Article(id=1148011786021888258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240612, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=1720368000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636938814, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636938814, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636938814, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636938814, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298864751989270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943802297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895906333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011786185466132, articleId=1148011786021888258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Research on Error Analysis and Control Method of Digital Coordination Machining of Coordination Hole of the Carrier Rocket Part, columnId=1154057567442559335, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Material and Manufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the view of the difficulty of digital coordination of coordination hole of the carrier rocket part, the influencing factors of digital coordination processing are analyzed and the main reasons are determined, and the influence of measurement error and positioning on the machining accuracy is analyzed through comparative test and theoretical analysis. On this basis, the digital coordinated machining control scheme is put forward, and the typical part is taken as the object to carry out coordinated hole test, the test results show that the digital quantity coordination machining hole position accuracy meets the requirements of assembly coordination, and the test coordination with the tooling platform, laying the foundation for the engineering application of the end-frame digital quantity coordinated machining.

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针对火箭部段对接孔数字量协调的难点,分析数字量协调加工的影响因素确定要因,并通过对比试验和理论分析的方法分析测量误差和定位误差两种要因对加工精度的影响。在此基础上,提出数字量协调加工控制方案,并以典型部段端框为对象开展协调制孔试验,试验结果表明,数字量协调加工孔位精度符合装配协调要求,与工装平台试对协调,为端框数字量协调加工的工程化应用奠定了基础。

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于炳涛(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

王洋(1988-),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

乔腾飞(1998—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

郭浩(1990—),男,技师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

臧建新(1985—),男,高级技师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

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于炳涛(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

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于炳涛(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

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王洋(1988-),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

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乔腾飞(1998—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

