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In response to the multiple ignition requirement of the expander cycle hydrogen-oxygen engine, research on the torch ignition system scheme is conducted, and a relatively reasonable low-pressure torch ignition system scheme is identified. The results show that the mixing ratio of the torch igniter fluctuated greatly when opening the hydrogen main valve, which may cause structural ablation. The scheme of introducing hydrogen from the inlet of the hydrogen turbine and liquid oxygen from the outlet of the liquid oxygen pump has a lower ablation risk, but it has a certain impact on the engine's start-up and steady-state characteristics. The low-pressure torch ignition start-up tests of liquid rocket engine are carried out for the first time in China. The experimental results verify the simulation results, and indicating the feasibility of the scheme.

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针对膨胀循环氢氧发动机多次点火需求,开展了火炬式电点火系统方案论证和仿真研究,明确了较为合理的低压火炬式电点火系统方案,并完成整机级试验验证。结果表明,氢主阀打开瞬间点火室混合比波动较大,可能造成结构烧蚀;从氢涡轮前引气氢、氧泵后引液氧的方案烧蚀风险较小,但对发动机起动和稳态特性有一定影响。试验验证了仿真分析结果,实现了中国液体火箭发动机首次低压火炬式电点火起动,初步表明点火系统方案可行。

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李锦江(1986—),男,博士研究生,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术。

刘恒(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机涡轮泵技术。

刘登丰(1980—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术。

褚宝鑫(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术、涡轮泵技术。

张楠(1960—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术、故障诊断技术。

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李锦江(1986—),男,博士研究生,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术。

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李锦江(1986—),男,博士研究生,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术。

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刘恒(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机涡轮泵技术。

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刘恒(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机涡轮泵技术。

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刘登丰(1980—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术。

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褚宝鑫(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术、涡轮泵技术。

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褚宝鑫(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术、涡轮泵技术。

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张楠(1960—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术、故障诊断技术。

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张楠(1960—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术、故障诊断技术。

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方案氢引出位置气氢压力/ MPa氢温度/K氢节流元件尺寸/mm氢喷嘴尺寸/mm氧引出位置液氧压力/ MPa液氧温度/ K氧节流元件尺寸/mm氧喷嘴尺寸/mm
1氢泵后0.4210.8351.135氧泵后0.4900.5850.795
2氢涡轮前0.42603.5775.126
3氧涡轮前0.42603.5775.126
4氢主阀前0.42603.5775.126
), ArticleFig(id=1197272969052471475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782288958388, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同方案火炬式电点火系统喷嘴及节流元件尺寸, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案氢引出位置气氢压力/ MPa氢温度/K氢节流元件尺寸/mm氢喷嘴尺寸/mm氧引出位置液氧压力/ MPa液氧温度/ K氧节流元件尺寸/mm氧喷嘴尺寸/mm
1氢泵后0.4210.8351.135氧泵后0.4900.5850.795
2氢涡轮前0.42603.5775.126
3氧涡轮前0.42603.5775.126
4氢主阀前0.42603.5775.126
), ArticleFig(id=1197272969253798068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782288958388, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Influence of torch ignition on start-up and steady characteristics, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案起动加速性t90/s${t}_{90}$相对变化量/%稳态室压相对变化量/%稳态混合比相对变化量/%稳态氢涡轮泵转速相对变化量/%
对照1.6390000
方案11.6480.55-0.260.19-0.22
方案21.6742.14-3.500.18-2.57
方案31.621-1.100.29-0.470.51
方案41.636-0.18-0.020.340.01
), ArticleFig(id=1197272969497067701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782288958388, language=CN, label=表2, caption=火炬点火对发动机起动和稳态特性的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案起动加速性t90/s${t}_{90}$相对变化量/%稳态室压相对变化量/%稳态混合比相对变化量/%稳态氢涡轮泵转速相对变化量/%
对照1.6390000
方案11.6480.55-0.260.19-0.22
方案21.6742.14-3.500.18-2.57
方案31.621-1.100.29-0.470.51
方案41.636-0.18-0.020.340.01
), ArticleFig(id=1197272969748725942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782288958388, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Experimental parameters and results of low-pressure torch ignition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号试验类型试验工况氢泵入口压力/MPa氧泵入口压力/MPa点火器总混合比试验结果
1火炬点火分系统试验额定混合比0.3140.3322.32成功、无烧蚀
2高混合比0.1620.4006.50成功、无烧蚀
3低混合比0.3650.1610.82成功、无烧蚀
4推力室点火试验额定混合比0.3140.2841.70成功、无烧蚀
5高混合比0.1670.3455.35推力室点火失败
6高混合比0.2040.3413.89推力室点火失败
7高混合比0.2500.3532.36成功、无烧蚀
8低混合比0.3650.1540.84成功、无烧蚀
9整机点火起动试验额定混合比0.2080.2791.73成功、无烧蚀起动后2s关机
), ArticleFig(id=1197272969903915191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782288958388, language=CN, label=表3, caption=低压火炬点火试验参数及结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号试验类型试验工况氢泵入口压力/MPa氧泵入口压力/MPa点火器总混合比试验结果
1火炬点火分系统试验额定混合比0.3140.3322.32成功、无烧蚀
2高混合比0.1620.4006.50成功、无烧蚀
3低混合比0.3650.1610.82成功、无烧蚀
4推力室点火试验额定混合比0.3140.2841.70成功、无烧蚀
5高混合比0.1670.3455.35推力室点火失败
6高混合比0.2040.3413.89推力室点火失败
7高混合比0.2500.3532.36成功、无烧蚀
8低混合比0.3650.1540.84成功、无烧蚀
9整机点火起动试验额定混合比0.2080.2791.73成功、无烧蚀起动后2s关机
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膨胀循环氢氧发动机火炬点火系统方案研究
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李锦江 1, 2 , 刘恒 1 , 刘登丰 1 , 褚宝鑫 1 , 张楠 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 动力系统 2024,47(3): 38-44
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 动力系统 2024, 47(3): 38-44
膨胀循环氢氧发动机火炬点火系统方案研究
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李锦江1, 2, 刘恒1, 刘登丰1, 褚宝鑫1, 张楠1
作者信息
  • 1北京航天动力研究所,北京,100076
  • 2中国航天科技集团有限公司低温液体推进技术实验室,北京,100076
  • 李锦江(1986—),男,博士研究生,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术。

