Article(id=1148011780984533325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240417, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715270400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-10, revisedDate=1720195200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636937614, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636937614, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636937614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636937614, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011781219414366, articleId=1148011780984533325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Design and Experiment Research on the Film Cooling of Optics Window at High Pressure and High Heat Flux, columnId=1154067658359165250, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Simulation and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The optics window is usually faced with severe aerodynamic heating, and there is a prominent image saturation problem because of high temperature. Therefore, researchers often use film cooling to isolate the direct heat convection from the outflow. A tangential high-density cooling film generation structure is designed which is used for high pressure and heat flux. Through reasonable ground test, numerical simulation and engineering calculation, the main factors affecting the cooling efficiency are studied. The preliminary results show that tangential high density gas film can reliably reduce the surface heat at high pressure and high heat flux. The research effectively adapts to the increasingly harsh optical observation environment.

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光学窗口应用面临的环境愈发严苛,特别是极端严酷的气动加热条件将使局部表面温度快速升高,这不但会导致窗口发生碎裂,而且容易引发光学成像装置的饱和/干扰问题,为此通常采用气膜冷却的方式来隔离外流对窗口的直接对流加热。针对高压高热流条件下的光学窗口,设计用于极端压力和热流条件下的切向冷却气膜生成结构及装置,并通过地面试验设计、数值模拟及工程计算,对极端力热环境中影响窗口气膜冷却效能的主要因素开展研究。初步研究结果表明,所提的气膜冷却设计能够可靠降低极端环境下光学窗口表面的气动加热,可满足光学观察环境愈发恶劣的发展要求。

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姜一通(1990—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护与地面试验设计。

陈政伟(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

那伟(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

张赋(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

刘峻瑜(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

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姜一通(1990—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护与地面试验设计。

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陈政伟(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

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陈政伟(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

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刘峻瑜(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

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Modern Defence Technology, 2020,48(3): 1-10., articleTitle=Opportunities, challenges and counter-measures for infrared imaging of hypersonic seeker flying in con-densed atmosphere, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197273761503298559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273761507492863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, companyId=1197273761503298559, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Institute of Aerospace Long March Vehicle,Beijing,100076), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273761528464384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, companyId=1197273761503298559, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197273786769784918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Mixed layer structure of the two-dimensional tangential film cooling, figureFileSmall=b6KZTI9pRJmA37qpdWF7cQ==, figureFileBig=CgjLMkh/x96kReEt+7FLvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273787851915355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=CN, label=图1, caption=切向二维气膜冷却混合层结构暨降热分区示意, figureFileSmall=b6KZTI9pRJmA37qpdWF7cQ==, figureFileBig=CgjLMkh/x96kReEt+7FLvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273789655466083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Static pressure effect of the cooling film, figureFileSmall=KKbGB5M+eK4G9nzYidzc6g==, figureFileBig=GEoT8GTeRRVlJD+1XzTPVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273791270273123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=CN, label=图2, caption=气膜喷流静压影响

Pc—冷流静压;Pm—主流静压。

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${m}_{\mathrm{c}}$—冷流流量;${m}_{\mathrm{r}}$—额定冷流流量。