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序号 理论角度/(° ) 理论半径/ mm 试验A角度/(°) 试验$\mathrm{A}$半径/mm 试验$\mathrm{B}$角度/(°) 试验$\mathrm{B}$半径/mm
1 0.0000 1646.0000 0.0000 1646.2010 0.0000 1646.0298
2 7.5000 1646.0000 7.4970 1646.0860 7.5016 1646.0250
3 15.0000 1646.0000 14.9930 1646.4200 14.9980 1646.0721
4 22.5000 1646.0000 22.5020 1645.9980 22.5046 1645.9560
5 30.0000 1646.0000 29.9960 1646.1470 30.0004 1646.0215
6 37.5000 1646.0000 37.4940 1646.2450 37.4990 1646.0646
7 45.0000 1646.0000 44.9950 1646.1800 44.9998 1646.0867
8 52.5000 1646.0000 52.4910 1646.3320 52.4973 1646.1257
9 60.0000 1646.0000 59.9920 1646.4440 60.0007 1646.2221
10 66.5000 1646.0000 66.4900 1645.8960 66.4978 1645.7509
11 68.5000 1646.0000 68.4920 1646.1160 68.5007 1645.9893
12 71.8445 1635.0000 71.8250 1635.0830 71.8360 1634.9476
13 78.1555 1635.0000 78.1380 1635.0520 78.1451 1634.9062
14 81.5000 1646.0000 81.4940 1646.1220 81.5028 1646.0049
15 83.5000 1646.0000 83.4900 1646.2440 83.4981 1646.0989
16 90.0000 1646.0000 89.9900 1646.1520 89.9998 1646.1061
), ArticleFig(id=1197270100068839483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011786021888258, language=CN, label=表1, caption=测量结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 理论角度/(° ) 理论半径/ mm 试验A角度/(°) 试验$\mathrm{A}$半径/mm 试验$\mathrm{B}$角度/(°) 试验$\mathrm{B}$半径/mm
1 0.0000 1646.0000 0.0000 1646.2010 0.0000 1646.0298
2 7.5000 1646.0000 7.4970 1646.0860 7.5016 1646.0250
3 15.0000 1646.0000 14.9930 1646.4200 14.9980 1646.0721
4 22.5000 1646.0000 22.5020 1645.9980 22.5046 1645.9560
5 30.0000 1646.0000 29.9960 1646.1470 30.0004 1646.0215
6 37.5000 1646.0000 37.4940 1646.2450 37.4990 1646.0646
7 45.0000 1646.0000 44.9950 1646.1800 44.9998 1646.0867
8 52.5000 1646.0000 52.4910 1646.3320 52.4973 1646.1257
9 60.0000 1646.0000 59.9920 1646.4440 60.0007 1646.2221
10 66.5000 1646.0000 66.4900 1645.8960 66.4978 1645.7509
11 68.5000 1646.0000 68.4920 1646.1160 68.5007 1645.9893
12 71.8445 1635.0000 71.8250 1635.0830 71.8360 1634.9476
13 78.1555 1635.0000 78.1380 1635.0520 78.1451 1634.9062
14 81.5000 1646.0000 81.4940 1646.1220 81.5028 1646.0049
15 83.5000 1646.0000 83.4900 1646.2440 83.4981 1646.0989
16 90.0000 1646.0000 89.9900 1646.1520 89.9998 1646.1061
), ArticleFig(id=1197270100144336956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011786021888258, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Measuring results of end-frame test piece, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 钻模角度/(°) 钻模半径/mm 试验角度/(°) 试验半径/mm
1 0.0000 1646.0298 0.0000 1646.0838
2 7.5012 1646.0256 7.5021 1646.1689
3 14.9981 1646.0721 15.0037 1646.2698
4 22.5043 1645.9567 22.5132 1645.7731
5 30.0000 1646.0213 30.0089 1646.1612
6 37.4999 1646.0641 37.5055 1646.2525
7 44.9998 1646.0865 45.0045 1646.1098
8 52.4971 1646.1257 52.4999 1646.0467
9 60.0000 1646.2223 60.0010 1646.0154
10 71.8365 1634.9474 71.8298 1635.1413
11 78.1453 1634.9062 78.1373 1634.8356
12 89.9999 1646.1063 89.9876 1646.2058
), ArticleFig(id=1197270100207251517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011786021888258, language=CN, label=表2, caption=端框试验件测量结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 钻模角度/(°) 钻模半径/mm 试验角度/(°) 试验半径/mm
1 0.0000 1646.0298 0.0000 1646.0838
2 7.5012 1646.0256 7.5021 1646.1689
3 14.9981 1646.0721 15.0037 1646.2698
4 22.5043 1645.9567 22.5132 1645.7731
5 30.0000 1646.0213 30.0089 1646.1612
6 37.4999 1646.0641 37.5055 1646.2525
7 44.9998 1646.0865 45.0045 1646.1098
8 52.4971 1646.1257 52.4999 1646.0467
9 60.0000 1646.2223 60.0010 1646.0154
10 71.8365 1634.9474 71.8298 1635.1413
11 78.1453 1634.9062 78.1373 1634.8356
12 89.9999 1646.1063 89.9876 1646.2058
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火箭部段对接孔的数字量协调加工误差分析与控制方法研究
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于炳涛 , 王洋 , 乔腾飞 , 郭浩 , 臧建新
导弹与航天运载技术 | 材料与制造技术 2024,47(6): 76-82
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 材料与制造技术 2024, 47(6): 76-82
火箭部段对接孔的数字量协调加工误差分析与控制方法研究
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于炳涛, 王洋, 乔腾飞, 郭浩, 臧建新
作者信息
  • 首都航天机械有限公司,北京,100076
  • 于炳涛(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

    王洋(1988-),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

    乔腾飞(1998—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

    郭浩(1990—),男,技师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

    臧建新(1985—),男,高级技师,主要研究方向为运载火箭部段铆接装配工艺。

Research on Error Analysis and Control Method of Digital Coordination Machining of Coordination Hole of the Carrier Rocket Part
Bingtao YU, Yang WANG, Tengfei QIAO, Hao GUO, Jianxin ZANG
Affiliations
  • Capital Aerospace Machinery Company Limited,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240612
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针对火箭部段对接孔数字量协调的难点,分析数字量协调加工的影响因素确定要因,并通过对比试验和理论分析的方法分析测量误差和定位误差两种要因对加工精度的影响。在此基础上,提出数字量协调加工控制方案,并以典型部段端框为对象开展协调制孔试验,试验结果表明,数字量协调加工孔位精度符合装配协调要求,与工装平台试对协调,为端框数字量协调加工的工程化应用奠定了基础。

