Article(id=1148011772730138666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240603, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1730390400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636935646, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636935646, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636935646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636935646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298864751989270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943802297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895906333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011772956631102, articleId=1148011772730138666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=The Influence of Inducer Blade Thickness on Cavitation Performance of Turbopumps, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effect of inducer blade thickness on cavitation performance, the liquid oxygen turbopump of a liquid rocket engine is taken as the research object. Four inducers with different blade thicknesses are designed by changing the thickness at the blade root, and the thickness at the blade tip changes accordingly with the change in blade root thickness. Strength verification and cavitation performance analysis are conducted for the inducers of these four schemes. The research results show that selecting thinner inducers can improve the cavitation performance of turbopumps while ensuring blade strength. Meanwhile, the thickness at the blade tip also has a significant impact on the cavitation performance of the turbopump.

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为探究诱导轮叶片厚度对空化性能的影响,以液体火箭发动机的液氧涡轮泵为研究对象,采用改变叶根处厚度的方法,设计了4种不同叶片厚度的诱导轮,其中叶尖处的厚度随着叶根处厚度的改变而相应变化。针对这4种方案的诱导轮,进行了强度校核和空化性能分析。研究结果显示,在保证叶片强度的前提下,选择较薄的诱导轮有助于改善涡轮泵的空化性能,同时,叶尖处的厚度对涡轮泵的空化性能也有显著影响。

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董兆一(1976—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流体机械设计。

路祥宾(1996—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为叶轮机械设计。

任建朝(1996—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为叶轮机械设计。

童志庭(1977—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为流体机械设计。

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董兆一(1976—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流体机械设计。

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名称 数值
设计流量${Q}_{\mathrm{d}}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}}\right)$ 70.5
设计转速$n/\left({\mathrm{r}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 35000
设计扬程${H}_{d}/\mathrm{m}$ 940
诱导轮叶片数 3
离心叶轮叶片数 7
诱导轮轮缘直径${D}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 50
进口边轮毂直径${d}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 15
出口边轮毂直径${d}_{\mathrm{h}2}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 26
), ArticleFig(id=1197270005583757344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011772730138666, language=CN, label=表1, caption=液氧涡轮泵的基本参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 数值
设计流量${Q}_{\mathrm{d}}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}}\right)$ 70.5
设计转速$n/\left({\mathrm{r}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 35000
设计扬程${H}_{d}/\mathrm{m}$ 940
诱导轮叶片数 3
离心叶轮叶片数 7
诱导轮轮缘直径${D}_{\mathrm{v}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 50
进口边轮毂直径${d}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 15
出口边轮毂直径${d}_{\mathrm{h}2}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 26
), ArticleFig(id=1197270005827026977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011772730138666, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Grid division of inducer, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 网格单元数 网格节点数 网格质量
方案一 338340 536945 0.311
方案二 379432 590197 0.327
方案三 374559 585222 0.272
方案四 382893 593826 0.283
), ArticleFig(id=1197270006187737122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011772730138666, language=CN, label=表2, caption=诱导轮网格划分情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 网格单元数 网格节点数 网格质量
方案一 338340 536945 0.311
方案二 379432 590197 0.327
方案三 374559 585222 0.272
方案四 382893 593826 0.283
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诱导轮叶片厚度对涡轮泵空化性能的影响
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董兆一 1, 2 , 路祥宾 3, 4 , 任建朝 3, 4 , 童志庭 3, 4
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(6): 14-20
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(6): 14-20
诱导轮叶片厚度对涡轮泵空化性能的影响
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董兆一1, 2, 路祥宾3, 4, 任建朝3, 4, 童志庭3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古中电储能技术有限公司,呼和浩特,010020
  • 2 国能信控互联技术有限公司,北京,100120
  • 3 天津市先进机电系统设计与智能控制重点实验室,天津,300384
  • 4 天津理工大学机电工程国家级实验教学示范中心,天津,300384
  • 董兆一(1976—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流体机械设计。

    路祥宾(1996—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为叶轮机械设计。

    任建朝(1996—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为叶轮机械设计。

    童志庭(1977—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为流体机械设计。

The Influence of Inducer Blade Thickness on Cavitation Performance of Turbopumps
Zhaoyi DONG1, 2, Xiangbin LU3, 4, Jianchao REN3, 4, Zhiting TONG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 Inner Mongolia CEES Energy Storage Technology Co. ltd,Hohhot,010020
  • 2 CHN Energy I&C Interconnection Technology Co.ltd,Beijing,100120
  • 3 Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System,Tianjin,300384
  • 4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education,Tianjin University of Technology,Tianjin,300384
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240603
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为探究诱导轮叶片厚度对空化性能的影响,以液体火箭发动机的液氧涡轮泵为研究对象,采用改变叶根处厚度的方法,设计了4种不同叶片厚度的诱导轮,其中叶尖处的厚度随着叶根处厚度的改变而相应变化。针对这4种方案的诱导轮,进行了强度校核和空化性能分析。研究结果显示,在保证叶片强度的前提下,选择较薄的诱导轮有助于改善涡轮泵的空化性能,同时,叶尖处的厚度对涡轮泵的空化性能也有显著影响。

