verifying the structural performance of solid rocket engines. It involves securing the test piece on the vibration table with fixtures to ensure accurate transmission of vibration loads, preventing resonance or tailing phenomena, which are the desired outcomes of vibration testing for solid rocket engines. This research focuses on a certain model solid rocket engine shell vibration testing fixture clamping methods and proposes a vibration testing fixture optimization method based on a proportionality coefficient. A simulation model of the solid rocket engine shell and the fixtures is established. Modal analysis and harmonic response analysis are carried out for the structure under different proportionality coefficients of the clamping methods. The vibration testing of the shell is conducted on a ${90}\mathrm{{kN}}$ electromagnetic vibration table. The test results indicate that a proportionality coefficient of 0.9 is the optimal clamping method for the vibration testing of the solid rocket engine shell with a slenderness ratio of 2.6, which is generally consistent with the simulation analysis results. This clamping optimization method has practical reference value for vibration testing of solid rocket engine shells.

solid rocket engine  /  vibration fixture  /  fixture clamping method  /  modal analysis  /  harmonic response analysis
奥玉杰, 刘兵, 翟晓. 固体发动机壳体振动试验夹持方式优化与验证. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (1) : 51 -56 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250107
Yujie AO, Bing LIU, Xiao ZHAI. Optimization and Verification of Clamping Method for Vibration Testing of Solid Rocket Engine Shell[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (1) : 51 -56 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250107
固体发动机在运输、飞行过程中,经受各种复杂环境因素的影响, 为保证发动机正常运行, 在研制过程中需要对其开展环境试验, 模拟现实中可能遇到的各种复杂环境。其中, 振动环境试验是航天产品研制过程中极其重要的一个环节。目前, 产品的振动环境试验一般是通过振动台模拟外部激励完成的, 需要使用各种工装夹具将试验件紧固在振动台上, 将振动台的运动和能量传递到产品上。
在固体发动机振动试验中, 最常见的振动工装如图1所示, 是一种抱箍结构的工装, 由上弧座和下弧座组成,上、下弧座通过螺栓连接将发动机紧固抱紧。这种结构的工装能有效固定发动机, 确保其在振动加载下的稳定性和安全性。此外, 抱箍结构还应便于快速装卸发动机,使得试验过程更为高效和灵活。
