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In the fault-tolerant control of polyphase motors, hysteresis control is generally adopted for the more complex non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current obtained by multi-constraint solving. Compared with hysteresis control, voltage space vector control has the advantages of low torque ripple and low energy consumption, which is more common in the control of polyphase motors. In order to solve the problem that the non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current cannot be decoupled directly for voltage space vector control, Fourier transform is introduced and the non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current is decomposed into fundamental current and third harmonic current to realize the decoupling transformation of the non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current. Based on this, the decoupling transformation matrix is derived and the correctness of the processing method is verified by simulation analysis. The results show that this method can solve the problem that the non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current under open fault-tolerant control of polyphase permanent magnet synchronous motor cannot be directly applied to voltage space vector control, so as to reduce the torque ripple and improve the motor current stability.

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在多相电机的容错控制中,对于通过多约束求解获得的较为复杂的非正弦型容错电流一般采用滞环控制方法进行容错控制。电压空间矢量控制相对滞环控制具有转矩脉动小、能量消耗小的优势,在多相电机的控制中更为普遍。为解决非正弦型容错电流不能直接解耦变换以适用于电压空间矢量控制的问题,引入傅里叶变换并将非正弦型容错电流分解为基波电流与三次谐波电流,实现非正弦型容错电流的解耦变换,基于此推导解耦变换矩阵,采用仿真分析的方法来验证处理方法的正确性。结果表明这种处理方法可以解决多相永磁同步电机开路容错控制下的非正弦型容错电流无法直接解耦变换导致的无法直接适用于电压空间矢量控制的问题,以实现降低转矩脉动、提高电机电流平稳性的目标。

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杨毅(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航天机电伺服系统。

张中哲(1972—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

赵辉(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

李琪琦(1996—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

徐志书(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

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杨毅(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航天机电伺服系统。

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杨毅(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航天机电伺服系统。

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张中哲(1972—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

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赵辉(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

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李琪琦(1996—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

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徐志书(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

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徐志书(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

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Research on drive and fault tolerance control strategy of five phase permanent magnet synchronous motor[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273090544681501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011783270424593, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=31, authorNames=赵辉, journalName=基于H桥的五相电机容错控制算法研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵辉. 基于H桥的五相电机容错控制算法研究[D]. 北京: 中国运载火箭技术研究院, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273090754396702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011783270424593, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=32, authorNames=ZHAO Hui, journalName=Research on fault-tolerant control algorithm for five phase motors based on H-bridge, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Hui. Research on fault-tolerant control algorithm for five phase motors based on H-bridge[D]. 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参数数值
电机相数1.22
电机槽数0.98
电机极对数0.96
基波直轴电感Ld1/mH1.03
基波磁链$\Psi \mathrm{f}1/\mathrm{{Wb}}$0.0603
电阻/mΩ80
额定转速/$\left({\mathrm{r}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$3000
永磁体材料N38EH型钕铁硼
), ArticleFig(id=1197273080021172731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011783270424593, language=CN, label=表1, caption=电机主要结构参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
电机相数1.22
电机槽数0.98
电机极对数0.96
基波直轴电感Ld1/mH1.03
基波磁链$\Psi \mathrm{f}1/\mathrm{{Wb}}$0.0603
电阻/mΩ80
额定转速/$\left({\mathrm{r}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$3000
永磁体材料N38EH型钕铁硼
), ArticleFig(id=1197273080235082236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011783270424593, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Torque performance under different operating conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行状态平均转矩脉动/($\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$)
一相开路故障运行25.91
采用滞环控制方法容错控制5.57
采用电压空间矢量控制方法容错控制2.13
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运行状态平均转矩脉动/($\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$)
一相开路故障运行25.91
采用滞环控制方法容错控制5.57
采用电压空间矢量控制方法容错控制2.13
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基于傅里叶变换解耦的容错控制方法
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杨毅 1, 2 , 张中哲 1, 2 , 赵辉 1, 2 , 李琪琦 1, 2 , 徐志书 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024,47(3): 50-56
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024, 47(3): 50-56
基于傅里叶变换解耦的容错控制方法
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杨毅1, 2, 张中哲1, 2, 赵辉1, 2, 李琪琦1, 2, 徐志书1, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
  • 2控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
  • 杨毅(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航天机电伺服系统。

