Article(id=1148011786961412454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240305, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668873600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-20, revisedDate=1703865600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636939039, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636939039, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636939039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636939039, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830442578865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895897628, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011787175321978, articleId=1148011786961412454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Analysis of Super Heavy-Starship Transport System Mechanism, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Super Heavy-Starship is a two-stage fully reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle proposed by Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX). In Super Heavy-Starship, mechanisms are widely utilized to implement various functions of the launch vehicle, such as connection, separation, aerodynamic control and landing shock absorption. In addition, traditional pyrotechnics are replaced by high-pressure cold air as power source of mechanisms. Focusing on the landing shock absorption mechanism, grid rudder mechanism, flap rudder mechanism, stage separation mechanism, and pneumatic mechanism of Super Heavy-Starship, the mechanism composition, working principle, design ideas, merits and demerits are clarified. The innovation points of SpaceX's mechanisms are summarized. Furthermore, the gaps and deficiencies in the development and application of launch vehicle mechanisms in China are analyzed, and corresponding suggestions are put forward as well.

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超重-星舰(Super Heavy-Starship)运输系统是美国太空探索公司(Space Exploration Technologies Corp., SpaceX)提出的两级完全可重复使用重型运载火箭。超重-星舰运输系统广泛应用机构技术以实现火箭的连接分离、气动控制、着陆缓冲等功能,同时采用高压冷气等取代传统火工品作为动力源。针对超重-星舰运输系统的着陆缓冲机构、栅格舵机构、阻力舵机构、级间分离机构、气驱机构,阐述机构组成、工作原理、设计思路、优缺点,总结SpaceX公司机构技术的创新点,分析中国运载火箭机构技术在研制及应用方面的差距和不足,并提出相应的发展建议。

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郭嘉(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

于兵(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

马红鹏(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

王辰(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

谢珏帆(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

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超重-星舰运输系统机构技术分析
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郭嘉 , 于兵 , 马红鹏 , 王辰 , 谢珏帆
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(3): 29-37
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(3): 29-37
超重-星舰运输系统机构技术分析
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郭嘉, 于兵, 马红鹏, 王辰, 谢珏帆
作者信息
  • 北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
  • 郭嘉(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

    于兵(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

    马红鹏(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

    王辰(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

    谢珏帆(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

Analysis of Super Heavy-Starship Transport System Mechanism
Jia GUO, Bing YU, Hongpeng MA, Chen WANG, Juefan XIE
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240305
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超重-星舰(Super Heavy-Starship)运输系统是美国太空探索公司(Space Exploration Technologies Corp., SpaceX)提出的两级完全可重复使用重型运载火箭。超重-星舰运输系统广泛应用机构技术以实现火箭的连接分离、气动控制、着陆缓冲等功能,同时采用高压冷气等取代传统火工品作为动力源。针对超重-星舰运输系统的着陆缓冲机构、栅格舵机构、阻力舵机构、级间分离机构、气驱机构,阐述机构组成、工作原理、设计思路、优缺点,总结SpaceX公司机构技术的创新点,分析中国运载火箭机构技术在研制及应用方面的差距和不足,并提出相应的发展建议。

超重-星舰运输系统  /  着陆缓冲机构  /  气动控制机构  /  连接分离机构  /  气驱机构

Super Heavy-Starship is a two-stage fully reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle proposed by Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX). In Super Heavy-Starship, mechanisms are widely utilized to implement various functions of the launch vehicle, such as connection, separation, aerodynamic control and landing shock absorption. In addition, traditional pyrotechnics are replaced by high-pressure cold air as power source of mechanisms. Focusing on the landing shock absorption mechanism, grid rudder mechanism, flap rudder mechanism, stage separation mechanism, and pneumatic mechanism of Super Heavy-Starship, the mechanism composition, working principle, design ideas, merits and demerits are clarified. The innovation points of SpaceX's mechanisms are summarized. Furthermore, the gaps and deficiencies in the development and application of launch vehicle mechanisms in China are analyzed, and corresponding suggestions are put forward as well.

