Article(id=1148011785526960337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240609, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=1718294400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636938697, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636938697, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751940422920, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-08, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636938697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636938697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298864751989270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943802297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895906333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011785736675562, articleId=1148011785526960337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Adapter Drop Point Study and Boost Design for Oblique Fixed Launcher, columnId=1154067058611446771, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Support, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When launching missiles from oblique fixed launcher, the adapter is out of the canister launcher after the separation of the falling point problem. Through the test of the adapter falling point situation, the use of C programming recalculate the adapter throughout the motion process. The adapter in the exhaust flow field of the exhaust force and the adapter falling point are, predicted. The main causes of the falling point problem are determined. For the first time, the nitrogen-rich compounds (penta-amino tetrazolium) is first used as a boosting force source to realize the separation of the adapter instantaneous boost design,. Through the motion simulation and testing, the research validates that the application of the principle of the boosting device is correct and the validity of the separation.

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针对斜架发射装置发射时对适配器出箱后分离落点问题,通过试验中各适配器落点情况,利用C编程复算适配器整个运动过程,预估了适配器在燃气流场中的冲击载荷和适配器落点,确定了落点问题的主要成因;首次利用富氮化合物(五氨基四唑)作为增推动力源,实现适配器分离的瞬时增推设计,通过运动仿真与试验,验证了增推装置应用原理的正确性和分离的有效性。

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刘越(1973—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射技术和技术理论的工程应用。

王志浩(1996—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为发射技术和技术理论的工程应用。

饶蔚巍(1978—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为发射类产品研发及工程设计。

谢朝夕(1978—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射类产品研发及工程设计。

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Tactical Missile Technology, 2015(4): 24-30., articleTitle=Research on simulation method of adapter's separation in complex flow-field, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197270507193156370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=23, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=高强, 白静, 张平, journalName=导弹与航天运载技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高强, 白静, 张平. 分离力作用点位置和风速大小对适配器分离影响研究[J]. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2013(3): 23-26., articleTitle=分离力作用点位置和风速大小对适配器分离影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197270507486757651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=23, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=GAO Qiang, BAI Jing, ZHANG Ping, journalName=Missiles and Space Vehicles, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Qiang, BAI Jing, ZHANG Ping. Research on influence of reaction-force at different location and wind speeds on adapter's separating action[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2013(3): 23-26., articleTitle=Research on influence of reaction-force at different location and wind speeds on adapter's separating action, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197270488352342724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197270488360731333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, companyId=1197270488352342724, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Electro-mechanical Engineering Institute, Beijing, 100074), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197270488369119942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, companyId=1197270488352342724, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 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journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, language=CN, label=图9, caption=适配器增推装置结构布置

1一电气组件;2一机构压簧;3一装置安装架;4一电磁电源;5一滚轮组- 主动轮;6一滚轮组-支承轮;7一推力器-气体舱;8一弹簧机构;9一推力器-气体发生单元; 10一适配器本体。

