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To ensure the reliability of dynamic seal performance of low temperature valve in liquid rocket engine, the sealing pressure and performance of a new type of labyrinth packing dynamic seal structure are simulated and tested. Firstly, the structure of traditional packing dynamic seal is optimized, and a new PTFE-Graphite-Metal labyrinth composite seal is designed. Then, based on the thermal stress coupling method, the influence of the working condition on the dynamic sealing performance is analyzed, and two empirical models for PTFE and Graphite are proposed to represent the dependence of contact stress on both the loading pressure and temperature. Finally, the sealing performance of the new labyrinth dynamic seal is tested at room and low temperature. The results show that the new labyrinth dynamic seal can achieve good sealing performance at room and low temperature, which is consistent with the simulation results.

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为了保证液体火箭发动机中低温阀门动密封性能的可靠性,通过仿真和试验研究了一种新型迷宫式填料动密封结构的密封压力及性能。首先,对传统填料动密封进行了结构优化,设计了一种新的聚四氟乙烯-石墨-金属迷宫组合密封件。其次,基于热应力耦合方法分析了不同工况对密封件密封性能的影响,并且得到了两种经验模型来表征聚四氟乙烯和石墨的接触应力与加载压力和温度的依赖关系。最后,对该密封件进行了常温和低温下的密封性能试验,结果表明,新型迷宫式动密封结构在常温和低温下都能够达到良好的密封性能,与仿真结果一致。

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刘纯(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为冲击动力学和阀门设计。

高柏桦(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为阀门设计。

钟梦妮(1991-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为阀门设计。

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零件序号零件名称件数/单套材料
1薄金属圈6304不锈钢
2厚金属圈2304不锈钢
3聚四氟乙烯密封圈27110聚四氟乙烯
4石墨密封圈33805石墨
5碟簧2631不锈钢
), ArticleFig(id=1197260959686373871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=CN, label=表1, caption=密封件零件明细, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零件序号零件名称件数/单套材料
1薄金属圈6304不锈钢
2厚金属圈2304不锈钢
3聚四氟乙烯密封圈27110聚四氟乙烯
4石墨密封圈33805石墨
5碟簧2631不锈钢
), ArticleFig(id=1197260959749288432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Physical properties of shell, rod and metal gaskets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$杨氏模量/GPa导热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$线膨胀系数${\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$泊松比
金属垫片/壳体793019316.3${1.7}\times {10}^{-5}$0.3
杆41698 24019914.7${1.18}\times {10}^{-5}$0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1197260959833174513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=CN, label=表2, caption=壳体、杆和金属垫片的物理性能, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$杨氏模量/GPa导热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$线膨胀系数${\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$泊松比
金属垫片/壳体793019316.3${1.7}\times {10}^{-5}$0.3
杆41698 24019914.7${1.18}\times {10}^{-5}$0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1197260959891894770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Physical properties of graphite and PTFE, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$杨氏模量/GPa导热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$线膨胀系数${\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$泊松比
石墨10001100${4.0}\times {10}^{-6}$0.4
PTFE15001.314.7${1.2}\times {10}^{-4}$0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1197260959950615027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=CN, label=表3, caption=石墨和聚四氟乙烯的物理性能, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$杨氏模量/GPa导热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$线膨胀系数${\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$泊松比
石墨10001100${4.0}\times {10}^{-6}$0.4
PTFE15001.314.7${1.2}\times {10}^{-4}$0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1197260960021918196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Physical properties of graphite and PTFE, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚四氟乙烯石墨
${a}_{1}$${b}_{1}$${c}_{1}$${a}_{2}$${c}_{2}$
0.920.048-190.88-2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1197260960080638453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=CN, label=表4, caption=公式拟合参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚四氟乙烯石墨
${a}_{1}$${b}_{1}$${c}_{1}$${a}_{2}$${c}_{2}$
0.920.048-190.88-2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1197260960143553014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Sealing test data(25kN), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度介质压力/MPa漏率$/\left({\mathrm{{mL}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
常温(296K)500.084
77K501.8
), ArticleFig(id=1197260960231633399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=CN, label=表5, caption=密封试验数据(25kN), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度介质压力/MPa漏率$/\left({\mathrm{{mL}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
常温(296K)500.084
77K501.8
), ArticleFig(id=1197260960298742264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=Sealing test data(38kN), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度介质压力/MPa漏率$/\left({\mathrm{{mL}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
常温(296K)500.021 6
77K501.4
), ArticleFig(id=1197260960386822649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253479469312, language=CN, label=表6, caption=密封试验数据(38kN), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度介质压力/MPa漏率$/\left({\mathrm{{mL}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
常温(296K)500.021 6
77K501.4
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多工况下新型填料动密封性能影响分析
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刘纯 , 高柏桦 , 钟梦妮
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2025,48(2): 37-43
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2025, 48(2): 37-43
多工况下新型填料动密封性能影响分析
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刘纯, 高柏桦, 钟梦妮
作者信息
  • 北京航天动力研究所,北京,100076
  • 刘纯(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为冲击动力学和阀门设计。