Super Heavy-Starship transport system  /  landing shock absorption mechanism  /  aerodynamic control mechanism  /  connection and separation mechanism  /  pneumatic mechanism
郭嘉, 于兵, 马红鹏, 王辰, 谢珏帆. 超重-星舰运输系统机构技术分析. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (3) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240305
Jia GUO, Bing YU, Hongpeng MA, Chen WANG, Juefan XIE. Analysis of Super Heavy-Starship Transport System Mechanism[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (3) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240305
2016年9月,美国太空探索公司(Space Exploration Technologies Corp., SpaceX)公布了星际运输系统计划,目标是火星殖民及星际探索。随后方案持续迭代, 历经大法尔肯火箭(Big Falcon Rocket, BFR)等多个版本, 最后演变为超重-星舰(Super Heavy-Starship)运输系统, 包括超重推进级和星舰飞船两级[1-2]
运载火箭的回收及重复使用是降低单次发射成本的有效途径[35]。在各种回收方式中垂直着陆回收方式最具有可行性和应用前景[6-7]。超重-星舰运输系统采用两级完全可重复使用设计, 其中超重推进级采用与法尔肯火箭类似的垂直着陆回收方式, 星舰采用水平再入后翻转机动垂直着陆回收方式[8]。为实现整个飞行任务剖面内的复杂动作, 超重-星舰运输系统广泛应用机构技术实现可复用连接分离、高可靠气动控制、 安全着陆缓冲等功能, 同时采用高压冷气等取代传统火工品作为动力源,实现机构功能性能可检可测[9]
超重-星舰运输系统是SpaceX公司技术实力的集中体现, 特别是火箭大型化、复杂化、复用性所要求的多自由度、强非线性特殊功能机构技术[10]。为了深入理解SpaceX公司的机构设计技术, 对超重-星舰运输系统中各机构的原理方案、功能实现过程等方面开展广泛调研,剖析现有机构方案的设计思路、优缺点, 结合中国运载火箭机构技术的进展, 提出相应的发展建议。
超重-星舰运输系统中应用了大量机构技术, 如图1所示, 飞行任务剖面如下: 火箭发射后, 到达预定高度时一级发动机关闭,级间分离机构解锁,一二级分离;超重推进级返回,利用栅格舵机构进行气动控制, 通过地面回收机构配合发动机推力调节实现平稳着陆;星舰发动机点火,进入预定轨道后返回;星舰水平再入, 利用阻力舵机构及姿控喷管进行飞行姿态控制, 翻转机动后通过着陆缓冲机构配合发动机推力调节完成回收。本文依次对超重-星舰运输系统的各机构技术进行详细分析。
着陆缓冲机构在火箭垂直着陆时可降低着陆冲击载荷, 提高稳定性[11]。星舰配备6个着陆缓冲机构, 类似板凳设计, 折放于星舰尾裙内沿, 如图2所示。
着陆缓冲机构主要由展开轴、连接罩、展开到位缓冲垫、到位锁销、上层缓冲组件、下层缓冲组件、 着陆盘等组成, 如图3所示。其中, 上、下两层缓冲组件通过法兰连接面螺接, 下层缓冲组件与着陆盘焊接, 着陆缓冲垫粘接在着陆盘底面上。机构采用带有梯度尺寸孔的两级钣金件分层压溃方式实现缓冲。