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journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Cooling film working medium of optical window under high pressure and high heat flow conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质冷却效率流场稳定性气动光学效应工程可实现性
${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$一般一般易实现
He较难实现
超临界CO,难实现
${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}$难实现
${\mathrm{N}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$难实现
), ArticleFig(id=1197273808802463900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=CN, label=表1, caption=高压高热流条件光学窗口气膜工质性能, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质冷却效率流场稳定性气动光学效应工程可实现性
${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$一般一般易实现
He较难实现
超临界CO,难实现
${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}$难实现
${\mathrm{N}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$难实现
), ArticleFig(id=1197273809511301278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Test results of heat reduction efficiency of film cooling surface, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气膜状态降热效率/%
玻璃前玻璃中玻璃后
加强气膜10010098.0
强气膜99.396.292.4
标准气膜98.292.185.6
弱气膜93.183.875.2
), ArticleFig(id=1197273809955897506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=CN, label=表2, caption=气膜防护表面降热效率试验结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气膜状态降热效率/%
玻璃前玻璃中玻璃后
加强气膜10010098.0
强气膜99.396.292.4
标准气膜98.292.185.6
弱气膜93.183.875.2
), ArticleFig(id=1197273810937364646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Calculation of the maximum glass surface temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时刻点$/\mathrm{s}$0123
最高温度${}^{10}\mathrm{C}$0113153181
时刻点/s4567
最高温度${}^{1}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$204223240255
), ArticleFig(id=1197273811914637476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780984533325, language=CN, label=表3, caption=玻璃表面最大温度计算(标准气膜), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时刻点$/\mathrm{s}$0123
最高温度${}^{10}\mathrm{C}$0113153181
时刻点/s4567
最高温度${}^{1}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$204223240255
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高压高热流光学窗口气膜冷却设计与试验研究
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姜一通 , 陈政伟 , 那伟 , 张赋 , 刘峻瑜
导弹与航天运载技术 | 仿真与试验研究专栏 2024,47(4): 101-106
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 仿真与试验研究专栏 2024, 47(4): 101-106
高压高热流光学窗口气膜冷却设计与试验研究
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姜一通, 陈政伟, 那伟, 张赋, 刘峻瑜
作者信息
  • 北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
  • 姜一通(1990—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护与地面试验设计。

    陈政伟(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

    那伟(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

    张赋(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

    刘峻瑜(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器热防护。

Design and Experiment Research on the Film Cooling of Optics Window at High Pressure and High Heat Flux
Yitong JIANG, Zhengwei CHEN, Wei NA, Fu ZHANG, Junyu LIU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Aerospace Long March Vehicle,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240417
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光学窗口应用面临的环境愈发严苛,特别是极端严酷的气动加热条件将使局部表面温度快速升高,这不但会导致窗口发生碎裂,而且容易引发光学成像装置的饱和/干扰问题,为此通常采用气膜冷却的方式来隔离外流对窗口的直接对流加热。针对高压高热流条件下的光学窗口,设计用于极端压力和热流条件下的切向冷却气膜生成结构及装置,并通过地面试验设计、数值模拟及工程计算,对极端力热环境中影响窗口气膜冷却效能的主要因素开展研究。初步研究结果表明,所提的气膜冷却设计能够可靠降低极端环境下光学窗口表面的气动加热,可满足光学观察环境愈发恶劣的发展要求。

光学窗口  /  高压高热流  /  气膜冷却  /  主动降热  /  设计与试验

The optics window is usually faced with severe aerodynamic heating, and there is a prominent image saturation problem because of high temperature. Therefore, researchers often use film cooling to isolate the direct heat convection from the outflow. A tangential high-density cooling film generation structure is designed which is used for high pressure and heat flux. Through reasonable ground test, numerical simulation and engineering calculation, the main factors affecting the cooling efficiency are studied. The preliminary results show that tangential high density gas film can reliably reduce the surface heat at high pressure and high heat flux. The research effectively adapts to the increasingly harsh optical observation environment.