    高柏桦(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为阀门设计。

    钟梦妮(1991-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为阀门设计。

Influence Analysis of Dynamic Sealing Performance of New Type Packing under Multiple Working Conditions
Chun LIU, Baihua GAO, Mengni ZHONG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Aerospace Propulsion Institute,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250205
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为了保证液体火箭发动机中低温阀门动密封性能的可靠性,通过仿真和试验研究了一种新型迷宫式填料动密封结构的密封压力及性能。首先,对传统填料动密封进行了结构优化,设计了一种新的聚四氟乙烯-石墨-金属迷宫组合密封件。其次,基于热应力耦合方法分析了不同工况对密封件密封性能的影响,并且得到了两种经验模型来表征聚四氟乙烯和石墨的接触应力与加载压力和温度的依赖关系。最后,对该密封件进行了常温和低温下的密封性能试验,结果表明,新型迷宫式动密封结构在常温和低温下都能够达到良好的密封性能,与仿真结果一致。

阀门  /  填料动密封  /  结构设计  /  密封压力  /  低温

To ensure the reliability of dynamic seal performance of low temperature valve in liquid rocket engine, the sealing pressure and performance of a new type of labyrinth packing dynamic seal structure are simulated and tested. Firstly, the structure of traditional packing dynamic seal is optimized, and a new PTFE-Graphite-Metal labyrinth composite seal is designed. Then, based on the thermal stress coupling method, the influence of the working condition on the dynamic sealing performance is analyzed, and two empirical models for PTFE and Graphite are proposed to represent the dependence of contact stress on both the loading pressure and temperature. Finally, the sealing performance of the new labyrinth dynamic seal is tested at room and low temperature. The results show that the new labyrinth dynamic seal can achieve good sealing performance at room and low temperature, which is consistent with the simulation results.