诸多学者针对振动夹具开展了相关研究, 刘晓晨等[1]基于模态和随机振动仿真分析进行了固体发动机振动夹具的设计, 并通过试验完成了动态特性验证; 王世辉等[2]对3种典型振动试验夹具进行分析, 得出了影响振动试验夹具振动传递特性的主要因素。 目前, 关于振动工装的研究更多聚焦于工装的设计及优化[3-4],也有学者对于影响振动试验结果的因素做了相关研究[5-6]。然而,振动夹具在连接时的一些试验参数还需要进一步明确量化, 以抱箍结构的振动工装为例, 振动试验中弧座的使用数量, 以及使用多个弧座时弧座之间的距离对试验结果有着很大的影响。工装夹持位置的不合理, 可能导致发动机振动响应被放大, 对发动机结构造成损坏。现阶段在确定弧座数量和间距时, 大多凭借主观经验来判断。因此, 开展振动工装夹持方式的优化研究对于固体发动机振动试验具有重要意义。
本文使用有限元仿真软件, 建立某型号固体发动机复合材料壳体和工装夹具的仿真分析模型, 基于模态分析理论和振动传递理论研究壳体在不同工装夹持方式下的谐振响应, 获得针对该壳体最合理的工装夹持方式, 为工程实际提供一定的参考。
在对复杂的多自由度振动系统进行动力学理论分析时,可将其简化为具有$n$自由度的集中参数模型[7]。 本文研究的固体发动机壳体与振动夹具安装原型可简化为如图2所示的三自由度质量-弹簧-阻尼系统。
振动系统的微分方程可以表示为[8]
$\mathbf{M}\{\ddot{x}\left( t\right)\}+ \mathbf{C}\{\dot{x}\left( t\right)\}+ \mathbf{K}\{ x\left( t\right)\}= \{ 0\}$
式中$M$为质量矩阵;$C$为阻尼矩阵;$K$为刚度矩阵;$\{\ddot{x}\left( t\right)\}$为加速度列向量;$\{\dot{x}\left( t\right)\}$为速度列向量;$\{ x\left( t\right)\}$为位移列向量。
式(1)的解可以假设为以下形式:
$ x\left( t\right)= \mathbf{\Phi }{\mathrm{e}}^{\lambda t}$
式中$\Phi$为振型向量;$\lambda$为向量$\Phi$的复频率;$t$为时间变量。
将式(2)代入式(1), 可得到系统的振型方程如下:
$\left({{\lambda }^{2}\mathbf{M}- \lambda \mathbf{C}+ \mathbf{K}}\right)\mathbf{\Phi }= 0 $
求解上述方程可以确定$\lambda$$\mathbf{\Phi }$,得到$n$个特征解:
$\left({{\lambda }_{1},{\Phi }_{1}}\right),\left({{\lambda }_{2},{\Phi }_{2}}\right),\cdots ,\left({{\lambda }_{n},{\Phi }_{n}}\right)$
其中,${\lambda }_{1},{\lambda }_{2},\cdots ,{\lambda }_{n}$为特征值,反映了系统的固有特性;${\Phi }_{1},{\Phi }_{2},\cdots ,{\Phi }_{n}$为系统的$n$个固有振型。
对于单自由度系统,当外部激励$F\left( t\right)= {F}_{0}\sin {\omega t}$时, 其运动方程可表示为
$\mathbf{M}\ddot{x}+ \mathbf{C}\dot{x}+ \mathbf{K}x ={F}_{0}\sin {\omega t}$
其振动的位移与力的传递率(放大系数)为
$ T =\sqrt{\frac{1 +{\left( 2\xi \beta \right)}^{2}}{{\left( 1 -{\beta }^{2}\right)}^{2}+ {\left( 2\xi \beta \right)}^{2}}}$
式中$\xi$为阻尼比;$\beta$为频率比,$\beta =\omega /{\omega }_{n}$,其中$\omega$为激振力频率,${\omega }_{n}$为系统的固有频率。
由式(6)可知,振动的传递率与系统的阻尼比$\xi$和频率比$\beta$有关[9]。当$0 <\beta \leq \sqrt{2}$时,振动放大;当$\beta >\sqrt{2}$时,振动衰减。
一般要求振动夹具与振动台、试验件之间的连接接近刚性连接,且振动的传递率保持在$1 :{0.7}\sim$1:10之间;试验频率范围内避免出现多个共振峰, 若有共振峰, 则共振峰的波峰要控制在容差范围内[10]
为便于区分振动夹具的不同夹持方式, 现定义一个比例系数,用$\alpha$表示,该系数表示两个弧座的间距$l$与弧座所能达到的最大间距$L$的比值,即:
$\alpha =\frac{l}{L}$
可以看出, 在确定试验件和弧座尺寸后, 弧座所能达到的最大间距$L$是一个确定的数值,而不同的夹持方式又对应不同的$l$,因此比例系数$\alpha$可以起到区分振动夹具不同夹持方式的作用。