optics window  /  high pressure and high heat flux  /  film cooling  /  active heat reduction  /  design and experiment
姜一通, 陈政伟, 那伟, 张赋, 刘峻瑜. 高压高热流光学窗口气膜冷却设计与试验研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 101 -106 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240417
Yitong JIANG, Zhengwei CHEN, Wei NA, Fu ZHANG, Junyu LIU. Design and Experiment Research on the Film Cooling of Optics Window at High Pressure and High Heat Flux[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 101 -106 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240417
气膜冷却是一种通用化的高温部位主动冷却技术, 因其强冷却能力、可靠热气流隔离、物理过程相对明确且易于实现等特点, 被广泛应用于飞行器燃烧室内壁、发动机进气道、涡轮叶片外壁、光学观察窗口等关键局部结构热防护中。气膜冷却喷射基本构型通常包括多孔壁面喷射以及二维狭缝喷射两大类, 其中多孔壁面喷射冷却能效比高、易于加工实现, 二维狭缝喷射则覆盖更为均匀、具有更优的气动性能。
本文研究基于光学观察窗口的防热设计需求, 为了减小气动加热对于光学成像过程的影响, 通常针对光学窗口采取设置后向台阶、二维狭缝平行喷注的气膜冷却方案。该类型气膜具有覆盖均匀、掺混剪切流场降热结构明确(见图1)、相对良好的气动光学成像特性等特点,目前被普遍采用。
与传统的光学窗口气膜冷却技术多应用于低压(小于100 kPa)、低密度、较低热流(小于$1\mathrm{{MW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$)场合不同,本文所述的气膜冷却设计基于更为极端的环境条件, 其特点在于防护玻璃表面局部压力高达${1000}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,表面气动加热热流在${10}\mathrm{{MW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$以上。对于传统窗口气膜冷却[1-8]而言, 其气膜层压力低、相对密度梯度低, 流量需求比较小。然而对于后者, 气膜防护具有密度梯度大、防护压力高、保护距离显著缩短等特点。在这样的设计条件下,常规的气膜冷却设计方法已不再完全适用。
基于以上背景, 本文重点研究了极端力热环境下的光学窗口气膜热防护技术, 采取切向冷却气膜的方式, 建立了能够适应高压、高密度、强加热环境条件的气膜冷却方法。基于上述方法设计了相应气膜模拟生成装置, 通过燃气流以及电弧热考核试验设备完成了极端环境下气膜冷却的方案评价, 最终有效验证了在高压气动加热环境中采用气膜冷却保护光学窗口的原理正确性和方案可行性。
本节重点采用数值模拟的方式, 研究并分析了极端来流条件下切向气膜冷却局部流动情况。研究气膜重点参数影响包括: 出口静压、气膜流量、唇口高度、喷流马赫数、来流角度等,由于气膜喷流参数同喷射结构参数、高速来流参数存在一定的耦合、制衡关系,因而下述研究过程中采取控制变量原则, 气膜流动参数(包括静压、流量、马赫数等)与结构参数(包括型面、出口高度、唇口厚度等)在同一研究分组中不能同时发生变化。
在气膜流量、气膜出口及唇口高度不变的条件下,通过改变型面喉道尺寸研究了不同气膜出口静压的影响, 见图2。研究发现, 随着静压降低, 喷流马赫数提高, 而气膜喷出后的厚度显著变薄, 吹平冷却的范围有所减小,热流恢复区的冷却效果减弱。进一步研究表明,气膜出口压力应同主流匹配, 从而避免喷流高马赫数欠压被主流 “排挤”, 低马赫数喷流过压快速 “膨胀” 带来的能量损失。 气膜设计时通常取气膜出口压力同唇口上方压力比值在0.6~1之间,从而获得较优的气膜冷却综合性能。
在气膜结构参数(包括型面、出口高度、唇口厚度)控制不变的条件下,研究了不同气膜流量的影响, 见图3。研究发现, 随着气膜流量的降低, 气膜出口压力下降, 气膜喷出后的厚度变薄, 吹平冷却的范围减小,热流恢复区的起始位置提前,但对热流恢复爬升速率影响不大。此外, 相比于无气膜状态的表面热流分布, 采取气膜保护后降热效果明显。