valve  /  dynamic packing seal  /  structure design  /  sealing pressure  /  low temperature
刘纯, 高柏桦, 钟梦妮. 多工况下新型填料动密封性能影响分析. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (2) : 37 -43 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250205
Chun LIU, Baihua GAO, Mengni ZHONG. Influence Analysis of Dynamic Sealing Performance of New Type Packing under Multiple Working Conditions[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (2) : 37 -43 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250205
在火箭发动机中, 阀门作为一种控制流体流动或调节流体参数的重要部件, 其泄漏不仅会导致阀门功能异常,严重时甚至会影响火箭的发射成败[1]。因此,阀门密封的可靠性问题一直是研究重点[2]。传统低温液体火箭发动机阀门作动机构的动密封采用波纹管焊接结构, 但随着发动机阀门通径增大, 其作动机构行程相应增大, 波纹管结构面临长度过长、刚度和承压设计困难等难题。采用活塞作动的作动机构可避免这些问题发生, 但活塞动密封在低温下难以达到波纹管密封的零泄漏。为了使液体火箭发动机中阀门在低温下依旧保持良好的动密封性能, 有必要进一步研究阀门动密封的结构和性能。
目前, 填料密封结构为阀门中广泛应用的一种动密封结构[3],结构简图如图1所示。在阀杆与填料函之间放置填料, 通过给压盖施加轴向载荷使填料产生径向变形, 与阀杆紧密接触, 使阀杆与填料之间的径向比压大于介质压力,从而达到密封的效果。
国内外学者在理论、试验和仿真方面对填料密封结构已经进行了一定的研究。在理论方面, Ochons-ki[4]和余宏兵等[5]基于阀杆填料密封理论得到了填料径向比压与预紧力和填料高度的关系, 其径向比压系数$R$可以表达为轴向预紧力${P}_{\mathrm{c}}$和摩擦力矩${M}_{\mathrm{t}}$等参数的函数, 即:
$ R =\frac{b}{2\mu h}\ln \left\lbrack \left({1 -\frac{4{M}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\pi {d}^{2}b{P}_{\mathrm{c}}}}\right)\right\rbrack $
式中$b$为填料宽度;$h$为填料高度;$d$为阀杆直径;$\mu$为摩擦系数。
通过试验得到了柔性石墨填料环的径向比压系数与预紧力的关系,如图2所示。Song等[6]对填料密封中的横向压力系数${K}_{\mathrm{i}}$(填料与阀杆)和${K}_{\mathrm{o}}$(填料与壳体)之间的关系进行了理论分析, 其理论结果与试验结果近似一致。但是对于能承受较大剪切应力的填料,该理论公式不适用。Diany等[7-8]提出了一种简化的解析方法, 利用厚壁圆柱理论对填料密封的应力和位移进行了分析, 确定了在壳体-填料-阀杆界面产生的横向接触压力的大小和分布, 但是该理论结果忽略了结构和工况条件对接触压力的影响。季维英[9]从理论上分析了填料密封传统结构的应力特征, 发现填料的径向应力在压盖处最大。
在试验方面, 一些学者通过试验研究了填料为石墨的阀杆动密封结构及密封特征, 结果表明石墨填料具有优良的密封性能和较低的摩擦力, 但是随着填料的磨损,介质泄漏呈现上升的趋势[10-13]。为了研究石墨填料的密封和摩擦学性能, 励行根等[14]对其进行了往复运动试验, 结果表明石墨环的截面形状对石墨填料的密封性能和摩擦力有显著影响。在仿真方面, 赵河明等[15]基于ABAQUS软件仿真研究了各因素对动密封结构密封性能的影响, 得到了不同条件下动密封结构的接触应力。杨振球等[16]研究了橡胶密封圈在不同工作压力下的变形、压力及分布状况, 结果表明随着工作介质压力的增加,接触应力基本上是线性增长。王伟和张浩强等[17-18]对聚四氟乙烯的压缩和密封性能进行了研究分析, 得出了密封比压的分布规律, 可以更好地评价聚四氟乙烯垫片的密封性能。但聚四氟乙烯的膨胀系数远大于金属, 在阀门零件从常温到低温的过程中发生收缩, 与阀杆的接触应力逐渐降低,导致密封性能下降。Kwak等[19]设计了一种石墨和不锈钢结合的新型密封件, 分析了设计参数对密封的影响, 以提高密封性能。但石墨填料强度较低, 需要与其他填料混合装配。
由上述研究现状可以看出, 国内外学者虽然对动密封结构的密封性能进行了一定的研究, 但是对在低温环境下需要外力压紧的阀门阀杆动密封结构优化设计及密封性能的研究较少。因此,为了保证动密封结构在常温和低温下都能够保持良好的密封性能, 从而用于氢氧液体火箭发动机低温阀门, 本文设计了一种新的聚四氟乙烯和石墨迷宫组合密封件, 通过试验和仿真研究了该密封件在不同工况下的密封性能。
由于聚四氟乙烯填料的线膨胀系数比金属阀杆大得多, 随着温度的降低, 填料的收缩量大于阀杆的收缩量, 可能造成预紧压力减小, 引起泄漏。在设计时对填料压盖螺栓采用多组碟形弹簧垫片进行预紧, 使填料在低温时的预紧力能得到连续补偿, 以保证填料密封效果。