星舰着陆缓冲机构采用固定长度翻转式设计, 与壳体通过展开轴连接, 原理如图4所示。通过气驱拔销器与锁定支耳配合完成初始锁定功能。通入高压冷气后,气驱拔销器销轴脱离销孔,完成解锁。解锁后, 机构通过自身重力作用绕展开轴旋转展开。到位后到位锁销进入锁槽,锁槽内部设有卡爪组件实现锁定。
星舰一级采用6台发动机, 其中中间3台为海平面版猛禽发动机, 外围均布3台为真空版猛禽发动机。受发动机安装后空间限制, 设置6个着陆缓冲机构,两两安装在外围发动机之间,与级间分离机构布局一致。上升段时, 级间分离机构通过6个连接孔实现超重与星舰的连接锁定,着陆缓冲机构翻折锁定于孔位上方星舰尾裙内沿;分离后着陆前, 着陆缓冲机构翻转到孔位下方锁定, 孔位处布置支撑筋条用于固定旋转展开轴和到位缓冲锁定,同时加强壳段强度, 将支反力传递到箭体壳段上。
目前着陆缓冲机构设计主要适用于平整着陆区, 对地形适应能力较弱。对于地外行星着陆,为适应不平整着陆区, 未来可能采用平行四边形式或三角形式方案[12],缓冲器可能采用具有较好复用性和自适应调节高度的液气缓冲方案。
目前, 对于地球和近地太空范围内的星舰, 考虑到快速回收和复用发射需求以及着陆缓冲机构自重较大的问题, SpaceX取消了超重推进级的着陆缓冲机构, 提出一种新的回收方式: 在发射塔架上新增一种回收机械臂,在超重推进级着陆过程中随箭体移动, 最后利用栅格舵实现着陆。回收后的超重推进级被放置在发射塔架上, 可在不到一个小时的周转时间内进行下一次发射任务。而对于星际任务深空版本, 超重推进级将保留着陆缓冲机构配置, 因为在其他星球难以建造相应的发射及回收塔架。
采用发射塔架机械臂的回收方案可以减轻一级质量, 提高运载效率。发射和回收一体设计可以最大限度提高复用效率, 但这一方案对火箭动力系统的性能要求较高[13]
地外版本超重推进级目前尚处于概念设计阶段, 拟采用固定翼面与着陆机构一体化设计方案,可对着陆机构与箭体壳段承力结构进行耦合设计。固定翼对返回姿态有一定控制作用, 也可用于整个任务剖面中着陆机构的热防护。
在火箭返回过程中, 栅格舵机构可以通过调节气动载荷控制火箭飞行姿态和轨迹, 提高飞行稳定性, 并起到一定减速作用[14]。超重推进级顶部安装有4套栅格舵机构,非均布而是呈 “X” 形布局,侧重对超重推进级俯仰方向的控制。
超重推进级上的栅格舵的设计继承自法尔肯火箭, 但由于火箭总体方案不同, 栅格舵的设计也有所变化。
法尔肯火箭的栅格舵机构主要包括舵体、解锁机构、展开锁定机构和传动机构等部分。由于超重推进级的着陆回收方案与法尔肯火箭不同,对栅格舵根部连接强度及刚度要求更高, 同时SpaceX公司评估认为火箭发射上升阶段栅格舵完全展开的气动影响可以接受, 因此超重推进级的栅格舵由折叠展开式改为了固定展开式, 在发射阶段不再收拢至箭体侧壁, 在返回阶段也无须解锁展开, 省去了解锁机构和展开机构, 只需要在伺服及传动机构的作用下单自由度转动。
法尔肯火箭的栅格舵航体采用局部后掠型设计, 可以有效提高其气动控制性能, 降低跨声速段的阻力[15]。上表面采用弧面设计,主要是为了在火箭上升段尽量贴合火箭箭体表面,减小气动阻力,舵体根部向外隆起是为了展开时避免与舵轴发生干涉。而超重推进级的栅格舵为固定展开式, 其气动性能基本不受舵体表面形态影响, 因此采用平面设计, 便于加工。
此外, 与法尔肯9火箭不同, 超重推进级的栅格舵采用舵体、舵轴、传动机构一体化安装后,再通过安装支耳与箭体连接, 如图5所示。这样设计的优点是能够在地面厂房内将质量较大的部件先行安装为一个整体, 避免在箭体上多次悬吊安装, 降低了安装难度, 简化了总装流程。但缺点是安装支耳与箭体壳段通过连接件连接, 增加了连接面, 降低了整体刚度和安装精度。
