Article(id=1148011783597580336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1673798400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-16, revisedDate=1710172800000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636938237, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636938237, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636938237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636938237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830442578865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895897628, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011783811489860, articleId=1148011783597580336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Visible-infrared Spectrum Design and Radiation Characteristics Analysis of Photonic Crystal Films, columnId=1154057567442559335, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Material and Manufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To analyze the correlation characteristics between visible-infrared spectrum and infrared radiation of photonic crystal films, three kinds of Ge/ZnS photonic crystal films with different visible reflectance and the same infrared emissivity are designed. By simulating the infrared radiation characteristics of photonic crystal structures, the influence of solar illumination and reflection spectrum on the infrared radiation characteristics of the films in vacuum and atmospheric environments is discussed. The simulated results show that the difference of visible reflectance will lead to the discrepancy of surface temperature in the presence of sunlight. For infrared radiation, the high reflection surface will reflect solar radiation at low temperature for $3 \sim {5\mu}\mathrm{m}$ waveband, which has a negative impact on infrared camouflage. For $8 \sim {14\mu}\mathrm{m}$ waveband, when the infrared emissivity is low enough, the infrared radiation emittance of the photonic crystal structures is close. The fabrication of samples and the measurement of reflection spectrum and infrared thermography are carried out. The test results show the consistency with the simulation, and verify the infrared camouflage performance of three films. The research results are helpful to understand the visible-infrared spectrum and infrared radiation correlation characteristics of photonic crystal films, and provide reference for the spectral design and application scheme of visible-infrared camouflage materials compatible with microwave camouflage.

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为分析光子晶体薄膜可见光、红外光谱与红外辐射关联特性,设计了可见光反射率不同、红外发射率相同的3种$\mathrm{{Ge}}/\mathrm{{ZnS}}$体系光子晶体薄膜。通过红外辐射特性仿真,讨论了3种薄膜分别处于真空环境和大气环境中太阳光照对薄膜红外辐射特性的影响规律。仿真结果表明,在存在太阳光照的前提下,可见光反射率不同会导致3种薄膜表面温度出现差异;对于红外辐射而言,针对3~5μm波段,高反射表面处于低温状态下会反射太阳辐射,对红外低可探测造成负面影响;针对8~${14\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段,当红外发射率足够低时,3种薄膜的红外辐射出射度较为接近。制备的样品反射光谱、长波红外热像测试结果表现出与仿真的一致性,验证了3种薄膜的红外低可探测效果。研究结果有助于认知光子晶体薄膜的可见光、红外光谱及其红外辐射关联特性,并为兼容雷达波的可见光、红外低可探测材料光谱设计和应用方案提供参考。

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邓子琛(1995—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为微纳多层膜设计及其光谱特性调控。

王明亮(1980—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为目标特征控制技术。

刘佳琪(1963—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为目标特征控制技术。

王鲜(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为高频软磁材料及器件、电磁波调控技术。

龚荣洲(1962—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电磁波调控技术。

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邓子琛(1995—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为微纳多层膜设计及其光谱特性调控。

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邓子琛(1995—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为微纳多层膜设计及其光谱特性调控。

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王明亮(1980—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为目标特征控制技术。

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王明亮(1980—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为目标特征控制技术。

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刘佳琪(1963—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为目标特征控制技术。

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刘佳琪(1963—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为目标特征控制技术。

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王鲜(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为高频软磁材料及器件、电磁波调控技术。

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王鲜(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为高频软磁材料及器件、电磁波调控技术。

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龚荣洲(1962—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电磁波调控技术。

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龚荣洲(1962—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电磁波调控技术。