运载火箭  /  模拟量协调  /  端框  /  数字量协调  /  误差分析

In the view of the difficulty of digital coordination of coordination hole of the carrier rocket part, the influencing factors of digital coordination processing are analyzed and the main reasons are determined, and the influence of measurement error and positioning on the machining accuracy is analyzed through comparative test and theoretical analysis. On this basis, the digital coordinated machining control scheme is put forward, and the typical part is taken as the object to carry out coordinated hole test, the test results show that the digital quantity coordination machining hole position accuracy meets the requirements of assembly coordination, and the test coordination with the tooling platform, laying the foundation for the engineering application of the end-frame digital quantity coordinated machining.

carrier rocket  /  analog coordination  /  end-frame  /  digital coordination  /  error analysis
于炳涛, 王洋, 乔腾飞, 郭浩, 臧建新. 火箭部段对接孔的数字量协调加工误差分析与控制方法研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (6) : 76 -82 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240612
Bingtao YU, Yang WANG, Tengfei QIAO, Hao GUO, Jianxin ZANG. Research on Error Analysis and Control Method of Digital Coordination Machining of Coordination Hole of the Carrier Rocket Part[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (6) : 76 -82 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240612
目前,火箭制造成形涉及模拟量协调和数字量协调两种方式, 其中部段间协调一般采用模拟量协调方法, 即通过实体钻模定位制对接协调孔, 从而保证对接协调孔的位置一致性。此种方法涉及大量钻模等工艺装备, 研制维护成本高、协调效率低、安全风险高, 已无法满足高速发展的火箭发射任务。近年来, 随着数控加工技术以及数字化测量技术的发展和深化应用[1-7],航天领域逐步在全新型号的研制过程中应用全数字量的协调技术[8-9],并取得了一定的技术积累。如某新型运载火箭研制初期就制定了数字量协调方案, 部段对接孔均采用数控加工方式。对于传统在役产品, 为避免按理论值制孔后部段和现存的工艺装备不协调问题, 相关总装厂正在探索基于模拟量标准工装的改进型对接孔数控加工方法, 即将钻模的测量坐标作为数控制孔的点位输入, 指导加工。该方法针对性地解决了在役火箭部段对接孔的数字化协调问题, 但其误差源增多、机理更加复杂, 目前相关的理论和应用研究较少, 还需解决钻模孔位坐标的高精度测量、端框的数控协调加工定位偏差等导致加工误差的问题。
为此, 本文开展在役火箭部段对接孔的数字量协调加工误差分析研究, 分析各个环节的误差因素以及控制方法, 为实现现役产品数字量加工转型奠定基础。 1部段对接孔数字量协调加工影响要因分析
为保证产品的协调互换, 尤其是各部段之间接口的协调, 需要采用相互协调的工艺装备作为产品制造、检验的重要手段。
标准钻模是在运载火箭制造过程中, 为部段各接口间工艺装备之间的协调和产品的互换而专门设计制造的工艺装备母体, 只用于协调加工、复制、检修工作钻模, 而不直接用于型号产品的生产和检验。标准钻模主要用于协调平面上对接孔的位置, 是协调钻模的校验基准,也是工作钻模的协调依据[10]
工作钻模由标准钻模协调而来, 用于部段之间接口的协调, 以模拟量传递外形和交点结合尺寸并控制其相对位置, 直接用于部段产品接口的加工生产。