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序号 适配器号 第1次落点距离/m 第2次落点距离/m 第3次落点距离/m 第4次落点距离/m 备注
1 0101# -31.6 -25.7 35 -23 一组上
2 0102# 19.5 30 30.5 39 一组右
3 0103# 35.1 37.8 43.7 40 一组下
4 0104# 28 42.2 22.25 26.5 一组左
5 0201# 7.2 5.6 -43 -45.4 二组上
6 0202# 46.4 50 48.5 49 二组右
7 0203# 61.8 65 53.8 50.8 二组下
8 0204# 46.4 72 54 46.5 二组左
9 0301# 4.7 32.9 54 40.6 三组上
10 0302# 50.3 49 50 49 三组右
11 0303# 30.8 50 40 49.4 三组下
12 0304# 50.3 46 74 62 三组左
), ArticleFig(id=1197270503237927687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, language=CN, label=表1, caption=4次发射试验适配器落点距离统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 适配器号 第1次落点距离/m 第2次落点距离/m 第3次落点距离/m 第4次落点距离/m 备注
1 0101# -31.6 -25.7 35 -23 一组上
2 0102# 19.5 30 30.5 39 一组右
3 0103# 35.1 37.8 43.7 40 一组下
4 0104# 28 42.2 22.25 26.5 一组左
5 0201# 7.2 5.6 -43 -45.4 二组上
6 0202# 46.4 50 48.5 49 二组右
7 0203# 61.8 65 53.8 50.8 二组下
8 0204# 46.4 72 54 46.5 二组左
9 0301# 4.7 32.9 54 40.6 三组上
10 0302# 50.3 49 50 49 三组右
11 0303# 30.8 50 40 49.4 三组下
12 0304# 50.3 46 74 62 三组左
), ArticleFig(id=1197270503418282760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Calculation of forward landing point of adapter without gas flow, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
适配器 上1 上2 上3 左1 左2 左3
适配器落点/m 43.8 91.1 99.4 48.5 102.3 111.1
), ArticleFig(id=1197270503732855561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, language=CN, label=表2, caption=无燃气流影响适配器前向落点计算, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
适配器 上1 上2 上3 左1 左2 左3
适配器落点/m 43.8 91.1 99.4 48.5 102.3 111.1
), ArticleFig(id=1197270503816741642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Comparison of separation effects of adapters with and without boosting devices, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验状态 无增推装置试验组图 有增推装置试验组图
试验初始
适配器离轨
适配器分离
适配器分离最终高度
), ArticleFig(id=1197270504030651147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011785526960337, language=CN, label=表3, caption=有/无增推装置作用适配器分离效果对照, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验状态 无增推装置试验组图 有增推装置试验组图
试验初始
适配器离轨
适配器分离
适配器分离最终高度
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斜架发射适配器落点研究及增推设计
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刘越 1 , 王志浩 1 , 饶蔚巍 2 , 谢朝夕 2
导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024,47(6): 54-62
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024, 47(6): 54-62
斜架发射适配器落点研究及增推设计
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刘越1, 王志浩1, 饶蔚巍2, 谢朝夕2
作者信息
  • 1 北京机电工程研究所,北京,100074
  • 2 成都航旭智能装备科技有限公司,成都,610200
  • 刘越(1973—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射技术和技术理论的工程应用。

    王志浩(1996—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为发射技术和技术理论的工程应用。

    饶蔚巍(1978—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为发射类产品研发及工程设计。

    谢朝夕(1978—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射类产品研发及工程设计。

Adapter Drop Point Study and Boost Design for Oblique Fixed Launcher
Yue LIU1, Zhihao WANG1, Weiwei RAO2, Zhaoxi XIE2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Electro-mechanical Engineering Institute, Beijing, 100074
  • 2 Chengdu Hangxu Intelligent Equipment Technology Co.Ltd.,Chengdu,610200
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240609
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针对斜架发射装置发射时对适配器出箱后分离落点问题,通过试验中各适配器落点情况,利用C编程复算适配器整个运动过程,预估了适配器在燃气流场中的冲击载荷和适配器落点,确定了落点问题的主要成因;首次利用富氮化合物(五氨基四唑)作为增推动力源,实现适配器分离的瞬时增推设计,通过运动仿真与试验,验证了增推装置应用原理的正确性和分离的有效性。

发射装置  /  适配器  /  运动  /  落点  /  增推装置

When launching missiles from oblique fixed launcher, the adapter is out of the canister launcher after the separation of the falling point problem. Through the test of the adapter falling point situation, the use of C programming recalculate the adapter throughout the motion process. The adapter in the exhaust flow field of the exhaust force and the adapter falling point are, predicted. The main causes of the falling point problem are determined. For the first time, the nitrogen-rich compounds (penta-amino tetrazolium) is first used as a boosting force source to realize the separation of the adapter instantaneous boost design,. Through the motion simulation and testing, the research validates that the application of the principle of the boosting device is correct and the validity of the separation.