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Nature Communications, 2021,12(1): 1-8., articleTitle=Multispectral camouflage for infrared, visible, lasers and microwave with radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273171968700562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011783597580336, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=374, issue=6574, pageStart=1504, pageEnd=1509, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=TANG Kechao, DONG Kaichen, LI Jiachen, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG Kechao, DONG Kaichen, LI Jiachen, et al.Temperature-adaptive radiative coating for all-season household thermal regulation[J]. Science, 2021,374(6574): 1504-1509., articleTitle=Temperature-adaptive radiative coating for all-season household thermal regulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273172203581587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011783597580336, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=374, issue=6574, pageStart=1501, pageEnd=1504, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=WANG Shancheng, JIANG Tengyao, MENG Yun, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Shancheng, JIANG Tengyao, MENG Yun, et al.Scalable thermochromic smart windows with passive radiative cooling regulation[J]. 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晶体结构0.4 ~ 0.8μm反射率/%3~5μm发射率8~14μm发射率
光子晶体I2.680.0720.071
光子晶体II46.200.0740.078
光子晶体III85.410.0950.081
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晶体结构0.4 ~ 0.8μm反射率/%3~5μm发射率8~14μm发射率
光子晶体I2.680.0720.071
光子晶体II46.200.0740.078
光子晶体III85.410.0950.081
), ArticleFig(id=1197273170299367563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011783597580336, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Measured spectrum parameters of photonic crystal structures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶体结构0.4 ~ 0.8μm反射率/%3~5μm发射率8~14μm发射率
光子晶体I2.180.0490.060
光子晶体II38.670.0940.065
光子晶体III87.310.0790.091
), ArticleFig(id=1197273170597163148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011783597580336, language=CN, label=表2, caption=3种光子晶体结构实测光谱特性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶体结构0.4 ~ 0.8μm反射率/%3~5μm发射率8~14μm发射率
光子晶体I2.180.0490.060
光子晶体II38.670.0940.065
光子晶体III87.310.0790.091
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光子晶体薄膜可见光-红外光谱设计及其辐射特性分析
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邓子琛 1 , 王明亮 2 , 刘佳琪 2 , 王鲜 1 , 龚荣洲 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 材料与制造技术 2024,47(3): 73-78
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 材料与制造技术 2024, 47(3): 73-78
光子晶体薄膜可见光-红外光谱设计及其辐射特性分析
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邓子琛1, 王明亮2, 刘佳琪2, 王鲜1, 龚荣洲1
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学集成电路学院,武汉,430074
  • 2试验物理与计算数学国家重点实验室,北京,100076
  • 邓子琛(1995—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为微纳多层膜设计及其光谱特性调控。

    王明亮(1980—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为目标特征控制技术。

    刘佳琪(1963—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为目标特征控制技术。

    王鲜(1979—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为高频软磁材料及器件、电磁波调控技术。

    龚荣洲(1962—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电磁波调控技术。

Visible-infrared Spectrum Design and Radiation Characteristics Analysis of Photonic Crystal Films
Zichen DENG1, Mingliang WANG2, Jiaqi LIU2, Xian WANG1, Rongzhou GONG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Integrated Circuit,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,430074
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Test Physics & Numerical Mathematical,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240311
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为分析光子晶体薄膜可见光、红外光谱与红外辐射关联特性,设计了可见光反射率不同、红外发射率相同的3种$\mathrm{{Ge}}/\mathrm{{ZnS}}$体系光子晶体薄膜。通过红外辐射特性仿真,讨论了3种薄膜分别处于真空环境和大气环境中太阳光照对薄膜红外辐射特性的影响规律。仿真结果表明,在存在太阳光照的前提下,可见光反射率不同会导致3种薄膜表面温度出现差异;对于红外辐射而言,针对3~5μm波段,高反射表面处于低温状态下会反射太阳辐射,对红外低可探测造成负面影响;针对8~${14\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段,当红外发射率足够低时,3种薄膜的红外辐射出射度较为接近。制备的样品反射光谱、长波红外热像测试结果表现出与仿真的一致性,验证了3种薄膜的红外低可探测效果。研究结果有助于认知光子晶体薄膜的可见光、红外光谱及其红外辐射关联特性,并为兼容雷达波的可见光、红外低可探测材料光谱设计和应用方案提供参考。