在气膜流量、气膜马赫数、气膜出口与唇口高度之和不变的条件下,研究了不同气膜厚度(出口高度)的影响, 见图4。研究发现, 在上述限定变量研究条件下,气膜的生成厚度对于降热效果的影响不大。对于气膜厚度小(出口高度低)的情况,气膜喷出后很快同主流进行匹配, 气膜厚度快速增加至压力匹配的厚度;对于气膜厚度大(出口高度高)的情况, 亦是快速同主流匹配, 气膜厚度很快被压缩至压力匹配厚度。气膜厚度对降热效能的影响仅体现在出口局部且影响微弱。
在气膜流量、气膜结构参数不变的条件下, 对不同高速来流角度对气膜冷却效果的影响进行了研究, 见图5。研究表明, 来流条件(攻角)对气膜工作产生的影响显著。不同角度下, 气膜喷口前方产生的斜激波强度有所不同, 从而引发波后气流参数的显著差异。大攻角下,前置斜激波强度强,波后压力高、密度高,气膜喷出吹平段长度短,冷却区域的覆盖范围将大幅减小。以此来看, 当来流条件变化时, 跟随调控气膜的状态尤为必要的。
为产生适配高压高热流环境条件、匹配设定参数的均匀、稳定气膜,除必要的由气瓶、减压阀门、管路等组成的参数可控的供应系统外, 还需包括用于对高压气体整流从而形成所需气膜的喷流组件。喷流组件需要在适应所选气膜介质流动供应要求的基础上, 同时具备调配气膜关键特征参数的功能, 在部分应用场景下喷流组件还有剪切层混合过程抑制的功能设计[2]。具体而言,本场景下气膜生成设计关键点如下:
a)超声速气膜生成型面: 采用拉瓦尔收扩型面进行气流参数调控, 设计时综合考虑边界层内部当地马赫数较低、表面匹配压力高、气膜生成型面长度受制约等因素, 本文特定场景下采用的型面马赫数小于3, 型面出口同窗口壁面相切。此外, 由于高压高热流条件下设计采用的喉道尺寸以及扩张比小, 同时关系到喷流湍流度与气动光学性能等, 因而气膜生成型面的加工精度及表面粗糙度保证尤为重要。
b)气膜的均流稳压:为使超声速气膜更加均匀、 稳定, 在气膜喷射型面上游需要设置必要的稳压整流装置, 其作用在于将从供应管路中的气流减速并过渡填充至喷射型面入口, 以实现型面入口处气流满足在气膜宽度方向上密度、压力、速度等参数偏差较小的要求。高压高热流条件下气膜防护通常具有大流量的特点, 此时包括进气口的数量和位置、腔体容积、驻室高度、导流板孔径及孔密度等参量的设计都对最终气膜的均流稳压效果有比较显著的影响。
c)气膜工质:光学窗口气膜冷却可采用的工质包括$\mathrm{{He}}$、超临界${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{\;N}}_{2}$以及${\mathrm{N}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$等。选用时重点从冷却效率、流场稳定性、气动光学效应、工程可实现性上展开定性和定量评价, 从而选择最为合适的介质应用。通常来讲${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{NH}}}_{3}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$等虽然具有较高的冷却效率或储运便捷性, 但因涉及相变, 其气动光学效应相对显著, 因而涉及光学成像的场景下应用更为广泛的仍是${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$$\mathrm{{He}}$。气膜工质性能如表1所示。
作为光学窗口气膜冷却研究的重要环节, 需要开展必要的地面验证试验, 拟通过试验达到以下目的: a)验证严苛力热加载环境下,气膜冷却保护光学窗口设计的正确性、冷却效果的有效性和局部结构的合理性; b)针对高热流高压条件验证局部结构的热密封、热匹配进行综合防热性能验证; c)验证光学窗 ☐表面控温特性及其对成像的影响等。
采用燃气流或电弧加热产生的气体来模拟高温来流, 将气膜冷却光学窗口模型置于覆盖流场中进行考核, 通过匹配高温来流的参数、模型放置的位置角度等来实现有/无气膜状态下模型表面压力载荷、温升历程及其分布规律的相似, 基本原理如图6所示。
为模拟能够覆盖光学窗口局部的高压高热来流, 通常需要地面燃气流或电弧加热设备功率较高, 在此条件下对地面试验的设计提出了比较高的要求。