栅格舵与箭体的连接采用了一种不常见的卡槽和压片的安装形式,在舵体的根部上下两侧均有$\mathrm{A}$字形的安装支耳,见图6。其安装并非传统的螺栓连接, 而是将$\mathrm{A}$字形支耳的尖端嵌入箭体对应位置的卡槽中, 并用压片压住支耳后与箭体螺接。
与一般栅格舵传动机构安装在箭体内壁附近不同, 超重推进级栅格舵的传动机构利用贮箱前底作为安装基础, 如图7所示。贮箱前底有一圈环形平面, 栅格舵机构采用了镂空桁架形式的盒形舵轴, 盒形结构能够更好地承受栅格舵传递的弯矩载荷, 盒形舵轴靠近箭体轴线的梢部有圆柱形支耳,该支耳与环形平面上的支座相连, 机电伺服机构也安装在环形平面上。利用贮箱前底承力的设计避免添加复杂的舵支架结构, 降低了质量, 实现了贮箱的推进剂贮存和结构承载一体化设计, 是一种值得被借鉴的设计方式。
4个栅格舵由独立的机电伺服传动机构进行驱动, 其原理如图8所示, 由机电伺服作动器、摇臂、盒形舵轴、轴承、A字形安装支耳等组成。机电伺服伸缩, 驱动摇臂转动, 进而带动舵体绕舵轴旋转。
某单位在栅格舵火箭精确落区验证中部分使用了这一分体式设计, 但其舵传动机构仍安装在箭体侧壁内侧,与可折展栅格舵连接的舵盘预先安装为一个整体后, 舵盘再与箭体内的传动机构舵轴通过螺钉安装[16-17]
传统升力体飞行器利用机翼产生升力,通过副翼、升降舵和方向舵等气动控制面改变飞行器受到的气动力,从而对轨迹和姿态进行控制。而星舰采用了前后两组可沿轴线方向偏转的阻力舵来实现对箭体的控制。如图9所示, 一对前舵位于箭体头锥位置, 一对后舵位于箭体尾部, 采用对称布置, 均为梯形, 后舵面积约为前舵的2倍。
美国三角快帆垂直起降DC-X验证机曾采用类似的方案, 在尾部设计了四片阻力舵(或称扰流板), 可在再入过程中调整气动力,保证横向机动距离,然后实施掉头机动实现垂直降落。此类设计常见于飞机设计中,用于增加阻力以降低飞行速度[18]。减速板闭合时通常紧贴飞机表面成为飞机气动外形的一部分, 根部通过铰链与机体连接, 使用时由液压推杆将减速板顶开一定角度以达到增阻和扰流的目的[19]
星舰的两对阻力舵类似鸟类翅膀翻转收拢, 但只能单向翻转收拢。当翻转角度较大时, 箭体气阻等效面积较小,气动阻力较小;当翻转角度较小时反之。 对星舰阻力舵的气动特性的数值模拟研究表明, 后阻力舵的对称翻转可实现俯仰方向的控制, 前阻力舵的非对称翻转可实现偏航方向的控制, 前、后阻力舵的组合翻转可实现滚转方向的控制。此外, 在大攻角特别是垂直着陆时, 阻力舵的控制效果显著优于传统襟副翼设计[20]
星舰的后阻力舵与箭体有4个连接点(早期版本为3个连接点), 前阻力舵有3个连接点, 均为铰接。 前、后阻力舵连接点之中各有一个驱动点, 驱动舵面翻转, 其余连接点无驱动力, 如图10所示。
星舰箭体侧边为圆柱槽形结构, 可容纳阻力舵的根部转轴, 为连接点提供安装基础, 同时对舵根部及舵机构形成热防护。阻力舵的连接点结构如图11所示, 在箭体边条结构内有加强件, 其上有两个连杆连接阻力舵舵轴形成稳定支撑。
箭体边条结构内有驱动机构的安装基座,用于安装伺服作动器,同时支撑阻力舵舵轴,如图12~图13所示。舵摇臂一端与伺服作动器铰接, 另一端与阻力舵舵面固连。这样, 伺服作动器的伸缩直线运动转化为摇臂绕舵轴的转动,驱动阻力舵翻转。