采取一种基于模拟量标准工装的改进型数字量协调方案是实现现役火箭部段对接孔数控加工的最优途径。其原理是将钻模的测量坐标作为数控制孔输入, 具体流程如图1所示。将钻模的所有孔位坐标按照象限顺序依次精测, 并建立钻模的数据库, 为数控加工提供加工点位数据支撑[11-15]。按照对接框实际孔位在数据库中挑选出相应点位坐标后, 编制加工程序, 在数控设备上完成定位后进行制孔工作。其中, 钻模坐标采集使用三坐标或者其他精测设备完成数据测量采集, 钻模数据库按照钻模编号分别以极坐标形式存储, 对接框产品定位使用定位工装保证产品外形尺寸、加工过程刚度以及与设备转台同轴度满足要求。
从数字量协调加工流程中可以看出, 加工误差主要分为测量误差、定位误差、机床加工误差和其他误差。如图2所示, 测量误差主要取决于精测设备的测量精度和测量方法, 定位误差主要取决于工装、产品的定位精度以及对刀定位精度, 机床加工误差取决于机床各轴自身的定位精度, 其他误差主要与刀具磨损、机床振动等因素有关。可以看到, 在协调加工过程中,需要人为控制的误差主要是测量误差和定位误差, 其余误差均与设备本身精度相关。本文主要分析测量误差和定位误差对加工精度的影响, 并给出控制措施。
选用某典型实体工作钻模作为测量对象, 采用三坐标测量机和激光跟踪仪分别对工作钻模的点位进行数据采集, 测量设备见图3。以钻模端面作为基准平面,分别以$\mathrm{I}$$\mathrm{{II}}$$\mathrm{{III}}$$\mathrm{{IV}}$四个象限处的定位销孔为基准拟合圆周中心为坐标原点, I-III象限连线为$X$轴方向, II-IV象限连线为$Y$轴方向建立坐标系,测量孔位$P$的坐标,如图4所示。按照建立的坐标系分别顺时针测量出钻模上对接孔的极坐标值, 得到实体钻模所有对接孔的数字化坐标信息。相同状态下, 分别采用激光跟踪测量仪、三坐标测量机开展测量试验A、测量试验$\mathrm{B}$,前16个测量结果如表1所示。
将测量试验$\mathrm{A}$和测量试验$\mathrm{B}$结果整理记录,并与钻模理论点位数据对比, 分别计算与理论点位的差值, 如图5所示。
图5可以看出, 实体钻模的实际点位坐标与理论点位坐标存在差异, 并存在明显波动, 这是由于实体钻模实际加工时产生的尺寸偏差以及长时间存放使用产生的变形导致的偏差。试验$\mathrm{B}$与理论点位的偏差要小于试验$\mathrm{A}$与理论点位的偏差,将试验$\mathrm{B}$与试验$\mathrm{A}$的测量结果进行分析对比,如图6所示。
图6可以看到,试验$\mathrm{A}$和试验$\mathrm{B}$的测量结果走势基本一致, 二者的测量数值相差较多, 偏差范围在${0.6}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$之内浮动。试验$\mathrm{B}$一般需要在恒温条件下的固定位置进行测量,测量精度为${0.01}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,采用自动或半自动的测量方式, 测量结果精度相对较高。试验$\mathrm{A}$优点在于携带方便, 可以适应复杂的现场环境, 测量精度为${0.02}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,需要人工引导靶球进行测量,对操作人员要求较高。
由以上数据分析可以看出:
a)实体钻模的实际点位坐标与理论点位坐标存在明显差异, 不可使用理论点位坐标直接进行数控协调加工,需要对实体钻模的孔位进行精测。
b)三坐标相较于激光跟踪仪来说测量精度更高, 测量方式受人为操作干扰更小, 更适合用于实体钻模的点位精测,可以减少点位坐标采集过程中产生的误差。
端框的结构如图7所示,主要由$\mathrm{L}$型截面型材折弯后拼接组合而成,在高度方向上分布成组对接孔, 用于相邻部段之间的连接, 加工设备采用回转台结构。设备示意如图8所示,其中$X$轴控制回转台中心与主轴中心的偏移量,$Z$轴用于调整加工点位距转台中心距离,$B$轴用于控制加工点位的旋转角度,$Y$轴控制加工深度。加工编程采用工艺孔对刀偏置编程方法,故影响产品加工精度的主要为$X$轴以及$Z$轴的定位精度, 简化模型如图9所示。
可以看到${G}_{1}$点为转台上一固定孔位,其到转台中${O}_{1}$距离为$r + a$保持不变,当采用工艺孔对刀偏置编程方法时,加工点位${Z}_{1}$会相对于${G}_{1}$点偏移距离$a$,最终加工路径为以${O}_{1}$为圆心,$r$为半径的圆。当$X$轴发生偏移距离$x$时,工艺孔位置变为${G}_{2}$,加工点位${Z}_{2}$会相对于${G}_{2}$点偏移距离$a$,最终加工路径为以${O}_{2}$为圆心,$y$为半径的圆。通过归纳可以得到:
$ y =\sqrt{\left\lbrack {\left( r + a\right)}^{2}+ {a}^{2}-2a\sqrt{\left\lbrack {\left( r + a\right)}^{2}- {x}^{2}\right\rbrack }\right\rbrack }$