    张中哲(1972—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

    赵辉(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

    李琪琦(1996—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

    徐志书(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天伺服控制。

Fault Tolerant Control Method based on Fourier Transform Decoupling
Yi YANG1, 2, Zhongzhe ZHANG1, 2, Hui ZHAO1, 2, Qiqi LI1, 2, Zhishu XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Precision Mechatronics and Controls,Beijing,100076
  • 2Innovation Center for Control Actuators,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 7.654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240308
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在多相电机的容错控制中,对于通过多约束求解获得的较为复杂的非正弦型容错电流一般采用滞环控制方法进行容错控制。电压空间矢量控制相对滞环控制具有转矩脉动小、能量消耗小的优势,在多相电机的控制中更为普遍。为解决非正弦型容错电流不能直接解耦变换以适用于电压空间矢量控制的问题,引入傅里叶变换并将非正弦型容错电流分解为基波电流与三次谐波电流,实现非正弦型容错电流的解耦变换,基于此推导解耦变换矩阵,采用仿真分析的方法来验证处理方法的正确性。结果表明这种处理方法可以解决多相永磁同步电机开路容错控制下的非正弦型容错电流无法直接解耦变换导致的无法直接适用于电压空间矢量控制的问题,以实现降低转矩脉动、提高电机电流平稳性的目标。

五相永磁同步电机  /  容错控制  /  傅里叶变换  /  解耦  /  电压空间矢量控制

In the fault-tolerant control of polyphase motors, hysteresis control is generally adopted for the more complex non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current obtained by multi-constraint solving. Compared with hysteresis control, voltage space vector control has the advantages of low torque ripple and low energy consumption, which is more common in the control of polyphase motors. In order to solve the problem that the non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current cannot be decoupled directly for voltage space vector control, Fourier transform is introduced and the non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current is decomposed into fundamental current and third harmonic current to realize the decoupling transformation of the non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current. Based on this, the decoupling transformation matrix is derived and the correctness of the processing method is verified by simulation analysis. The results show that this method can solve the problem that the non-sinusoidal fault-tolerant current under open fault-tolerant control of polyphase permanent magnet synchronous motor cannot be directly applied to voltage space vector control, so as to reduce the torque ripple and improve the motor current stability.