launcher  /  adapter  /  motion  /  falling point  /  boosting device
刘越, 王志浩, 饶蔚巍, 谢朝夕. 斜架发射适配器落点研究及增推设计. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (6) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240609
Yue LIU, Zhihao WANG, Weiwei RAO, Zhaoxi XIE. Adapter Drop Point Study and Boost Design for Oblique Fixed Launcher[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (6) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240609
在弹体发射时, 主要采用滑块或适配器发射形式实现弹体与发射箱的匹配连接。对于适配器发射形式, 已在导弹、火箭弹等武器上广泛应用。
在适配器发射形式研究中, 更多地关注适配器本体材料应用,孙维刚[1]研究了适配器发射形式对弹体的影响以及风载荷作用时适配器分离轨迹等内容。 殷鑫等[2]开展了燃气射流载荷和风载荷对适配器分离影响的研究, 阐述了弹体下布置一个适配器飞行落点的研究内容。
在早前开展的适配器落点研究与实践中, 存在适配器落到发射点后方的实际结果, 不能满足安全发射的要求。为实现弹体发射后所有适配器下落到发射点前方, 避免与发射点处平台上装备、人员碰撞导致安全事故, 结合已完成的发射的试验情况, 进一步研究适配器运动和落点问题, 提出改进设计。
发射箱中, 适配器呈前(第一组)、中(第二组)、后(第三组)3组 “十” 字形式布置,支承、包络弹体, 随弹体发射时离轨。各组适配器在箱口离轨时刻, 在适配器内置弹簧作用下快速弹开, 与弹体分离并形成一定距离,完成其主要发射功能,见图1。 之后适配器受到重力、空气(风)阻力、燃气载荷冲击影响, 改变运动状态直至落地, 完成整个运动过程。
在发射的整个运动过程中, 适配器经历了3个运动阶段: a)出箱时随动获得初始速度, 并与弹体分离;b)进入燃气流场;c)脱离燃气流场继续斜抛运动。如果发射的燃气流场作用范围小、适配器径向分离足够远, 燃气流场对其运动扰动较小, 适配器可稳定地实现完整的斜抛运动。
项目中, 进行了4次发射试验, 对适配器落点进行了测量, 情况统计见表1
表1中, 0101#、0201#为第一组、第二组上适配器, 落点为后或前向距离较近, 不满足落点要求。
适配器随动出箱后, 涉及基本运动计算公式和燃气作用计算公式两部分[3-4]
以空气阻力加载在适配器的质心上,气动力$F$计算公式为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{F}_{x}\\{F}_{y}\\{F}_{z}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}{C}_{x}\rho {v}_{0x}^{2}A \\\frac{1}{2}{C}_{y}\rho {v}_{0y}^{2}A \\\frac{1}{2}{C}_{z}\rho {v}_{0z}^{2}A \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中$C$为阻力系数,取0.5 ;$\rho$为空气密度;$A$为迎风面面积;$v$为空气相对流动速度。
对适配器分离过程进行受力分析, 见图2, 作用于适配器质心上的力有3个,分离弹簧的作用力$N$, 气动合力$F$和重力$G$
根据能量守恒$U = E$,弹簧的弹性势能转化为动能, 则弹簧给适配器提供的初速为
${v}_{\mathrm{T}}= \sqrt{\frac{K}{m}\Delta {x}^{2}}$
式中${v}_{\mathrm{T}}$为动能释放后速度;$K$弹簧刚性系数;$m$为适配器质量;${\Delta x}$为弹簧释放行程。
作用在适配器的载荷$F$和适配器运动速度$v$公式如下:
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{F}_{1}\\{F}_{2}\\{F}_{3}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{F}_{x}+ {N}_{x}\\{F}_{y}+ G +{N}_{y}\\{F}_{z}+ {N}_{z}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{v}_{x}\\{v}_{y}\\{v}_{z}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{v}_{0}\cos \theta -{v}_{\mathrm{T}}\sin \theta \\{v}_{0}\sin \theta +{v}_{\mathrm{T}}\cos \theta -{gt}\\{v}_{\mathrm{T}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