本文使用抱箍结构的弧座夹持壳体,上、下弧座通过螺栓连接,上弧座宽为${150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,弧座内径为${500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,厚度为${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$图3是本文研究的固体发动机壳体在使用两个弧座夹持时所能达到的最大间距示意。为便于后续实物试验距离的测量, 选择两弧座最远端的距离作为其间距值, 由图3可知, 最大间距$L ={1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
$\alpha$取0.15,即$l ={150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$时,两弧座位置重合, 此时代表使用单个弧座夹持的方式; 当$\alpha$取1,即$l =$${1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$时,此时的夹持方式是使用两个弧座所能夹持的最远端情况; 当${0.15}< \alpha < 1$时,表示中间状态, 即两弧座的间距小于${1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。综上所述,本文定义的比例系数既能表征弧座使用数量(单个和两个), 又能表征弧座夹持距离。
本文研究的固体发动机壳体全长${1240}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,直筒段长${140}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,直径${480}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,壁厚$6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,质量${54}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$。壳体的直筒段部分由碳纤维材料缠绕形成, 内部无加筋。用$A$表示壳体全长,$D$表示壳体直径, 则$A/D$表示长细比,通过计算可知本文所用壳体长细比为2.6 。该壳体长细比适中, 不必使用3个或以上弧座夹持, 仅考虑使用单个弧座夹持和两个弧座夹持的情况。
在进行壳体实物振动试验时, 除使用弧座外, 需要一块转接板将壳体、弧座和振动台连接, 弧座与壳体之间还需要使用毛毡起保护作用。故模型包括4个部件, 分别是固体发动机壳体、弧座、毛毡和转接板, 有限元模型最终装配如图4所示。
模型中, 各部件相互之间设置 “绑定” 约束, 转接板与振动台连接部位设置 “完全固定” 边界条件。各部件的材料参数见表1, 网格均采用四面体网格。
模态分析可用于确定结构的固有频率和振型, 是谐响应分析、随机振动分析等动力学分析的前提。本文利用有限元软件, 对由壳体-弧座-转接板组成的结构进行整体模态分析, 获得结构在不同夹持方式(包括使用不同弧座数量、不同弧座间距)下的固有频率和振型, 了解其振动特性。
本文在弧座之间不发生干涉的情况下, 分别在比例系数$\alpha$为0.15、0.50、0.60、0.70、0.80、0.90、1.00的7种夹持方式下,对由壳体-弧座-转接板组成的结构进行整体模态分析, 计算结构的前10阶模态。图5展示了4种不同比例系数$\alpha$下的结构状态。
表2列出了在7种不同比例系数$\alpha$下结构的前10阶模态频率。
由模态分析结果可知, 结构的一阶模态频率随着比例系数$\alpha$的增大,呈现出先增大后减小的趋势, 比例系数$\alpha$从0.15到0.8模态频率呈增大趋势,0.8到1模态频率呈减小趋势; 当$\alpha ={0.8}$时,一阶模态频率最大,为${204.62}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$; 当$\alpha ={0.15}$时,一阶模态频率最小,为${120.39}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$。故使用单个弧座夹持时,结构的固有频率小, 容易发生共振, 不宜采用该种夹持方式; 使用两个弧座时, 尽管伴随着两弧座间距发生变化,但结构的各阶固有频率基本上都大于使用单个弧座夹持时的固有频率。所以, 在进行该固体发动机壳体的振动试验时, 应使用两个弧座夹持壳体。
由结构振型可知, 7种比例系数下整体结构的前10阶振型都表现为: 前5阶以弯曲变形为主, 后5阶以扭转变形为主。图6提取了比例系数$\alpha ={0.8}$时结构前5阶的模态振型。由图6可知, 壳体的最大变形主要集中于质心顶部和端面两处位置, 这与实际试验中对产品的关注点相一致。接下来将观测质心和端面位置处在正弦振动条件下的加速度响应。
基于上述模态分析, 在7种比例系数下对整体结构进行谐响应分析, 模拟结构的正弦振动, 设置频率范围为$5 \sim {500}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,阻尼设置为0.05,控制$Y$向加速度幅值为${1g}$,激励位置为转接板底部。观测图7所示结构典型位置A1 (质心顶部)、A2 (端面)处的加速度响应。