光子晶体薄膜  /  可见光反射率  /  红外发射率  /  温度  /  热辐射

To analyze the correlation characteristics between visible-infrared spectrum and infrared radiation of photonic crystal films, three kinds of Ge/ZnS photonic crystal films with different visible reflectance and the same infrared emissivity are designed. By simulating the infrared radiation characteristics of photonic crystal structures, the influence of solar illumination and reflection spectrum on the infrared radiation characteristics of the films in vacuum and atmospheric environments is discussed. The simulated results show that the difference of visible reflectance will lead to the discrepancy of surface temperature in the presence of sunlight. For infrared radiation, the high reflection surface will reflect solar radiation at low temperature for $3 \sim {5\mu}\mathrm{m}$ waveband, which has a negative impact on infrared camouflage. For $8 \sim {14\mu}\mathrm{m}$ waveband, when the infrared emissivity is low enough, the infrared radiation emittance of the photonic crystal structures is close. The fabrication of samples and the measurement of reflection spectrum and infrared thermography are carried out. The test results show the consistency with the simulation, and verify the infrared camouflage performance of three films. The research results are helpful to understand the visible-infrared spectrum and infrared radiation correlation characteristics of photonic crystal films, and provide reference for the spectral design and application scheme of visible-infrared camouflage materials compatible with microwave camouflage.