five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor  /  fault tolerant control  /  Fourier transform  /  decoupling  /  voltage space vector control
杨毅, 张中哲, 赵辉, 李琪琦, 徐志书. 基于傅里叶变换解耦的容错控制方法. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (3) : 50 -56 . DOI: 7.654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240308
Yi YANG, Zhongzhe ZHANG, Hui ZHAO, Qiqi LI, Zhishu XU. Fault Tolerant Control Method based on Fourier Transform Decoupling[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (3) : 50 -56 . DOI: 7.654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240308
多相电机与三相电机相比具有更高的转矩密度, 同时由于其在故障状态下, 可通过控制电流的重构实现功能维持甚至性能保持, 因此在包括航空航天在内的高可靠需求领域得到了关注和应用[1-7]
开路故障是电机常见的故障形式之一。滞环控制方法与电压空间矢量控制方法是两种常见的多相电机在故障情况下的控制方法, 可以使多相电机在故障状态下仍能够达到较高的控制性能[8]。20世纪90年代Tokuo Ohnishi提出了滞环控制方法, 该方法通过对参考电流目标进行实时跟踪来实现控制。滞环控制方法设计简单易于实现、电流响应迅速, 且由于电流处于实时跟踪的状态,因此不需要使用解耦矩阵[9-11]。美国伦斯勒理工学院的Parsa等针对反电势包含3次谐波的五相永磁电机, 以开路故障下转矩不变为目标提出了基于瞬时功率不变理论的容错控制策略[12-15],研究发现该策略对伺服系统具有良好的控制特性, 可以达到一度故障下性能不降低的效果。而在采用多约束求解容错电流时一般采用拉格朗日乘数法, 这会导致求解得到的容错电流为非正弦型的形式, 无法直接得到解耦矩阵, 因此在设计控制回路时采用了滞环控制方法。使用滞环控制方法的劣势在于跟踪参考电流时会出现开关损耗大、电流波纹大、开关频率不固定导致转矩脉动较大等缺点。相对滞环控制方法, 电压空间矢量控制方法具有开关损耗小、控制精度高、平稳性强的优势, 是目前应用最广的一种电机控制方法[16-18]。在某些低损耗与高精度要求的控制环境下, 电压空间矢量控制方法更为适用。电压空间矢量控制方法需要解耦矩阵实现电流的降阶与分解, 这对控制电流的正弦性有一定的要求。
在此基础上, 为解决较为复杂的非正弦型容错电流无法直接获得解耦矩阵导致无法适用于电压空间矢量控制方法的问题, 本文对非正弦型容错电流进行分析处理, 以获得能够进行降阶解耦变换的电流表达形式, 在控制方法上避免使用滞环控制方法, 从而适用于有高稳定性与低开关损耗要求的控制环境。
本文以五相十槽十二极永磁同步电机为研究对象, 以转矩最大和电流损耗最小的容错电流为例, 通过对该电流进行快速傅里叶变换后解耦处理, 分别建立单相开路故障下的滞环算法与电压空间矢量算法仿真模型以对比分析, 验证本文提出的处理方法的有效性。
电机在发生开路故障后会出现输出转矩降低、电机温度激增、转动运行不稳定的情况。通过采取容错控制的方法能使电机在发生故障后维持转矩的安全平稳输出, 保证电机控制系统工作安全可靠。以下对五相永磁同步电机与该电机在单相开路下的容错控制策略展开介绍。图1为本文研究的五相十槽十二极永磁同步电机。
表1为五相十槽十二极永磁同步电机的主要结构参数。
电机采用单层分数槽集中绕组结构。单层分数槽集中绕组结构与分布式绕组相比受谐波的影响更大, 因此需要在电机控制中采取相应抑制谐波的方法。分数槽绕组电机由于线圈端部较短, 相对整数槽绕组电流损耗更小, 而在电机容错控制中, 电机电流损耗也可以通过优化控制算法来降低。在约束电流损耗的同时需要保证电机转矩在适用的范围内, 因此本文以电流损耗最小情况下转矩最大的容错电流为例进行研究。
五相电机在发生一相开路故障后输出电机转矩为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{\mathrm{d}}= \frac{1}{\Omega }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{3}{E}_{0}\cos \left({\theta - j\frac{2\pi }{5}}\right)\\{T}_{\mathrm{d}}= k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}\end{array}\right.$
式中${E}_{0}$为绕组反电势的幅值;${i}_{j}$为单相开路后其他正常相绕组的电流;$\Omega$为电机的机械角速度;${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$为电机的期望转矩;${T}_{\mathrm{n}}$为电机的额定转矩;$k$为调整系数。
五相电机在发生一相开路故障后的电流损耗表示为$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{3}{\left({i}_{j}\right)}^{2}$,以电机容错后转矩最大与电流损耗最小为约束条件作拉格朗日乘数法, 以最优化方法构造函数为
$ P =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{3}{\left({i}_{j}\right)}^{2}+ \lambda \left\lbrack {{T}_{\mathrm{d}}- \frac{1}{\Omega }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{3}{E}_{0}\cos \left({\theta - j\frac{2\pi }{5}}\right){i}_{j}}\right\rbrack $