${\Delta y}= \sqrt{\left\lbrack {\left( r + a\right)}^{2}+ {a}^{2}-2a\sqrt{\left\lbrack {\left( r + a\right)}^{2}- {x}^{2}\right\rbrack }\right\rbrack }- r $
式中$y$为实际加工点位半径;$r$为理论加工半径;$a$为工艺孔与理论加工半径差值;$x$为机床$X$轴偏移量;${\Delta y}$为偏移后的半径与之前半径的差值。
绘制半径差值随偏移量$x$变化的图像如图10所示,可以看到,随着$X$轴偏移量的逐渐增大,半径方向的误差也在增大, 若要保证半径方向误差小于${0.01}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,则$X$轴的偏移量要小于${37}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。而在实际生产中,$X$轴的偏移量可以控制在$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$以内,半径误差几乎趋近于零,说明半径方向的误差对$X$轴的偏差不敏感。
通过数模分析可以看出,半径方向的误差对$X$轴的偏差不敏感,主要受$Z$轴的偏差影响,圆周方向的误差由$B$轴的偏差决定,故在定位误差的控制上主要应减少$B$轴和$Z$轴的定位偏差。可以采用同心过渡环工装以及在平台或过渡环上制标准工艺孔作为基准孔的方式, 减少产品的定位偏差, 提高产品对接孔的加工精度。
针对前文试验及分析结果, 得出对接孔数控协调加工的控制措施并开展试验验证。选取组合后直径为${3350}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的铝合金半框作为加工试验件,加工对接孔数量44个, 其中4个定位销孔, 40个对接孔。试验设备及试验加工过程如图11所示。以测量误差分析试验中实体钻模的三坐标测量点位作为数据来源, 选取其中4个定位销孔和40个对接孔的点位坐标输入。制孔设备采用立式镗铣床, 该机床总体布局为刨台卧式侧挂主轴箱结构, 前、后床身分离, T字型结构布局, 五轴在数控系统的控制下实现任意四轴联动加工。按照选取的点位坐标编制数控加工程序, 先钻制4个定位销孔作为基准,随后按照I、II、III、IV的顺序依次完成其余对接孔的钻制。
将制孔后的端框试验件进行三坐标测量, 按照实体钻模的测量顺序测量端框试验件的对接孔, 坐标系原点以对接框试验件4个定位销孔拟合圆心为原点测量, 得到的前12个测量结果如表2所示。
图12是试验测量结果, 可以看到制孔后测量结果同钻模数据比对结果良好。试验件对接框测量结果与钻模的整体偏差在${0.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$之内,符合装配协调精度要求。但存在个别点位偏差在${0.3}\sim {0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$之间,这是由于试验件对接框在制孔后整体结构偏软, 没有实体钻模良好的刚性, 测量时为自由状态, 存在测量偏差。进一步将试验件对接框同型架平台试对, 使用定位销插紧定位后试验件为压紧状态, 故可以与型架平台协调。
本文针对运载火箭部段对接框数字量协调的工艺流程, 分析数字量协调工艺加工精度的影响因素, 研究加工偏差随不同影响因素的变化规律, 制定减少加工误差的工艺方法, 并进行了验证试验。
a)测量对比试验表明,实体钻模的实际点位坐标与理论点位坐标存在明显差异, 不可使用理论点位坐标直接进行数控协调加工, 需要对实体钻模的孔位进行精测; 三坐标相较于激光跟踪仪来说测量精度更高, 测量方式受人为操作干扰更小, 更适合用于实体钻模的点位精测, 可以减少点位坐标采集过程中产生的误差。
b)误差理论分析表明,半径方向的误差对$X$轴的偏差不敏感, 可以采用同心过渡环工装以及在平台或过渡环上制标准工艺孔作为基准孔的方式, 减少产品的定位偏差, 提高产品对接孔的加工精度。
c)对接框试验件对接孔与型架平台试对协调, 误差范围在${0.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$之内,验证了采用实体钻模采集点位坐标数据进行数控协调加工工艺方法的可行性。
本文的研究结果为对接框数字量协调加工的工程化应用奠定了基础,对火箭制造数字化进程有重大意义。
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2024年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240612
  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
  • 修回日期:2024-07-08
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    首都航天机械有限公司,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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