photonic crystal films  /  visible reflectance  /  infrared emissivity  /  temperature  /  thermal radiation
邓子琛, 王明亮, 刘佳琪, 王鲜, 龚荣洲. 光子晶体薄膜可见光-红外光谱设计及其辐射特性分析. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (3) : 73 -78 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240311
Zichen DENG, Mingliang WANG, Jiaqi LIU, Xian WANG, Rongzhou GONG. Visible-infrared Spectrum Design and Radiation Characteristics Analysis of Photonic Crystal Films[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (3) : 73 -78 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240311
光子晶体薄膜作为一种新兴的红外辐射特性调控材料, 在目标特征抑制、辐射制冷、太阳能集热器等领域有着广阔的应用前景[1-3]。针对目标雷达、红外特征抑制需求, 光子晶体薄膜材料通过构建位于红外探测波段的高反射膜系设计可实现对应波段的低发射率, 其独特的低电导率材料体系可满足入射雷达波的完美透射需求, 是实现雷达、红外低可探测性的有效技术手段。
根据应用场景的不同, 对光子晶体红外低可探测薄膜的可见光特性需求也存在区别。在某些需要可见光低可探测的应用场景, 对可见光特性的需求为可见光低反射率, 实现可见光低明度、低可视度; 而某些应用场景不需考虑可见光低可探测, 此时对可见光特性需求为可见光高反射率, 抑制光照条件下对太阳光能量的吸收, 抑制温度升高, 辅助降低红外辐射特性。因此需要设计可见光反射特性不同的红外低发射率薄膜。
通过光子晶体薄膜膜系结构设计可实现光谱选择性, 从而同时获得红外低发射率、典型可见光颜色、 激光频点低反射等特性的红外、可见光、激光低可探测性及非探测波段辐射散热功能[4]。红外低发射率材料会抑制自身向外部以热辐射的形式散发热量, 造成材料内部热量累积进而温度升高[5]。同时,在太阳光照射条件下吸收可见光后也会导致材料温度变化, 从而对其红外辐射特性造成影响。目前,在节能视窗[6]、热光伏系统[7-8]等领域,针对可见光、红外光谱特性与温度、红外辐射特征有具体研究报道, 结果显示, 通过对材料可见光、红外光谱的合理调控可实现对材料的温度调控, 温度的变化又会对红外辐射产生影响。在多频谱隐身领域, 目前对光子晶体薄膜等红外低可探测材料的可见光吸收率、红外发射率与温度、 红外辐射特性关联研究仍然不充分、不系统。对多频谱低可探测材料的光谱选择特性进行研究, 可对此类材料的设计、选择及应用提供依据。
本文设计了可见光反射不同、红外发射率相同的3种光子晶体结构, 通过红外辐射仿真分析了不同温度下太阳光照、环境因素对3种光子晶体结构的表面实际温度、红外辐射出射度、等效黑体辐射温度的影响, 并与理想黑体表面进行对比。制备并测试了3种光子晶体薄膜的可见光、红外反射光谱, 通过长波红外热像仪验证了薄膜材料在大气环境高温条件下的红外辐射抑制能力。研究结果可对光子晶体薄膜可见光、 红外低可探测材料的光谱设计和应用方案提供参考。
光子晶体结构按照折射率周期性变化的维数划分为一维、二维和三维光子晶体。一维光子晶体结构由两种不同折射率的材料在一个方向上交替堆叠而成, 可形成光子禁带和光子局域特性, 具有可大面积制备且工艺简便的优势。光子禁带利用折射率差异产生的相长干涉效应会在对应波段形成宽带高反射, 即低发射率。本文所研究的一维光子晶体红外波段光子禁带高折射率材料选用锗(Ge),折射率4.0,低折射率材料选用硫化锌(ZnS),折射率2.2[9],设计的宽带高反射结构参数自上而下依次为[218、432]3 mm、427 nm、815 nm、478 nm、943 nm、586 nm、1149 nm、745 nm、1384 nm、743 nm、1444 nm、813 nm,最上层218 nm为$\mathrm{{Ge}}$层厚度,整体结构示意如图1$\mathrm{a}$所示。 使用传输矩阵法计算得到的${0.4}\sim {1.5\mu }\mathrm{m}$${2.5}\sim {15\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段反射光谱如图1b所示,可见光${0.4}\sim {0.8\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率在50%左右,为中反射;红外$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率接近100%,形成了明显的高反射禁带。定量计算可见光0.4~0.8μm反射率为${46.20}\%,3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率为92.57%(发射率为0.074),8~14μm反射率为92.16%(发射率为0.078 )。
在上述结构表面叠加可见光减反射结构,如图2a所示。可见光减反射结构${\mathrm{{YbF}}}_{3}$(氟化镱)、$\mathrm{{ZnS}}$$\mathrm{{Ge}}$$\mathrm{{ZnS}}$厚度参数为${69}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$${39}\mathrm{\;{nm}}$$7\mathrm{\;{nm}}$${\left.{29}\mathrm{\;{nm}}\right|}$[10]。计算得到的${0.4}\sim {1.5\mu }\mathrm{m}$${2.5}\sim {15\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段反射光谱如图2b所示,可见光0.4~0.8μm为低反射,红外3~${5\mu }\mathrm{m}$$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$形成了明显的高反射禁带。定量计算可见光${0.4}\sim {0.8\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率为${2.68}\%,3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率为92.82%(发射率为0.072),8~14μm反射率为92.08%(发射率为0.071 )。