采用拉格朗日乘数法对式(2)求解, 解得容错后各相容错电流的表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{A}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}Q}{2{E}_{0}}\frac{\cos \left(\theta \right)}{1 +\cos \left(\frac{\pi }{5}\right)\cos \left({2\pi }\right)\cos \left({{2\theta }- \frac{\pi }{5}}\right)} \\{i}_{\mathrm{B}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}Q}{2{E}_{0}}\frac{\cos \left({\theta -\frac{2\pi }{5}}\right)}{1 +\cos \left(\frac{2\pi }{5}\right)\cos \left({{2\theta }- \frac{\pi }{5}}\right)} \\{i}_{\mathrm{C}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}Q}{2{E}_{0}}\frac{\cos \left(\theta \right)+ \frac{2\pi }{5}}{1 +\cos \left(\frac{2\pi }{5}\right)\cos \left({{2\theta }- \frac{\pi }{5}}\right)} \\{i}_{\mathrm{D}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}Q}{2{E}_{0}}\frac{\cos \left({{2\theta }- \frac{2\pi }{5}}\right)}{1 +\cos \left(\frac{2\pi }{5}\right)\cos \left({{2\theta }- \frac{\pi }{5}}\right)} \\{i}_{\mathrm{D}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}Q}{1 +\cos \left(\frac{2\pi }{5}\right)}\cos \left({{2\theta }- \frac{2\pi }{5}}\right)\cos \left({{2\theta }- \frac{\pi }{5}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
为解决上式非正弦型函数的容错电流仅能通过滞环控制方法进行容错控制的问题, 对单相开路故障下的容错电流进行处理, 并对容错控制的解耦变换矩阵进行推导。
由式(3)可以看出, 各相容错电流的表达式均为非正弦型函数, 无法通过直接构建解耦矩阵的方式进行解耦。为此, 提出对容错电流做快速傅里叶变换, 重构信号以实现解耦。以A相容错电流为例, 经过快速傅里叶变换后的$\mathrm{A}$相容错电流可以表示为
${i}_{\mathrm{A}}^{* }= {0.9298}\sin \left({\theta +{0.5265\pi }}\right)+ {0.118}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {0.6732\pi }}\right)+ \left(\Delta \right)$
${0.0116}\sin \left({{5\theta }- {1.3658\pi }}\right)$
可见该容错电流是由基波、补偿的三次谐波与补偿的五次谐波补加得到的。由于五次谐波对五相电机的控制没有影响,因此将其省略。B、C、D、E相同理, 变换后的五相容错电流表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{A}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}\Omega }{2{E}_{0}}\left\lbrack {{0.9298}\sin \left({\theta +{0.5265\pi }}\right)+ {0.118}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {0.6732\pi }}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{i}_{\mathrm{B}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}\Omega }{2{E}_{0}}\left\lbrack {{1.081}\sin \left({\theta -{1.9368\pi }}\right)+ {0.137}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {1.1367\pi }}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{i}_{\mathrm{C}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}\Omega }{2{E}_{0}}\left\lbrack {{1.081}\sin \left({\theta -{0.2631\pi }}\right)+ {0.137}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {1.4641\pi }}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{i}_{\mathrm{D}}^{* }= \frac{k{T}_{\mathrm{n}}\Omega }{2{E}_{0}}\left\lbrack {{0.9298}\sin \left({\theta -{0.7264\pi }}\right)+ {0.118}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {1.9261\pi }}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{i}_{\mathrm{S}}^{* }= 0 \end{array}\right.$