根据动量守恒定理, 推导出受载荷的合成运动速度${v}_{\mathrm{p}}$和位移$S$公式为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{v}_{\mathrm{p}x}\\{v}_{\mathrm{p}y}\\{v}_{\mathrm{p}z}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{m}{p}_{x}{At}+ {v}_{x}\\\frac{1}{m}{p}_{y}{At}+ {v}_{y}\\\frac{1}{m}{p}_{z}{At}+ {v}_{z}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{S}_{x}\\{S}_{y}\\{S}_{z}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{v}_{x}t -\frac{1}{2m}{F}_{1}{t}^{2}\\{v}_{y}t -\frac{1}{2m}{F}_{2}{t}^{2}\\{v}_{z}t -\frac{1}{2m}{F}_{3}{t}^{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中${v}_{0}$为适配器分离速度;$\theta$为发射仰角;$p$为适配器运动方向受到的压强;$t$为适配器运动时间;$G$为受到适配器重力;$g$为重力加速度。
为了得到适配器分离过程中适配器所受载荷, 使用CFD计算流体力学方法, 通过典型工况, 计算出适配器在分离燃气流场中受燃气载荷特性, 并将燃气载荷以力的形式加载至分离计算中。适配器分离燃气流场采用二维、可压缩气体、$k -\varepsilon$湍流计算方法的Navier-Stokes方程进行数值模拟, 主要包括流体控制方程组和湍流模型。
基于计算流体力学方法, 通过求解连续方程、动量方程、能量方程即可得出适配器分离燃气流场的分布情况。可压缩气体控制方程组如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial }{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left({\rho {u}_{i}}\right)= 0 \\\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\rho {u}_{i}}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\rho {u}_{i}{u}_{j}}\right)= -\frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}+ \frac{\partial {\tau }_{ij}}{\partial {x}_{j}}\\\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\rho E}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}{u}_{j}\left({{\rho E}+ p}\right)= \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({{u}_{i}{\tau }_{ij}}\right)- \frac{\partial {q}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\end{array}\right.$
式中$t$为时间;$\rho$为密度;${u}_{i},{u}_{j}$分别为${x}_{i}$${x}_{j}$方向速度分量;${\tau }_{ij}$为应力张量;$E$为内能与动能之和;$p$为流体微团的总能量;${q}_{j}$为热通量。
Realizable$k -\varepsilon$模型是由Shih等于1995年提出的一种带旋流修正的模型, 该模型在描述旋转流动、强逆压梯度的边界层流动以及流动分离等现象中具有较高精度。由于燃气流场是超声速流场, 且燃气冲击到适配器时会产生较强的流动分离现象,因而本文中采用了Realizable$k -\varepsilon$模型进行仿真计算。Realizable$k -\varepsilon$模型中湍动能$k$的输运方程为