    刘恒(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机涡轮泵技术。

    刘登丰(1980—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术。

    褚宝鑫(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为低温液体火箭发动机总体技术、涡轮泵技术。

    张楠(1960—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机总体技术、故障诊断技术。

Study on Torch Ignition Scheme for Expander Cycle LOX/LH2 Engine
Jinjiang LI1, 2, Heng LIU1, Dengfeng LIU1, Baoxin CHU1, Nan ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Aerospace Propulsion Institute,Beijing,100076
  • 2Cryogenic Liquid Propulsion Technology Laboratory,China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240306
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针对膨胀循环氢氧发动机多次点火需求,开展了火炬式电点火系统方案论证和仿真研究,明确了较为合理的低压火炬式电点火系统方案,并完成整机级试验验证。结果表明,氢主阀打开瞬间点火室混合比波动较大,可能造成结构烧蚀;从氢涡轮前引气氢、氧泵后引液氧的方案烧蚀风险较小,但对发动机起动和稳态特性有一定影响。试验验证了仿真分析结果,实现了中国液体火箭发动机首次低压火炬式电点火起动,初步表明点火系统方案可行。

膨胀循环  /  氢氧发动机  /  火炬式电点火  /  系统方案  /  仿真

In response to the multiple ignition requirement of the expander cycle hydrogen-oxygen engine, research on the torch ignition system scheme is conducted, and a relatively reasonable low-pressure torch ignition system scheme is identified. The results show that the mixing ratio of the torch igniter fluctuated greatly when opening the hydrogen main valve, which may cause structural ablation. The scheme of introducing hydrogen from the inlet of the hydrogen turbine and liquid oxygen from the outlet of the liquid oxygen pump has a lower ablation risk, but it has a certain impact on the engine's start-up and steady-state characteristics. The low-pressure torch ignition start-up tests of liquid rocket engine are carried out for the first time in China. The experimental results verify the simulation results, and indicating the feasibility of the scheme.