由于式(3)的非正弦型复杂容错电流无法直接得到解耦矩阵, 一般采用不需要解耦矩阵的滞环控制方法进行容错控制。单相开路故障状态下五相永磁同步电机滞环控制系统如图2所示。当五相永磁同步电机发生一相开路故障后, 反馈转速与给定转速比较后的转速误差值经过$\mathrm{{PI}}$控制器得到${I}_{q}$电流,${I}_{q}$电流经过给定的容错电流表达式与电机实际电流同时进入滞环控制器后通过逆变器作用在永磁同步电机的输入端, 实现电机滞环容错控制。从控制系统框图可知, 由于电机滞环控制系统中${I}_{q}$电流直接通过给定的容错电流表达式以实现容错电流, 避免了解耦矩阵的参与, 因此滞环控制方法适用性强, 可以适用包括非正弦型容错电流在内的多种电流形式。
无法直接得到解耦矩阵的式(3)容错电流通过快速傅里叶变换处理后表示为可以求解变换矩阵的式(5)。由于可以得到解耦矩阵, 式(5)容错电流可以采用电压空间矢量控制方法。单相开路故障状态下五相永磁同步电机电压空间矢量控制系统如图3所示。当五相永磁同步电机发生一相开路故障后剩余相电流经过降阶解耦矩阵后得到$d$$q$轴电流分量,$d$$q$轴电流分量与给定电流的误差值经过$\mathrm{{PI}}$控制器后得到的电压分量经过降阶解耦矩阵转换为相电压的期望值。 相电压的期望值经过逆变器作用在电机的输入端, 实现电机的容错控制。从控制系统结构可知, 由于电压空间矢量控制系统在反馈过程中$d$$q$轴电流分量需要经过解耦矩阵以实现电流的转换, 因此电压空间矢量控制方法仅适用于可以降阶解耦的容错电流。
由于处理后的容错电流是由正弦型的基波电流与正弦型的三次谐波电流组成, 因此可以对正弦型的基波电流与正弦型的三次谐波电流采用正弦型电流构建降阶解耦容错矩阵的方式, 实现非正弦型容错电流的降阶解耦。
电机在正常工作情况下,五相的相电流通过解耦变换矩阵实现由静止五相坐标系到旋转两相坐标系的变换,实现${I}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{D}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{E}}$${I}_{d1}\text{、}{I}_{q1}\text{、}{I}_{d3}\text{、}{I}_{q3}$的转换。 在已知相电流的情况下, 也可以通过反向推导的方式得到容错控制下的解耦变换矩阵。设五相电机发生一相开路故障下的四相静止坐标系到两相静止坐标系的坐标变换矩阵如下:
$\mathbf{T}{\left(\alpha \right)}^{* }= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{a}_{1}& {b}_{1}& {c}_{1}& {d}_{1}\\{a}_{2}& {b}_{2}& {c}_{2}& {d}_{2}\\{a}_{3}& {b}_{3}& {c}_{3}& {d}_{3}\\{a}_{4}& {b}_{4}& {c}_{4}& {d}_{4}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
静止两相坐标系到旋转两相坐标系的变换矩阵为
$\mathbf{R}{\left(\alpha \right)}^{* }= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \theta &\sin \theta & 0 & 0 \\- \sin \theta &\cos \theta & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &\cos {3\theta }& \sin {3\theta }\\ 0 & 0 &- \sin {3\theta }& \cos {3\theta }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
由于矢量控制采用${I}_{d}= 0$的控制策略,即${I}_{d1}= {I}_{d3}$$= 0$,有:
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{i}_{\mathrm{A}}^{* }\\{i}_{\mathrm{B}}^{* }\\{i}_{\mathrm{C}}^{* }\\{i}_{\mathrm{D}}^{* }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{a}_{1}& {b}_{1}& {c}_{1}& {d}_{1}\\{a}_{2}& {b}_{2}& {c}_{2}& {d}_{2}\\{a}_{3}& {b}_{3}& {c}_{3}& {d}_{3}\\{a}_{4}& {b}_{4}& {c}_{4}& {d}_{4}\end{array}\right\rbrack \times \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \theta &\sin \theta & 0 & 0 \\- \sin \theta &\cos \theta & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &\cos {3\theta }& \sin {3\theta }\\ 0 & 0 &- \sin {3\theta }& \cos {3\theta }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 \\{I}_{q1}\\ 0 \\ 0 \\{I}_{q3}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
解得:
$\mathbf{T}{\left(\alpha \right)}^{* }= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- {0.0773}& {0.9266}& -{0.4813}& -{0.7955}\\{1.0598}& {0.2132}& -{0.9828}& {0.4501}\\{0.7323}& -{0.7952}& -{0.1228}& {1.074}\\- {0.607}& -{0.7044}& {0.9049}& {0.2139}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
因此可以得到式(10)所示的容错控制下的降阶解耦变换矩阵。通过傅里叶变换处理的容错电流由于可以使四相容错电流降阶转换为两相旋转的${I}_{d}$${I}_{q}$电流, 因此通过该快速傅里叶变换的电流处理方法, 可以使不能直接得到解耦矩阵的非正弦型的复杂容错电流适用于需要使用解耦矩阵的矢量控制方法, 以应对不同的容错控制需求。