迷宫式组合填料密封件由薄金属圈(1)、厚金属圈(2)、聚四氟乙烯密封圈(3)、石墨密封圈(4)和碟簧(5)组合而成,见图3。其中薄金属圈、厚金属圈和薄金属圈叠加组成金属导向环, 其作用是防止石墨因为多次往复运动发生剥离, 进入阀体内部, 使腔体内产生多余物。在金属导向环之间的聚四氟乙烯-石墨-金属组合密封件起着密封的作用。迷宫组合密封件整体的尺寸为: 内径${\Phi 22}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,外径${\Phi 32}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$, 高度${23.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,零件明细见表1。其中金属圈和石墨密封圈的厚度可以根据型腔深度来设定。迷宫式组合密封件上端面受到轴向载荷作用与阀杆紧密接触, 起密封作用, 其受力见图4
工装中涉及到的迷宫填料部分, 在实际运行过程中, 只有图3中所示的聚四氟乙烯和石墨部分与阀杆以及壳体是紧密接触的, 起密封作用。同时, 碟簧的设计使填料在低温时的预紧力能得到连续补偿。因此, 本文主要研究聚四氟乙烯-石墨-金属组合密封件在不同工况下的密封性能。依据实体模型的构成, 密封部位有3个$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$厚的石墨密封圈,2个$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$厚的聚四氟乙烯密封圈和2个0.5mm厚的薄金属圈。其中石墨密封圈和聚四氟乙烯密封圈起密封作用, 中间的薄金属圈提高组合密封件的强度。由于工装填料密封部位包括阀杆以及型腔是一个轴对称的模型, 工装被简化为四分之一模型。同时简化没必要的支撑点、倒角、圆角以及垫环。图5图6${\Phi 22}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {\Phi 32}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$规格的密封件网格典型分布和边界条件示意。模型网格类型为六面体单元, 网格单元数共22万。密封件与阀杆和壳体之间使用frictional接触类型, 两个接触面之间既可以法向分离, 也可以切向滑动, 摩擦系数为0.05 。密封件组件之间为不分离接触。壳体边界为固定边界, 保证壳体不动。同时阀杆为位移边界, 使其轴向运动$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$来获取密封件的动密封性能。
壳体、杆和金属垫片的物理性能如表2所示。此外, 石墨和聚四氟乙烯材料是高度非线性的, 使用Multilinear Isotropic Hardening来描述材料的塑形。其中石墨密封件采用缠绕工艺, 其压缩回弹性能佳, 更有益于对阀腔内径和阀杆的表面粗糙度进行补偿。试验获得的石墨和聚四氟乙烯的物理性能和应力应变曲线见表3图7
应用有限元方法计算不同工况的迷宫式组合密封件的密封应力特性, 总结温度和加载压力因素对迷宫式组合密封件的密封性能影响。
阀门的密封件上表面会受到载荷的作用, 从而达到密封效果。为得到密封件的接触应力, 对密封件施加不同表面压力来模拟密封件的受压状态。
图8给出了常温下${\Phi 22}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {\Phi 32}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的密封件在加载压力${60}\mathrm{{MPa}}$时迷宫填料与阀杆的接触应力。从图8中可以看到, 由于迷宫填料与阀杆的摩擦, 整体上同种填料上端的接触应力比下端要高一些。此外, 常温下聚四氟乙烯与石墨填料环的接触应力相差不大,整个密封件的平均接触应力为${50}\mathrm{{MPa}}$左右,能够达到很好的密封效果, 与后面的试验结果一致。此外,分别对密封件施加${70}\mathrm{{MPa}}\text{、}{80}\mathrm{{MPa}}\text{、}{90}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${100}\mathrm{{MPa}}$表面压力来模拟不同压力下密封件接触应力的状态。密封件接触应力与加载压力的关系如图9所示。从图9中可以看到, 对于两种材料(聚四氟乙烯和石墨), 计算得到的接触应力与加载压力都为正相关的关系, 加载压力的增大使密封效果更好。但是, 密封接触应力过大会增加密封件与杆件之间的摩擦, 造成密封面损伤。因此, 在保证密封件接触应力能够满足密封要求的同时, 压紧力不宜过大。
为了得到密封件接触应力随温度的变化关系, 分别对${296}\mathrm{\;K}$(常温)、${173}\mathrm{\;K}$${77}\mathrm{\;K}$${23}\mathrm{\;K}4$个温度状态进行分析计算。图10给出了${\Phi 22}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {\Phi 32}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的试验件在加载压力下, 密封件内侧与阀杆接触面在不同温度下的径向接触应力。由图10可以看到, 不同的密封件材料与阀杆的接触应力随温度的变化不同。对于聚四氟乙烯材料, 常温下的聚四氟乙烯与阀杆是可以紧密接触的, 随着温度的降低, 聚四氟乙烯的内侧面接触应力会降低。这是由于聚四氟乙烯的线膨胀系数比金属的大, 因此聚四氟乙烯热应变比金属杆的热应变大。对于石墨填料, 随着温度的降低, 石墨的内侧面接触应力会稍微增大。这是由于石墨的线膨胀系数小于金属材料, 石墨在低温下仍有向内侧夹紧的趋势。