expander cycle  /  LOX/LH2 engine  /  torch igniter  /  system scheme  /  simulation
李锦江, 刘恒, 刘登丰, 褚宝鑫, 张楠. 膨胀循环氢氧发动机火炬点火系统方案研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (3) : 38 -44 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240306
Jinjiang LI, Heng LIU, Dengfeng LIU, Baoxin CHU, Nan ZHANG. Study on Torch Ignition Scheme for Expander Cycle LOX/LH2 Engine[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (3) : 38 -44 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240306
膨胀循环氢氧发动机具有系统简单、固有可靠性高、性能高等优点,是先进上面级的最佳选择[1-2]。 但氢氧为非自燃推进剂, 需使用外能源点火。其他国家氢氧发动机普遍采用火炬式电点火方案, 可实现多次点火, 如美国的RL10发动机采用从推力室氢头腔引气氢、氧主阀出口引气氧或氧泵出口引液氧的低压火炬式电点火方案[3-4];日本的LE-5A/B发动机和俄罗斯的RD0146发动机采用从氢泵出口引液氢、氧泵出口引液氧的低压火炬式电点火方案[5-6]; 欧洲的Vinci发动机采用气氢、气氧高压气瓶落压式供应的高压火炬式电点火方案[7]。中国氢氧发动机普遍采用火药点火,点火次数受限。
为满足运载火箭对上面级低温发动机多次点火的需求[8],急需攻克火炬式电点火技术。中国已开展了液氢液氧和气氧气甲烷高压火炬式电点火技术研究[9-12],但低压火炬式电点火的研究还处于起步阶段[13-15],尚未开展整机级的仿真和试验研究。本文针对膨胀循环氢氧发动机多次点火需求, 开展低压火炬式电点火系统方案论证和仿真研究, 并通过整机级点火起动试验对方案可行性进行验证。
火炬式电点火系统一般由点火室、点火阀门、电点火装置和管路等组成。按照点火室压力高低, 点火系统可分为高压火炬式电点火系统和低压火炬式电点火系统[16]
高压火炬式电点火系统的点火介质由独立气瓶供应, 因此点火室压力较高, 工作参数可独立设计和试验, 其优点是研制难度低、试验成本小, 但需要设置一套独立的气氢、气氧供应系统,涉及气瓶充放气、 压力监测、吹除置换等流程, 结构复杂, 使用维护不便, 且工作时间和起动次数受气瓶容量限制。
低压火炬式电点火系统的点火介质由发动机推进剂供应系统提供, 从泵后或主阀后等位置引出, 系统简洁, 质量较轻, 点火次数不受限制, 但点火系统需适应贮箱压力下的低压点火和发动机起动爬升过程中的参数剧烈变化, 点火系统与主系统高度耦合, 设计和试验难度较大。
鉴于低压火炬式电点火系统在质量和使用维护性方面的优势, 以及膨胀循环氢氧发动机大量的试验数据[11]可用于点火系统的设计和研究,因此选择低压火炬式电点火系统。
若不设置点火阀门, 点火系统的介质只能从氢、氧主阀后引出, 点火时点火系统与推力室氢、氧头腔同时充填, 点火室与推力室同时点火, 这将导致点火系统无法单独开展试验, 研究风险和代价较大, 并且研究过程中万一出现点火延迟, 将导致较大的点火压力峰, 可能造成发动机故障。点火延迟造成的故障在欧洲HM-7发动机飞行过程中多次出现,造成巨大损失[17]
因此, 氢、氧点火路均设置阀门, 点火系统方案类似日本的LE-5系列发动机[5]。设置点火阀门虽然增加了系统复杂性, 但也有其优点: 一方面, 点火系统的氢、氧流量和点火时序可独立控制, 降低了研究风险;另一方面,点火系统可独立工作,用于滑行段小流量排放预冷、小推力沉底和起动前预热推力室, 提高发动机功能和适应性。
点火氧可从氧泵前、氧泵后或氧主阀后引出, 这里选择从氧泵后引出, 发动机点火后无燃气逆流风险,对发动机起动过程适应性更好。
点火氢可从氢泵前、氢泵后、氢涡轮前、氧涡轮前或氢主阀前引出, 在氢泵后或氢涡轮前引出主要影响发动机室压, 在氧涡轮前引出主要影响发动机混合比,在氢主阀前引出对发动机影响最小,但当氢主阀打开时, 氢路压力波动对点火系统的影响最大, 会造成点火器混合比剧烈变化,可能造成点火器结构烧蚀。上述影响需通过仿真计算进行定量分析。
火炬点火起动过程是一个复杂的多物理场时变系统, 发动机起动仿真一般使用AMEsim、Mworks等系统仿真软件。AMESim是法国西门子公司推出的一款通用系统仿真商业软件, 已在航空、航天、汽车、 工程机械等众多行业得到广泛应用, 支持液压、气动、电磁、传热、低温两相流等多领域仿真[18]。本文使用AMESim软件对发动机火炬点火起动过程进行仿真。