在可见光中反射光子晶体结构表面叠加可见光高反射结构,如图3a所示。可见光高反射结构[ZnS、YbF3]4、[ZnS、YbF3]4厚度参数为[54、86]4 nm、[76、120]4 nm。计算得到的${0.4}\sim {1.5\mu }\mathrm{m}$${2.5}\sim {15\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段反射光谱如图3b所示,可见光${0.4}\sim {0.8\mu }\mathrm{m}$为高反射,红外$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$形成了明显的高反射禁带。定量计算可见光${0.4}\sim {0.8\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率为${85.41}\%,3 \sim$${5\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率为${90.48}\%$(发射率为0.095),$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率为91.90%(发射率为0.081)。
3种光子晶体结构光谱特性参数如表1所示(将可见光低反射、中反射、高反射3种结构依次命名为光子晶体I、II、III ), 3种结构的红外发射率基本相同, 可见光反射率存在较大差异, 可适应不同应用环境下的可见光低可探测需求, 并且在太阳光照射条件下不同的可见光反射特性会造成材料表面不同的温度变化, 进而影响红外辐射特性。
在实际探测中, 物体自身红外辐射、周围外界辐射在物体上的反射共同构成了物体在红外探测器中的辐射成像。其中, 物体自身红外辐射强度与红外发射率及表面温度的四次方成正比, 周围外界辐射在物体上的反射又分为反射太阳辐射和反射大气辐射两个部分。对3种光子晶体结构在不同条件下的红外辐射特性进行仿真, 可确定其自身光谱特性和不同外部因素对红外低可探测效果的影响规律。
使用表1参数仿真3种光子晶体结构的表面温度及表面辐射出射度。将材料厚度设置为${0.02}\mathrm{\;m}$,材料热导率设置为${1.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,恒压热容设置为${880}\mathrm{\;J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$。将材料下部加热温度分别设置为${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,仿真3种材料在真空环境和大气环境中有无太阳光照条件下的表面温度, 同时加入理想黑体材料作为对照, 受不同因素影响的表面温度仿真结果如图4所示。蓝色区域为材料仅存在自身红外辐射条件下的表面温度, 此时仅存在辐射散热效应, 因此为降温效果, 表面温度会低于初始加热温度。表面温度取决于红外发射率大小, 红外发射率越大, 向外界辐射能量越多, 表面温度越低。 3种光子晶体的红外发射率几乎一致, 因而在仅依靠自身辐射的前提下表面温度也基本相同。理想黑体材料的红外发射率为1 , 可以向外部辐射更多能量, 因而表面温度明显低于光子晶体材料。大气环境和真空环境的区别为是否存在大气环境辐射, 在大气环境中, 吸收环境辐射也会影响材料表面温度, 对环境辐射吸收的强弱取决于红外发射率的大小, 红外发射率越大, 对环境辐射的吸收越强, 因此3种光子晶体材料对环境辐射的吸收能力相同, 而黑体材料明显强于光子晶体材料。材料吸收太阳光照产生的热效应也会对材料表面温度造成影响,图4中橙色区域表示吸收太阳光照造成的温度变化, 当存在太阳光照时, 温度升高幅值取决于可见光、近红外波段的反射率(吸收率),光子晶体$\mathrm{I}$$\mathrm{{II}}$、 III的反射率依次升高, 对太阳光照能量的吸收能力依次变弱, 光子晶体I在3种材料中对太阳光照的吸收能力最强, 因此光子晶体I的表面温度最高, 3种光子晶体材料的表面温度差异明显。
仿真3~5μm波段红外辐射出射度,如图5所示, 可以看出材料在下部加热温度${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$条件下的3~5μm波段红外辐射出射度差别明显。在存在太阳光照前提下,${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$时3种光子晶体材料的红外辐射出射度均高于黑体材料,原因在于此时材料$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$红外反射率较高,自身辐射出射度较低,绝大部分辐射为高反射率表面反射的太阳在$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段辐射, 3种光子晶体材料对太阳辐射的反射能力更强, 因此整体辐射更高。在${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$下3种光子晶体材料的辐射出射度远低于黑体材料, 原因在于此时对自身辐射的抑制能力占主导,3种光子晶体材料在$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段低于0.1的发射率可有效抑制自身辐射, 使得红外辐射特性远低于理想黑体材料, 因此可起到红外低可探测的效果。
根据仿真得到的$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$红外辐射出射度(见图5), 反演太阳光照条件下材料3~5μm等效黑体辐射温度, 如图6所示。在${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$时3种光子晶体材料的表面等效黑体辐射温度反而远高于其实际表面温度, 说明在太阳辐射条件下, 材料处于低温状态时, 高反射表面反射的太阳辐射会对$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段红外辐射抑制带来负面效果。${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$时3种光子晶体材料$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$等效黑体辐射温度均在${90}\sim {100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,相比实际表面温度大幅缩减,具备明显的红外辐射抑制能力。光子晶体III在${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$时的等效辐射温度略高,原因在于其$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$红外发射率略高于另外两种结构。