超重-星舰运输系统的级间分离不使用反推火箭、 气驱推杆等推冲机构[21],而是依靠旋转抛洒的方式完成分离。级间分离具体步骤为: 在超重推进级主发动机关机前, 喷口摆动, 使超重-星舰运输系统绕俯仰轴旋转。然后超重推进级主发动机关机,解除级间连接。依据角动量守恒原理,解除连接后的星舰与超重推进级将以不同的角速度绕各自质心旋转。解锁时刻, 星舰的质量远大于超重推进级的质量。因此, 超重推进级的角速度将明显大于星舰的角速度, 从而实现顺畅的分离。
与传统的分离方式相比, 旋转分离省去了提供分离动力的机构,有助于减轻质量。同时,由于超重推进级回收时需要绕俯仰轴进行旋转调姿,因此该分离方式并未额外消耗燃料。但这种方式引入了额外的碰撞风险,且分离后箭体处于旋转状态,需依靠调姿发动机进行姿控。针对可能出现的碰撞风险, 星舰在设计之初便将底部发动机喷管等凸出结构包裹在壳段内, 防止分离后的超重推进级与发动机喷管产生碰撞。此外, 星舰上的猛禽发动机与阻力舵的调姿能力强, 因此分离后增加额外的调姿环节即可解决。
星舰与超重推进级之间采用3个点式连接解锁机构, 如图14所示。星舰底部级间分离面上设有6处连接孔。重型助推顶部级间分离面上设置有3处凸起结构, 形状为梯形, 推测其为导向块, 在级间分离时起导向作用, 同时对级间连接也起到抗剪与抗扭作用。
级间连接解锁机构的工作原理如图15所示, 主要包括锁钩、导向销、转动副、弹簧压板、弹簧、 气缸及供气系统等部分。级间连接锁定时, 气瓶向气缸有杆腔内充气, 活塞杆受气压作用向下运动, 导向销与导向槽配合使锁钩扣紧星箭与重型助推。 解锁时, 气瓶充气阀关闭, 排气阀开启, 气缸有杆腔内气压下降。活塞杆在弹簧弹力作用下向上顶升, 导向销与导向槽配合引导锁钩向箭体内部转动,实现解锁。
星舰与超重推进级之间的连接锁紧力由气缸内高压气体提供。若气缸发生密封失效等故障,气压下降, 机构变为解锁状态, 由其余两个级间连接解锁机构提供连接锁紧力,仍可实现级间分离。现有设计可实现较高的分离可靠性。
星舰SN1、SN3、SN4、SN5、SN6外部侧壁上均安装有黑色圆筒状的复合材料缠绕高压气瓶。推测其与法尔肯9火箭上的复合材料高压气瓶类似,内衬为铝合金,外层为碳纤维缠绕层。其中,从$\mathrm{{SN}}3$的高压气瓶标签中可知其内充入压缩天然气即甲烷, 推测作用是为贮箱增压。这与法尔肯9火箭的设计不同。 法尔肯9火箭的高压气瓶中充入氦气,气压约${41}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。 使用高压氦气增压贮箱时可能导致推进剂内产生气泡, 影响发动机工作, 改为使用高压气态甲烷增压推进剂(甲烷)贮箱可以有效避免这一问题。SN4、 SN5和SN6中靠近尾裙部位的高压气瓶通过管路及阀门与姿控喷管连接, 起控制子级飞行姿态作用, 推测其内充入高压氦气。
SN7及之后原型机外壁均未见高压气瓶, SN20最新状态中高压气瓶已改为内置在尾裙内部。推测其改进设计的原因是$\mathrm{{SN}}5$$\mathrm{{SN}}6$原型机仅开展${150}\mathrm{\;m}$高度飞行测试, 其气动外形设计及防热设计未予以着重关注。而SN7之后原型机开展${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$以上高空飞行试验, 外壁面环境更为严苛, 将高压气瓶置于尾裙内部可有效改善环境条件。
此外, SN20尾裙内在大尺寸高压气瓶两侧还安装有两个小尺寸高压气瓶。高压气瓶均布置在6个着陆缓冲机构附近, 故推测着陆缓冲机构的解锁机构为气驱拔销器型式, 采用小尺寸高压气瓶进行供气, 小尺寸高压气瓶内为氦气。