建模时,氢、氧泵和低温管路使用两相流库(Two-Phase Flow), 氢、氧涡轮和气氢管路使用气动库(Pneumatic), 喷管使用液体推进库(Liquid Propulsion), 燃烧室使用混合气体库(Gas Mixture), 涡轮泵转子使用机械库(Mechanical), 上述组件无需二次开发。针对膨胀循环发动机最关键的推力室冷却夹套换热过程、燃烧室头部燃烧、氧主阀开度特性、汽蚀管以及两相流库与气动库之间的接口需二次开发[19],建立的仿真模型如图1所示。
根据9吨级膨胀循环氢氧发动机设计参数和组合件特性对仿真模型进行设置, 边界条件为: 氢入口压力${0.4}\mathrm{{MPa}}$、温度${21}\mathrm{\;K}$,氧入口压力${0.4}\mathrm{{MPa}}$、温度${90}\mathrm{\;K}$,推力室平均壁温${260}\mathrm{\;K}$,喷管出口压力${0.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。将氢、氧点火路的节流元件直径设为0,模拟采用火药点火时的起动特性, 氧主阀提前打开, 氢主阀$0\mathrm{\;s}$打开,得到的仿真结果与实际地面试车结果比对如图2所示。图2中结果以额定值为基准进行了归一化处理。
图2可以看出, 火药点火状态下发动机起动仿真结果与试验结果总体吻合较好, 峰值时刻和稳态值基本一致,起动加速过程偏差约${0.2}\mathrm{\;s}$。其中图2$\mathrm{\;b}$仿真曲线在${0.4}\mathrm{\;s}$左右存在室压阶跃上升的小台阶,是由于两相流库中采用均相两相流假设, 认为气液之间处于热平衡状态造成的, 与实际物理过程存在差异。上述偏差不影响对发动机点火起动过程的趋势性分析, 表明仿真模型可用于点火起动过程研究。
假设发动机起动前点火室单独工作的混合比为2 , 压力为${0.18}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,燃烧效率为0.9,点火室出口直径为${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,根据火箭发动机原理[20]计算,点火室的氢流量为${2.12}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{s}$,氧流量为${4.24}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{s}$,燃气流量为${6.36}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{s}$。假设点火室氢、氧喷嘴压降均为${0.05}\mathrm{{MPa}}$, 氢、氧点火节流元件流量系数均为0.8 ,忽略点火管路和点火阀门的流阻, 可计算点火系统氢、氧喷嘴和节流元件尺寸。氢泵后引液氢、氢涡轮前、氧涡轮前和氢主阀前引气氢4种方案的计算结果如表1所示。
表1参数设置点火系统氢、氧喷嘴和节流元件尺寸,并假设点火前低温组件已预冷好,对4种方案的发动机低压火炬点火起动过程进行仿真, 结果如图3所示。图3中结果除d、f外均以额定值为基准进行了归一化处理, 其中对照曲线为采用火药点火的仿真结果。图3c中0.4 s左右的混合比瞬时升高原因与图2b相同,并非真实物理过程,真实物理过程应该是从${0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$${0.6}\mathrm{\;s}$混合比逐渐升高。
图3中可以看出:
a)从宏观上看, 4种低压火炬点火方案与火药点火相比, 对发动机起动过程和稳态特性的影响均较小,具体见表2。从表2可知,方案2对发动机起动加速性和稳态室压的影响最大, 方案3对发动机稳态混合比的影响最大, 方案4对发动机起动加速性和稳态室压的影响最小,对稳态混合比的影响也较小。
b)在氢主阀$0\mathrm{\;s}$打开时,点火室混合比存在剧烈波动,波动的幅度为方案4>方案3>方案2>方案1。氢主阀打开后, 方案4和方案3点火室混合比分别升高至16和9左右,从而使燃气温度远高于${2000}\mathrm{\;K}$,可能导致点火室结构烧蚀; 方案2点火室混合比升高至3左右,燃气温度约${2000}\mathrm{\;K}$,但随着发动机工况爬升,其混合比和燃气温度下降最快,${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$降至点火前工况,${0.8}\mathrm{\;s}$降至${1000}\mathrm{\;K}$以下,因此结构烧蚀的风险最小。
c)方案1的点火室混合比和燃气温度波动最小, 其前提是仿真中假设低温结构在点火前已预冷好。 但在实际操作中, 由于氢节流元件和点火室氢喷嘴尺寸较小, 很难预冷至纯液氢条件, 尤其氢点火阀后管路和点火室氢头腔预冷存在较大困难。因此在实际点火过程中可能会气液夹杂, 从而导致混合比大幅波动。