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\rho k}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({{\rho k}{u}_{j}}\right)= \\\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack \left({\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{k}}\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right)\right\rbrack +{G}_{\mathrm{k}}+ {G}_{\mathrm{b}}- {\rho \varepsilon }- {Y}_{\mathrm{M}}+ {S}_{k}$
模型中湍动能$\varepsilon$的输运方程为
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\rho \varepsilon }\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({{\rho \varepsilon }{u}_{j}}\right)= \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\left({\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }}}\right)\frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack +$
${S}_{\varepsilon }+ \rho {C}_{1}{S}_{\varepsilon }- \rho {C}_{2}\frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k +\sqrt{v\varepsilon }}+ {C}_{1\varepsilon }\frac{\varepsilon }{k}{C}_{3\varepsilon }{G}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {S}_{\varepsilon }$
其中,$\mu$为动力黏度;${\mu }_{t}$为湍流黏度,${\mu }_{t}= \rho {\mathrm{C}}_{\mu }{k}^{2}/\varepsilon$,其相关系数${C}_{\mu }$是关于平均应变量、自转速率以及整个体系的角速度的函数;${\sigma }_{k}$,${\sigma }_{\varepsilon }$$k$$\varepsilon$的湍流普朗特数;${G}_{\mathrm{k}}$为由流体微团平均应变率产生的湍流动能生成率;${G}_{\mathrm{b}}$为由体积力与温度梯度产生的湍流动能生成率;${Y}_{\mathrm{M}}$为在高马赫数条件下由流体的可压缩性造成的湍流动能膨胀耗散率;${S}_{k},{S}_{\varepsilon }$为湍流动能与耗散率的源项;${C}_{1},{C}_{2},{C}_{1\varepsilon }$${C}_{3\varepsilon }$为半经验系数;$v$为运动黏性系数。
适配器在流场中受燃气载荷影响, 主要与适配器和导弹的相对位置有关, 包括径向距离和轴向距离。 由于导弹基本为轴对称, 可认为在同样径向和轴向距离条件时, 适配器受力基本相同, 由此根据发动机装药参数、喷管尺寸及燃烧室总温总压,建立二维轴对称燃气流场, 仿真发动机出口射流速度、压力见图3
导弹以平均${117}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$,初速度${22}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$为初始条件, 分析了适配器不同径向距离时, 压力随导弹运动的受力变化情况。将适配器分别置于距离喷管轴线为${0.75}\mathrm{\;m}$${1.1}\mathrm{\;m}$${1.4}\mathrm{\;m}$${1.7}\mathrm{\;m}$处,进行4组不同距离的典型工况计算, 得到了获得适配器分离一定距离进入燃气流场时的位置所受流场的压力时域值,见图4。 根据4组计算工况, 拟合了仿真计算中适配器受到压强与喷管轴线距离的关系曲线, 见图5
弹体以较高加速度运动, 在箱口处第一、二、三组适配器依次离轨分离,分离速度分别为${22}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${38}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${43}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,第一、二组适配器弹簧分离速度$5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,第三组弹簧分离速度${6.6}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