聚四氟乙烯密封圈的接触应力幅值${\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}}$与加载压力$P$和温度$T$都是正相关的关系,可以近似表达为
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}}= {a}_{1}P +{b}_{1}T +{c}_{1}$
式中${a}_{1},{b}_{1},{c}_{1}$均为拟合参数。通过拟合可得参数见表4, 拟合结果如图11a所示。聚四氟乙烯密封圈接触应力幅值${\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}}$与加载压力$P$和温度$T$的关系最终可以表达为
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}}= {0.92P}+ {0.048T}- {19}$
石墨密封圈的接触应力幅值${\sigma }_{\mathrm{g}}$与加载压力$P$是正相关的关系,与温度$T$的关系不大,可以近似表达为
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{g}}= {a}_{2}P +{c}_{2}$
式中${a}_{2}$${c}_{2}$均为拟合参数。通过拟合可得参数见表4,拟合结果如图11b所示。
石墨密封圈接触应力幅值${\sigma }_{\mathrm{g}}$与加载压力$P$的关系最终可以表达为
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{g}}= {0.88P}- {2.5}$
为了确定该密封件的密封性能, 利用试验工装对其进行了常温和低温密封试验, 试验中使用排水集气法进行漏率检查。密封试验工装如图12所示。${\Phi 22}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {\Phi 32}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$规格的密封件的上表面受到加载压力${60}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,忽略其他因素的影响,根据密封件与工装以及阀杆的接触行为,换算为安装载荷为${25}\mathrm{{kN}}$左右。${25}\mathrm{{kN}}$安装载荷下的密封试验数据见表5。从表5中可以发现,在${25}\mathrm{{kN}}$安装载荷下,常温下的密封件漏率仅为${0.084}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{s}$,低温下的密封件漏率为${1.8}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{s}$,说明该密封件具有良好的密封性能。此外, 为研究安装压力对密封性能的影响, 又对该密封件进行了${38}\mathrm{{kN}}$安装载荷下的试验,试验数据见表6。从表6中可以发现,在${38}\mathrm{{kN}}$安装载荷下,常温下的密封件漏率仅为${0.0216}\mathrm{{mL}}/\mathrm{s}$,低温下的密封件漏率为${1.4}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{s}$。为了便于分析,图13给出了不同条件下的密封试验对比结果。从数据上可以发现低温会使密封件密封性能下降, 但是加载压力对于密封起有益效果, 与仿真结果一致。
本文设计了一种新的聚四氟乙烯-石墨-金属迷宫组合密封件, 并通过试验和数值模拟研究了其密封性能。得出的主要结论如下:
a)在密封件结构设计中, 采用聚四氟乙烯与石墨组合的方式实现密封; 安装金属导向环防止石墨因多次往复运动发生剥离,进入阀体;设计了碟簧,防止低温下密封件应力松弛而导致泄漏发生; 石墨密封件之间有金属件间隔可提高组合密封件的强度。
b)该迷宫式组合密封件与传统纯石墨或者纯聚四氟乙烯密封件相比,由于石墨在不同温度下的线膨胀系数较小, 所以在常温和低温状态下均有很好的补偿性能, 阀门零件在常温到低温过程中能够保持原有形态, 配合聚四氟乙烯密封组件, 提供弹性支撑, 能够达到很好的密封效果。
c)得到了两种材料(聚四氟乙烯和石墨)的接触应力与加载压力和温度的经验表达, 有助于分析密封件的密封性能, 为密封件的结构优化设计奠定了一定的基础。
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2025年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250205
  • 接收时间:2024-01-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-29
  • 修回日期:2024-03-21
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    北京航天动力研究所,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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