仿真$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段红外辐射出射度,如图7所示, 可以看出在真空环境中3种光子晶体材料低温和高温条件下的$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$红外辐射均具有明显的抑制能力, 原因在于太阳在$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段不存在辐射能力,因此8~14μm高反射表面不会反射太阳辐射。图中橙色区域为吸收太阳能量导致的温度变化对$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$红外辐射出射度的影响, 可以看到在数值低于0.1的红外发射率作用下, 温度差异对红外辐射出射度的影响已经十分微弱。在大气环境中,${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$下3种光子晶体材料的辐射出射度接近于黑体材料, 原因在于此时材料高反射率表面会反射绝大部分环境辐射, 因此整体辐射升高。辐射仿真结果表明, 3种光子晶体材料在8~${14\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段低于0.1的发射率可有效抑制自身辐射,起到红外低可探测的效果。
根据仿真得到的$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$红外辐射出射度,反演太阳光照条件下材料$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$等效黑体辐射温度,如图8所示。可以看到无论是在真空环境还是大气环境中,下部加热温度${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$下3种光子晶体材料均具备较强的红外辐射抑制能力, 均可实现红外低可探测。
通过电子束蒸镀技术在石英玻璃基底上沉积上述设计的3种光子晶体结构, 实物样品如图9所示, 光子晶体薄膜I、II、III颜色依次为深黑色、暗黄色以及亮白色, 可适应不同应用背景下的可见光低可探测需求。使用紫外、可见、近红外分光光度计(Shimadzu UV3600-plus)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(PerkinElmer Frontier)测试3种薄膜在${0.4}\sim {1.5\mu }\mathrm{m}$$3 \sim {15\mu }\mathrm{m}$的红外反射光谱, 测试结果如图10所示, 实物测试结果与仿真曲线基本吻合, 验证了制备与仿真的一致性。
经过计算,3种光子晶体结构在可见光0.4~${0.8\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率、中红外$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$发射率、远红外$8 \sim$${14\mu }\mathrm{m}$发射率的数值如表2所示。 3种材料实测可见光${0.4}\sim {0.8\mu }\mathrm{m}$反射率为梯度变化且差异明显,$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$和8~14μm均为与设计一致的低发射率。
图11为室内环境中3块光子晶体薄膜样品在室温及175 °C下的长波红外热像图(FLIR T540,探测波段为${7.5}\sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$)。室温下3种样品辐射温度与黑体背景十分接近, 表明在常温大气环境中3种样品与黑体的辐射出射度接近,测试结果验证了图7a中的仿真结果。表面实际温度为${175}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$下的长波红外热像图显示光子晶体薄膜I、II、III的等效黑体辐射温度分别为${45.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${46.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${49.6}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,辐射温度变化趋势与实测红外发射率一致,光子晶体III的实测8~14μm红外发射率略高, 因此红外成像的辐射温度略高。红外成像测试结果表明3种材料在室温和高温下均具备较强的红外辐射抑制能力, 使其红外辐射特征与周围背景融合,可实现红外低可探测。
带入3种薄膜材料实测光谱特性参数进行红外辐射仿真,将下部加热温度设置为${175}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,根据仿真红外辐射出射度反演得到的等效黑体辐射温度如图12所示, 仿真得到的3种光谱参数的等效黑体辐射温度为${45.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${46.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${49.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,与3种薄膜样品实测结果的误差依次为1.1%、1.1%、0.2%,说明仿真结果与实测结果具备较高的吻合程度, 可在一定程度上验证第1.2节红外辐射仿真结果的准确性。
基于$\mathrm{{Ge}}/\mathrm{{ZnS}}$体系光子晶体薄膜材料,设计并实现了可见光反射率不同、红外发射率相同的3种红外低发射率光子晶体薄膜, 可应用于不同背景下的可见光、红外兼容低可探测。通过光谱、温度、红外辐射特性关联仿真, 分析了不同温度下在真空环境和大气环境中太阳光照、光谱特性对红外辐射特性的影响规律。仿真结果表明, 在存在太阳光照的前提下, 可见光反射率不同会导致3种结构表面温度出现明显差异。对于红外辐射,针对$3 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段,高反射表面处于低温状态下会反射太阳光照辐射, 对红外低可探测造成负面影响;针对$8 \sim {14\mu }\mathrm{m}$波段,当红外发射率足够低时, 3种光子晶体结构的红外辐射出射度较为接近, 可以弥补表面温度差异对红外辐射的影响。进行实物样品的长波红外热像测试与实测光谱参数的红外辐射仿真, 仿真结果与实测结果的误差较小, 初步验证了使用仿真方法分析红外辐射特性的可行性。本文研究结果可对可见光、红外低可探测材料的光谱设计和应用方案提供参考, 制备得到的3种光子晶体薄膜在多频谱隐身领域具有潜在的应用价值。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240311
  • 接收时间:2023-01-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-16
  • 修回日期:2024-03-12
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    1华中科技大学集成电路学院,武汉,430074
    2试验物理与计算数学国家重点实验室,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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