对比试验结果可以确认, 目前3组12个适配器在出箱分离过程中均受燃气流冲击扰动, 导致下落运动距离受到不同程度影响。由第一、二、三组上适配器(上1、上2、上3)、侧适配器(左1、左2、左3)出箱运动可知, 在没有受到燃气流冲击情况下, 适配器计算距离落点见表2
对比表1试验中适配器落点距离, 燃气流冲击对各组适配器均有前向落点的运动影响, 尤其是对部分适配器前向落点影响很大, 甚至导致适配器反向运动。
参看图5,通过时域值计算得到流场中适配器迎风面受载荷的平均值。3组12个适配器分离后至进入流场时刻的运动距离在${0.75}\sim {2.2}\mathrm{\;m}$间,与距离对应取其位置处所受的压力值,压力值范围为0~${25}\mathrm{{kPa}}$
适配器随弹运动出箱后至遭遇燃气流场冲击间隔时间,第一组为${0.26}\mathrm{\;s}$,第二组为${0.19}\mathrm{\;s}$,第三组为${0.14}\mathrm{\;s}$,之后各组适配器与燃气流场交汇。结合适配器分离的径向运动速度和燃气流场作用径向范围, 估算适配器在燃气流场中受冲击时间为${0.8}\sim {1.2}\mathrm{s}$,各适配器按运动关系对应取值。
依据上述运动公式及仿真结果, 对3组适配器运动进行轨迹计算并获得计算结果, 见图6图8
经复算可知, 试验中的第一组上适配器径向分离距离为$1 \sim {1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$时进入燃气流场,第一组侧适配器分离距离${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$(计算值)时进入流场,侧适配器受到燃气流冲击较小,到达较远飞行落点。同理,适用于第二组适配器分离与落点情况。经与燃气仿真结果对比分析,径向分离${0.75}\mathrm{\;m}$时,适配器受冲击载荷为${2304}\mathrm{\;N}$,径向分离${1.1}\mathrm{\;m}$时,适配器受冲击载荷为${586}\mathrm{\;N}$,径向分离${1.4}\mathrm{\;m}$时,适配器受冲击载荷为${230}\mathrm{\;N}$,径向分离${1.7}\mathrm{\;m}$时,适配器受冲击载荷为$0\mathrm{\;N}$。因此,如果适配器径向分离距离${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$以上时, 可有效减少燃气流场冲击,径向分离达到${1.7}\mathrm{\;m}$以上时, 适配器可完全避免燃气流场冲击或受到轻微影响, 实现前向落点要求。
经适配器落点分析与运动轨迹计算可知, 落点问题首要原因是适配器在弹体上不同位置的布置导致适配器分离距离、速度的差异, 以致之后在进入燃气流场时受到不同条件的压力冲击, 发生不同的运动工况; 另一个原因是弹体出箱后, 规律性的低头运动导致燃气流场向上偏移, 增大上部流场的作用区域。分析中第一、二组上适配器由于分离距离不大于${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$, 没有脱离燃气流场的作用范围, 前向速度受到燃气流场冲击影响较大;侧、下适配器由于分离距离达到${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$以上,受燃气流影响小,甚至无影响,脱离燃气流后仍具有较高的前向速度所以可以继续前向飞行, 达到较远的前向落点。因此, 适配器径向分离距离、前向运动速度以及适配器质量对适配器前向运动结果都有较大影响。
早前的认知是增加适配器弹簧力, 以增加适配器径向分离距离, 减少燃气流场冲击, 有效提高前向运动距离。但过大的弹簧力, 会对适配器结构设计、弹体装填操作带来较大难度, 不易实施。
适当增加适配器自身质量,使遵循动量定理的适配器在燃气流场中增加速度从而增加适配器前向运动动量,加大克服燃气流冲击的效能,可增大适配器前向运动距离。此方案有一定效果, 但对于受燃气流场冲击程度较大的适配器仍不能有效解决落点问题。
增推装置(适配器气体激发增推装置)为独立工作单元, 如图9所示, 通过施加推力使适配器二次加速。受限于装备中火工品使用和管理规则及保障条件, 增推装置中推力器方案不能选用传统固体推进剂。经研究分析, 富氮化合物(五氨基四唑、叠氮化钠等)为非火工品类化合物, 使用、保存方便, 在民用内压弹射领域中有一定应用。
利用适配器在轨道滑动, 装置中的滚轮组产生旋转, 通过齿轮组转动轴连接电磁电源转动, 使其产生电能; 电气组件存储电能, 以达到推力器中气体发生单元启动电流的需求。适配器在发射箱口释放后, 弹簧机构动作, 产生释放行程, 利用机构位移, 接通电气组件形成通路, 启动电流启动气体发生单元, 激发固态富氮化合物生成大量氮气类膨胀气体, 在气体舱室内形成$8 \sim {15}\mathrm{{MPa}}$的高压气体,高压气体经喷管组件的收缩扩张喷管(拉法尔口)加速, 形成马赫数为$2 \sim 3$的超声速射流,按设定矢量方向形成瞬时推力, 推动适配器加速, 产生初始运动速度, 最终增大适配器分离距离。
为有效避免燃气流场冲击, 提出适配器分离后增推设计, 在适配器弹簧弹动分离后启动增推装置进一步增加初始速度、加大分离距离,从而减少或完全避免燃气流场对适配器的冲击, 实现适配器完整的前向抛物线运动。