超重推进级尾部安装有4组8个大尺寸复合材料高压气瓶, 以及多个小尺寸不锈钢高压气瓶。超重推进级$\mathrm{B}3$的小尺寸高压气瓶安装在大尺寸高压气瓶下支架侧面,而$\mathrm{B}4$的高压气瓶附近管路更为复杂,小尺寸高压气瓶改为安装在支架下方。高压气瓶外安装不锈钢气动护罩。
星舰继承法尔肯系列火箭的可重复使用技术, 广泛采用气驱机构代替火工爆炸装置, 如前文提到的星舰着陆缓冲机构中的气驱拔销器和级间分离机构。 气驱拔销器的工作原理如图16所示。阀门关闭时气缸内无压力, 弹簧作用下销轴伸出, 将着陆缓冲机构锁定。阀门开启后气瓶内高压气体进入气缸有杆腔内,推动活塞压缩弹簧,销轴收缩,实现解锁。
超重-星舰运输系统的机构设计秉承了SpaceX公司的技术发展理念:简单、可靠、低成本,其设计思路及研制经验值得被学习和借鉴。
超重-星舰运输系统的机构技术与传统运载火箭相比有很多独特之处, 分析如下。
超重-星舰运输系统继承和改进法尔肯系列火箭上经过验证的可重复使用技术, 利用箭上高压气瓶或增压输送系统分流获得高压冷气代替火工品, 采用气驱机构代替火工爆炸装置完成火箭功能, 输出载荷大, 工作行程长, 导向性好, 机构功能性能可检可测、可重复使用, 可降低单次发射成本, 有效提高火箭安全可靠性。
以为箭上气驱机构及姿控喷管供气的高压气瓶为例, 超重-星舰运输系统中使用的高压气瓶的设计继承自法尔肯火箭, 在星舰多个版本的迭代过程中组合使用了多种不同容积和工作介质的气瓶, 已形成一套尺寸多样、用途各异的系列化产品。由此可见, SpaceX公司的航天装备产品化程度达到了较高的水平, 成熟的产品和技术得以高效固化并且被借鉴使用,以此缩短设计及生产周期,提高产品质量。
伴随着超重-星舰运输系统总体方案和研制试验的相互迭代, 其机构设计也在不断优化改进, 星舰着陆缓冲机构、超重推进级栅格舵机构等在通过设计实现机构基本功能后, 根据试验结果不断识别薄弱环节, 进而追求可靠性增长、轻质化等目标。
超重-星舰运输系统的机构设计紧密围绕总体方案的需求展开, 同时为总体方案的论证实现提供有力支撑。开展机构设计时充分论证机构功能需求, 以实现机构设计的简洁性, 提高可靠性。利用角动量守恒的基本物理原理实现级间分离及有效载荷分离释放, 省去了复杂的推冲机构。根据总体对栅格舵机构的功能需求, 在评估其气动影响后, 将折展式栅格舵改为固定展开式, 省去了初始解锁机构及展开机构。
中国运载火箭机构技术的研制和应用与SpaceX公司快速迭代的创新研制理念和大量飞行验证的成熟机构技术相比,尚存在一定差距,主要包括以下几个方面。
通过$\mathrm{{CZ}}-8\mathrm{R}$运载火箭垂直着陆返回关键技术攻关[22-23],中国已开展面向工程应用的$1 : 1$着陆缓冲机构样机研制工作, 已完成着陆缓冲机构展开及着陆冲击试验。但目前研制工作还处于地面试验阶段, 尚未进行飞行验证。
此外, 中国在地面缓冲回收机构方面也开展了相关研究。张欢等[24]提出了一种阻拦索网缓冲回收系统, 利用4条阻拦索形成正交网状结构, 根据火箭着陆位置、速度、倾角自动调整阻拦索网位置, 配合火箭子级上的吊钩实现减速缓冲。胡振兴等[25]开展缩比试验验证了基于地面拦阻系统的火箭垂直着陆回收方案的可行性。
超重-星舰运输系统的两级分别应用了栅格舵和阻力舵气动控制机构。栅格舵机构取消了展开锁定机构, 采用贮箱前底、级间段壳体共同承载的舵机构布局,舵体采用不锈钢材料。中国已在CZ-2C、 CZ-2D、CZ-4B等现役火箭基础上完成了基于栅格舵机构的精确落区控制技术验证, 能够较好地实现栅格舵机构的气动控制功能, 但在结构一机构一体化设计、低成本舵体设计等方面存在一定差距。阻力舵技术在全球航天范围内应用较少, 此前仅在美国三角快帆项目DC-X验证机上有所应用, 中国目前在此方面尚属空白。