$\mathbf{T}{\left(\theta \right)}^{* }= \mathbf{T}{\left(\alpha \right)}^{* }\mathbf{R}{\left(\theta \right)}^{* }= \\\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{0.9298}\cos \left({\theta +{0.5265\pi }}\right)& -{0.9298}\sin \left({\theta +{0.5265\pi }}\right)& {0.9298}\cos \left({{3\theta }- {2.0197\pi }}\right)& -{0.9298}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {2.0197\pi }}\right)\\{1.081}\cos \left({\theta -{1.9368\pi }}\right)& -{1.081}\sin \left({\theta -{1.9368\pi }}\right)& {1.081}\cos \left({{3\theta }- {3.4103\pi }}\right)& -{1.081}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {3.4103\pi }}\right)\\{1.081}\cos \left({\theta -{0.2631\pi }}\right)& -{1.081}\sin \left({\theta -{0.2631\pi }}\right)& {1.081}\cos \left({{3\theta }- {4.3923\pi }}\right)& -{1.081}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {4.3923\pi }}\right)\\{0.9298}\cos \left({\theta -{0.7264\pi }}\right)& -{0.9298}\sin \left({\theta -{0.7264\pi }}\right)& {0.9298}\cos \left({{3\theta }- {5.7783\pi }}\right)& -{0.9298}\sin \left({{3\theta }- {5.7783\pi }}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
下面对五相电机分别在一相开路不容错运行、一相开路故障下采用滞环控制方法、一相开路故障下采用电压空间矢量控制方法3种情况进行仿真对比分析。
五相永磁同步电机在发生一相开路故障后无容错控制时的电流、转矩与转速波形如图4~5所示。不加以优化的一相开路故障运行情况下平均转矩脉动为${25.91}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$。缺相导致五相永磁同步电机处于不平衡状态, 电机处于这种开路故障运行会产生剧烈振动与大量的能量损耗, 长时间处于这种故障状态有损坏的风险。
一相开路故障容错时,通过采用滞环控制方法进行容错控制的结果如图6~7所示。采用滞环控制方法进行容错控制与一相开路故障运行状态相比电机转矩更稳定, 转速更平稳, 电机处于稳定的容错工作状态, 但受到滞环宽度的限制, 容错电流波纹大, 若调小滞环宽度则会增大电机开关损耗, 引起发热。因此在有高平稳性需求的工况下采用电压空间矢量控制方法以弥补滞环控制方法的不足。
采用电压空间矢量控制方法进行容错控制的结果如图8~9所示。相比于相同容错控制电流下的滞环控制方法, 电压空间矢量控制方法具有电流波形波纹小、转矩脉动小的特点, 其中转矩脉动降至采用滞环控制方法的38.24%,具有更高的稳定性。
表2对比了永磁同步电机在一相开路故障运行状态、一相开路故障容错时, 采用滞环控制方法与采用电压空间矢量控制方法转矩输出与转矩脉动的性能。 由表2可以看出相比于一相开路故障运行状态, 采用滞环控制方法进行容错控制可以大幅减少五相电机一相故障的转矩脉动, 使转矩脉动降至一相开路故障运行状态的21.49%,五相电机在一相故障后采用滞环控制方法可以平稳运行。相比于在一相开路故障状态采用滞环控制方法进行容错控制, 采用电压空间矢量控制方法容错控制可以进一步减少转矩脉动, 使转矩脉动降至采用滞环控制方法的38.24%,降至一相开路故障运行状态的8.22%,电机运行更加平稳。
仿真及分析结果表明了利用快速傅里叶变换重新构建复杂电流波形的可行性, 非正弦型容错电流解耦方法正确可行, 经过快速傅里叶变换处理的非正弦型容错电流可以通过降阶解耦适用以电压空间矢量控制方法为例的多种矢量控制方法, 降低五相永磁同步电机在一相开路故障容错时的转矩脉动。基于此非正弦型容错电流可以通过快速傅里叶变换处理后重构电流形式, 获得解耦矩阵, 以适用于需要解耦矩阵的容错控制方法, 为电机的容错控制与容错电流的设计提供更多选择。
本文以五相十槽十二极永磁同步电机为研究对象, 利用快速傅里叶变换对单相开路故障下的基于转矩最大与铜损最小的非正弦型容错电流进行处理与分析, 解决了在使用最优化方法求解容错电流后, 得到的非正弦型容错电流无法直接解耦构建故障后的数学模型, 以至于在电机控制中无法采用需要降阶解耦矩阵的控制方法的问题。本文通过建立五相永磁同步电机采用滞环控制方法与电压空间矢量控制方法的仿真模型, 对推导的数学模型与解耦方法进行了验证, 证明了通过这种解耦方法, 非正弦型容错电流可以适用于除滞环控制方法外的其他矢量控制方法, 以电压空间矢量控制方法为例, 可以达到降低转矩脉动、提高电机电流平稳性的目的。
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2024年第47卷第3期
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doi: 7.654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240308
  • 接收时间:2024-01-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-17
  • 修回日期:2024-05-06
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    1北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
    2控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
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