按预定增推装置方案, 计算了推力效果等参数, 结果见图10
由计算结果可知,推力器工作时间范围为${0.06}\sim$${0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$,产生最大压强${9.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,最大推力${1300}\mathrm{\;N}$,总冲${77}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{s}$。经预估推力器的各项参数认为,采用气体发生单元及气体舱设计方案可达到预期的推力效果。
利用ADAMS多刚体运动仿真软件对适配器离箱后弹簧弹动、增推装置工作过程、适配器运动效果进行仿真。仿真主要对第二组上适配器、第一组上适配器在离轨至受到燃气流冲击前的运动速度、转动角、 分离距离等进行计算。
仿真中, 状态1为无增推装置作用(无推力)的运动结果, 状态2为增推装置垂向推力结果(结构为直口射流),状态3为增推装置${30}^{\circ }$矢量推力的运动结果, 如图11图14所示。
${0.23}\mathrm{\;s}$与燃气流冲击相遇时,状态1径向分离距离${0.78}\mathrm{\;m}$;状态2径向分离距离${1.9}\mathrm{\;m}$;状态3径向分离距离${2.2}\mathrm{\;m}$,分离速度呈现周期波动趋势。
依据运动动量公式可知, 有增推适配器前向运动动量比无增推适配器增大1.6倍。
${0.33}\mathrm{\;s}$与燃气流冲击相遇,状态1径向分离距离${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$;状态2径向分离距离${2.56}\mathrm{\;m}$;状态3径向分离距离${3.4}\mathrm{\;m}$
依据运动动量公式可知, 有增推适配器前向运动动量比无增推适配器增大1.8倍。
通过仿真可知, 在增加增推装置后, 适配器分离速度可实现弹簧弹动、增推装置增推的接力加速效果, 规定时间内径向分离距离大大增加。合理设计增推装置推力矢量与适配器质心关系, 可有效减小增推作用后适配器角速度, 进一步加大分离距离; 同时, 通过动量计算可知, 增推后适配器前向动量显著增加,可更充分实现前向运动。
试验采用气缸弹射工装,在$1\mathrm{\;m}$行程的导轨上适配器随弹体舱段模拟件进行模拟发射试验。试验中, 气缸弹射工装快速推动舱段模拟件, 离轨时舱段、适配器获得${17}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$的初始速度,离轨后分离。本次开展了无增推适配器分离、有增推适配器分离两种工况试验, 以对比分离效果, 见表3。有增推试验中, 在离轨后,适配器弹起并激发增推装置,在${0.03}\mathrm{\;s}$后增推装置启动开始增推适配器,有效增推时间约${0.06}\mathrm{\;s}$, 增推后适配器达到约$2\mathrm{\;m}$高度,前向飞行后落点距离与无增推时增加1倍。多次试验证明, 增推装置在滑轨上滑行工况满足推力器工作电流生成、储能、发电需求, 启动正常。与分离运动仿真对比, 试验中获得适配器增推后$2\mathrm{\;m}$的分离高度小于仿真计算的$3\mathrm{\;m}$高度, 主要是实物与模型增推矢量差异导致径向分离速度一部分转为前向速度, 使高度减小, 但试验获得高度满足大于$1\mathrm{\;m}$的方案要求。增推时初始平均速度为${7.9}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,与增推设计的运动仿真结果基本一致,实现了方案要求。
发射后看似散落的适配器, 其主要运动具有很好的运动规律。经本次详细仿真、计算与分析,获得了适配器分离的运动规律, 确定了适配器落点问题的主要原因, 提出适配器增加增推装置的设计方案, 通用样机研制和试验取得了满意的设计效果, 可有效解决适配器落点问题。
本文提出了含富氮化合物的增推装置, 该装置对于复杂流场适应能力强, 可在脱离导弹后显著增加适配器分离力, 同时该装置简单可靠, 对于同类产品具有一定借鉴意义。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240609
  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
  • 修回日期:2024-06-14
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    1 北京机电工程研究所,北京,100074
    2 成都航旭智能装备科技有限公司,成都,610200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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