首先, 为实现窗口表面需求热环境的覆盖模拟, 需要重点关注高温来流冲击气膜冷却表面的斜激波起点位置,其应至少在气膜出口上游${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$以上,以维持预期的主流-气膜剪切流场结构。试验设计中应重点关注气膜同主流相对参数(密度比、速度比、声速比、压力比等)、玻璃应力参数(最大拉/压应力)以及热考核参数(峰值热流、加热量、最高温度、中心温度等)的模拟情况。在以上基础上, 试验局部结构应相对真实, 气膜出口设有感知气膜沿展向分布均匀性的压力测点, 均流稳压元器件设计规格可替换结构(见图7),特别是非气膜防护区域设计防护并重点关注高压下热密封等。
其次, 在高压高热流气膜试验设计计算过程中, 需要考虑高温来流辐射加热的影响, 这是因为气膜对流降热后得到的表面热流幅值和高温辐射热流幅值非常接近, 辐射热对表面加热的贡献已不可忽略。图8给出了高压高热流试验环境下气膜冷却辐射热对于防护表面加热的影响,其中 “k-kl-omega+DO radiation” 指采用k-kl-omega湍流模型、DO radiation辐射模型,“k-kl-omega”指采用k-kl-omega湍流模型、不采用辐射模型。
除此之外, 为解决光学窗口玻璃表面温度无法直接或间接(非接触测试通常涉及窗口红外透射)测量的问题,采用了如下的试验验证思路[3]: a)校测试验后对于校测试验件开展长程气膜试验, 测试热流传感器(常为铜塞)长程试验其表面及背面温度热响应, 进而间接推出表面热参数(包括气流温度与换热系数)分布;b)结合真实玻璃试验背温测试数据结果、前述推出的热参数结果以及数值计算得到的热参数分布, 对模型表面热参数实现修正, 随后通过非稳态导热分析计算得到真实玻璃表面温度。流程如图9所示。
在电弧加热条件下对气膜冷却光学窗口试验开展状态校测, 获得了不同流量下的测试分布如图10表2所示。其中标准状态试验重复校测3次,试验数据重复性良好。由试验结果可知, 降热效果明显, 标准状态及以上气膜降热效果均在${80}\%$以上,气膜线性降热段(降热效率大于95%)的长度随着流量的增加而增长, 气膜有无对于表面压力的测试结果影响不大。对于高压高热流条件下的窗口气膜冷却而言, 由于玻璃表面基准热流很高, 因而要求玻璃表面的降热效率全部在85% 以上, 即尽可能利用图1中的吹平防护区完成窗口防护。
对于某窗口玻璃开展气膜冷却验证试验, 确认了标准气膜状态下的防护效果。表3为采用温度辨识得到的标准气膜状态下玻璃表面最大温升情况。采用气膜后的玻璃表面温升由原来的${1600}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$以上被降低至260 °C以下。
图11对比了不同气膜状态下的数值计算、工程评估[4]和试验获得的冷却效能情况。通过对比表明,前期的降热效能的预示同最终试验结果吻合较好, 所采用的预示方法能够可靠用于试验设计热环境预判。
采用已获得的气膜冷却下光学窗口温度、压力、 热流等分布数据, 结合外部流场计算结果, 对玻璃开展热应力分析、红外成像透过性能分析等,其结果表明, 本文采用的气膜冷却设计方法能够有效解决高压高热流下的光学窗口防护及可靠成像难题。
本文所述高压切向气膜具有能量集中、隔离冷却效果好等特点, 通过内外流强剪切耦合流场的精确预示、切向气膜生成参数匹配、气膜整流及供应设计等,有效缓解了高速高压高热流条件下的光学窗口严酷气动加热问题。后续面向需求的进一步工程应用还需解决的主要问题主要有: 光学成像同冷却效能的平衡、使用代偿同降热效果的平衡等。
采用燃气流/电弧类地面加热设备能够模拟极端加热环境下光学窗口气膜冷却装置工作的热环境条件, 通过合理的地面试验实现了对设计的有效性验证。试验研究结果表明, 文中所述气膜冷却结构能够可靠降低极端环境条件下光学窗口表面的气动加热, 设计所采用的方法能够适应光学观察环境愈发恶劣的发展形势。
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2024年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240417
  • 接收时间:2024-05-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-10
  • 修回日期:2024-07-06
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    北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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