综上, 方案2用于膨胀循环氢氧发动机低压火炬点火较为合理, 其系统原理如图4所示, 点火氧从氧泵后引出、点火氢从氢涡轮前引出, 点火室富燃工作, 氢、氧路均设置点火阀门。此方案对发动机起动加速性和主级稳态室压有一定影响, 但点火室烧蚀风险最小。与RL10发动机相比,此方案点火系统供应压力更高, 有利于提高点火室工作稳定性, 且通过独立的点火阀门可实现点火系统独立工作, 用于滑行段小流量预冷和小推力沉底, 具有较大优势和应用前景。
为验证上述分析结果, 按照方案2原理设计了一款低压火炬式电点火系统, 利用9吨级膨胀循环发动机, 开展了低压火炬点火起动过程试验研究。
参加试验的产品主要有点火室、电点火装置、点火阀门、节流元件、膨胀循环发动机及相关管路。为提高抗烧蚀性能, 点火室采用中心大富氧和气氢排放冷却设计,总混合比为2.0,氢氧总流量约为${6.0}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{s}$; 电点火装置由激励器、点火电缆和电嘴组成, 激励器储能约为${300}\mathrm{\;{mJ}}$,发火频率约为${100}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,电嘴端单火花能量大于${40}\mathrm{{mJ}}$。点火室和电点火装置如图5所示。
为研究整机状态下点火系统对不同工况的适应性, 考虑发动机实际工作的入口压力及可能的偏差范围,设计了3种工况, 分别对应额定混合比、高混合比和低混合比。为降低试验风险, 先进行整机级火炬点火分系统点火试验,工作时间$5\mathrm{\;s}$,推力室不点火; 成功后再进行整机级推力室点火试验, 工作时间${0.8}\mathrm{\;s}$,发动机不爬升; 最后进行额定混合比下的整机点火起动试验,工作时间$2\mathrm{\;s}$,发动机进入主级工况后关机。
试验发动机累计完成3次火炬点火分系统试验、 5次推力室点火试验和1次整机点火起动试验, 在中国首次实现了液体火箭发动机低压火炬式电点火起动, 达到的试验参数及结果如表3所示。图6为火炬点火与火药点火推力室点火瞬间的录像截图及整机起动过程燃烧室压力爬升曲线的比较。
a)中心富氧和气氢排放冷却的点火室具有较宽的点火混合比范围,在发动机氢入口压力0.162~ 0.365 MPa、氧入口压力0.154~0.4 MPa范围内,点火室总混合比0.82~6.50均点火成功,排放冷却可靠、 结构无烧蚀;
b)对上述点火室, 当点火室总混合比较高时无法点燃推力室, 其原因为: 点火室中心为富氧设计, 当总混合比较高时点火室中心混合比更高, 导致中心燃气温度过低,点火能量不足;
c)第9次试验,火炬点火系统从点火工况工作至发动机主级工况,未发生结构烧蚀,起动$2\mathrm{\;s}$后与发动机一起关机, 试验初步验证了火炬点火系统方案正确性和对发动机起动过程的适应性,从图6b可知,本文选择的低压火炬点火系统方案确实对发动机起动加速性和主级工况有一定影响, 验证了仿真结果;
d)从图6a可知,推力室采用火炬式电点火的瞬时冲击比火药点火小, 其可能原因为火药点火时用的是烟火药点火器, 其主要产物为高温固体颗粒, 而火炬点火器产生的是高温燃气, 高温燃气可以减少点火前推力室内的推进剂积存。
本文对膨胀循环氢氧发动机火炬式电点火系统方案进行论证, 对低压火炬式电点火的4种可能方案进行仿真分析, 优选出方案2完成了点火试验研究。结果表明:
a)低压火炬式电点火对发动机起动和稳态特性的影响均较小;
b)氢、氧路均设置点火阀门的低压火炬式电点火方案独立性较好, 氢涡轮前引气氢、氧泵后引液氧的方案对发动机起动过程的适应性更好;
c)中心富氧、气氢排放冷却、总混合比富燃的点火室具有较宽的点火混合比范围和良好的抗烧蚀性能, 但点火室总混合比较高时不能点燃推力室;
d)仿真及试验结果初步表明,点火室可工作至发动机主级工况, 发生烧蚀的可能性较小。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240306
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
  • 修回日期:2024-05-11
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民用航天技术预先研究项目(050106)
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    1北京航天动力研究所,北京,100076
    2中国航天科技集团有限公司低温液体推进技术实验室,北京,100076
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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