中国现役运载火箭多采用爆炸螺栓、反推火箭及分离弹簧等方式实现级间分离。级间分离机构技术方面仅开展了方案设计等探索性研究, 尚未开展工程实用化研制及试验验证, 相关技术掌握尚不充分。
中国已开展面向可重复使用的冷气连接解锁机构和冷气推冲机构的研制工作, 通过系统级试验验证了气驱机构工作同步性和箭上供气系统接口匹配性。目前气驱机构的研制还处于地面试验阶段, 飞行产品中尚未有类似技术得到验证。
随着人类进入空间需求的迅速增长, 目前的一次性运载火箭在发射成本、产能等方面面临着严峻挑战, 重复使用被视为突破掣肘的发展方向和必然趋势[26],相关的运载火箭机构技术也成为重要的发展着力点[27]。结合对超重-星舰运输系统机构技术的分析, 中国运载火箭机构技术可以从以下方面着重开展工作。
中国运载火箭机构技术发展自CZ-2F载人逃逸机构与伺服机构系统, 大型整流罩的连接分离机构技术具有高可靠、低冲击、可设计性好等优势, 伺服机构由传统的电液伺服机构逐渐向机电伺服机构与机电静压伺服机构等方向发展。中国在传统机构技术方面具有良好的技术积累和研制能力。因此, 应充分继承并发扬以往机构产品的成功经验。
中国在以气驱机构为代表的可重复使用机构技术方面的工程化应用方面与国际先进水平还存在一定差距, 应借鉴和融合各国、各行业的相关技术, 大胆创新, 勇于试验, 在研制过程中不断积累机构设计、工艺等方面经验, 力争早日实现可重复使用机构技术的工程化应用。
产品是专业技术能力的集中体现,是装备先进性和高可靠的根本保障。中国自2010年左右开展了基于非火工驱动/触发能源的分离机构技术探索以来, 已开发出多款不同承载量级的点式机电分离机构系列产品, 实现了点式分离机构的可检测、微冲击、高安全、高可靠目标。在气驱连接解锁机构、气驱推冲机构、刚性包带分离机构、栅格舵机构、着陆缓冲机构等方面也应加快产品化进程, 形成机构产品货架, 从而更好地提高产品可靠性, 缩短研制周期, 降低研制成本。
  • 中国科协学科发展项目(2019XKFZ02)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程(2016QNRC001-YESS20160107)
  • 中国科协优秀中外青年交流计划(2019293)
  • 国家自然科学基金(11402033)
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2024年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240305
  • 接收时间:2022-11-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-11-20
  • 修回日期:2023-12-30
基金
中国科协学科发展项目(2019XKFZ02)
中国科协青年人才托举工程(2016QNRC001-YESS20160107)
中国科协优秀中外青年交流计划(2019293)
国家自然科学基金(11402033)
作者信息
    北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddyht/CN/10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240305
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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