质心和端面处是振动响应容易被放大的位置, 除此之外, 端面处需要连接发动机喷管, 若端面振动响应过大将直接对喷管造成损坏, 所以谐响应分析将重点关注这两处的加速度响应。图8展示了7种比例系数下,$\mathrm{A}1$$\mathrm{A}2$的正弦振动加速度响应曲线。
由加速度响应曲线可知, 在7种比例系数的夹持方式下,都存在明显的加速度峰值。总体趋势表现为: 随着比例系数的增大, A1的加速度峰值不断增大,而$\mathrm{A}2$的加速度峰值不断减小。这是因为随着比例系数的增大,弧座距离$\mathrm{A}1$越来越远,对质心的约束能力减弱,加速度峰值不断增大; 而弧座距离$\mathrm{A}2$越来越近, 对端面的约束能力加强, 加速度峰值不断减小。另外,当比例系数$\alpha ={0.90}$时,$\mathrm{A}1$$\mathrm{A}2$处的最大加速度响应都明显小于其他6种夹持方式时的最大加速度响应, 且在该种夹持方式下出现了两个量级接近的波峰。当比例系数$\alpha ={0.15}$,即使用单个弧座夹持壳体时,由于此时端面与弧座距离最大,$\mathrm{A}2$处的加速度响应峰值明显高于其他6种夹持方式, 认为使用单个弧座夹持的方式进行该固体发动机壳体振动试验是最差的选择。
综上所述, 在考虑加速度响应的前提下, 认为使用两个弧座、设置比例系数$\alpha ={0.90}$,是进行该固体发动机壳体振动试验的最优夹持方式。
为验证仿真方法的正确性, 选取了3种夹持方式进行了该固体发动机壳体的实物正弦扫频振动试验, 这3种夹持方式分别是:$\alpha ={0.15}\text{、}\alpha ={0.90}$$\alpha =$1.00。使用的振动台设备型号为DC-10000-100,扫频方式设置为对数扫描,扫频范围$5 \sim {500}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,扫频速率$1\mathrm{{oct}}/\mathrm{{min}}$,单次上扫,采用两点控制的方式控制转接板加速度幅值为${1g}$,上下弧座之间、弧座和转接板之间都采用螺栓连接。$\mathrm{A}1$$\mathrm{A}2$$Y$向的加速度响应结果如图9所示。
在试验过程中, 控制点的加速度超出容差范围导致扫频中断,仅获得了$5 \sim {500}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$范围内的部分扫频曲线。但从试验结果仍可看出,$\alpha ={0.90}$时的加速度峰值小于${10}\mathrm{\;g}$,而$\alpha ={0.15}$$\alpha ={1.00}$时的加速度峰值大于${10g}$。由试验结果可知,在$\alpha ={0.15}$时端面处以及$\alpha ={1.00}$时质心处的加速度峰值达到了${12g}$左右, 此时的加速度量级在壳体上被放大了12倍。在这3种夹持方式中,$\alpha ={0.90}$$\mathrm{A}1$$\mathrm{A}2$的加速度峰值最小, 是3种方式之中最优的夹持方式。这与仿真结果相一致, 验证了仿真方法的正确性。
本文基于有限元软件, 建立了某型号固体发动机壳体和工装夹具的仿真模型, 在7种比例系数的夹持方式下,对系统结构进行模态分析和谐响应分析,获得了质心和端面位置的加速度响应, 并进行了试验验证。得出以下结论:
a)结构的一阶模态频率随着比例系数$\alpha$的增大, 呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。使用单个弧座夹持时, 结构的固有频率小; 使用两个弧座时, 结构的各阶固有频率基本上都大于使用单个弧座夹持时的固有频率。因此, 在进行该壳体的振动试验时, 应使用两个弧座夹持壳体。
b)使用单个弧座夹持时端面处的加速度响应峰值明显高于其他6种夹持方式, 是最差的夹持方式。当比例系数$\alpha ={0.9}$时,壳体在质心和端面处的最大加速度响应明显小,是进行壳体振动试验的最优夹持方式。
综上所述, 对于长细比为2.6的固体发动机壳体结构而言, 选用两个弧座且比例系数取0.9 (两弧座中心点间距占试验件总长的60.48%)是进行振动试验的最优夹持方式。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250107
  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
  • 修回日期:2024-12-03
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    西安航天动力测控技术研究所,西安,710025
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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