诱导轮  /  液氧涡轮泵  /  叶尖厚度  /  强度校核  /  空化性能

To investigate the effect of inducer blade thickness on cavitation performance, the liquid oxygen turbopump of a liquid rocket engine is taken as the research object. Four inducers with different blade thicknesses are designed by changing the thickness at the blade root, and the thickness at the blade tip changes accordingly with the change in blade root thickness. Strength verification and cavitation performance analysis are conducted for the inducers of these four schemes. The research results show that selecting thinner inducers can improve the cavitation performance of turbopumps while ensuring blade strength. Meanwhile, the thickness at the blade tip also has a significant impact on the cavitation performance of the turbopump.

inducer  /  liquid oxygen turbopump  /  tip thickness  /  strength check  /  cavitation performance
董兆一, 路祥宾, 任建朝, 童志庭. 诱导轮叶片厚度对涡轮泵空化性能的影响. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (6) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240603
Zhaoyi DONG, Xiangbin LU, Jianchao REN, Zhiting TONG. The Influence of Inducer Blade Thickness on Cavitation Performance of Turbopumps[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (6) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240603
涡轮泵作为液体火箭发动机的关键组件, 发挥着为所携带的液体燃料提供必需压力的作用, 液体火箭发动机整体性能在很大程度上取决于其稳定性, 所以对涡轮泵的稳定性进行深入研究具有重要意义[1]。为了减小推进剂储存箱的压力和提升发动机的推重比, 一般采用提高涡轮泵的转速和降低入口压力的方式。 但是涡轮泵在入口压力较低的条件下, 极易产生空化问题[2-3]。空化会产生气泡堵塞涡轮泵的流道,导致涡轮泵无法稳定运行, 对发动机的多次启动有重要影响。在空化气泡破裂期间, 周围的液体介质中会形成局部热点[4-5],出现强烈的冲击波,对叶片及壳体造成较大的损坏。同时会因为产生旋转空化、空化喘振等问题,使诱导轮承受脉动压力,造成结构的振动[6-7],严重时会影响液氧甲烷发动机的正常运行。
为了提高涡轮泵的空化性能, 国内外学者针对诱导轮进行了大量研究。Kimura等[8]在涡轮泵诱导轮中观察到旋转空化和空化喘振等非定常空化现象, 并针对这一现象进行研究和预测。Mansour等[9]对水泵诱导轮内的空气-水两相流流动特性进行了研究, 数值结果表明, 诱导轮在气液两相流条件下能够显著改善离心泵的性能。Fujii等[10]发现诱导轮的叶尖形状对诱导轮的空化性能有显著影响, 圆形叶尖设计在抑制不稳定空化方面表现更好, 尽管回流略有增加, 但整体性能提升明显。Mejri等[11]发现轮毂形状能够影响诱导轮的空化性能, 并分析了3种不同轮毂形状诱导轮的空化性能, 结果表明, 圆锥轮毂形状的诱导轮具有更优越的空化性能。Guo等[12]研究了诱导轮叶片数对离心泵空化性能的影响, 对3种叶片数量的诱导轮进行数值模拟, 结果表明, 三叶片诱导轮具有更好的空化性能。王珏等[13]研究了环形槽对诱导轮空化性能的影响, 发现带环形槽的诱导轮能够抑制空化现象。许陈栋等[14]采用响应面分析和数值模拟的方式, 对诱导轮叶片参数进行了优化, 在研究中发现减小诱导轮叶片厚度, 可以大幅提高泵的空化性能。
目前对诱导轮抑制空化的研究主要集中在后掠角角度、转子叶片数以及安装环形槽等方向,研究叶片厚度对空化性能的影响较少。因此, 本文针对涡轮泵存在空化问题, 在满足叶片强度的前提下, 探究诱导轮叶片厚度对空化性能的影响。
本文研究的涡轮泵输送介质为液氧, 主要分为进水口段、诱导轮、离心叶轮做功段、无叶扩压器、蜗壳、出口段。表1为该涡轮泵的基本参数。图1为液氧涡轮泵计算模型。
在诱导轮运行过程中, 叶片的应力主要集中在轮毂处, 当厚度较小时, 叶轮首先会在轮毂处发生断裂, 因此在设计过程中首先应保证叶片在轮毂处的强度满足要求。本文提出的设计方案在保证叶缘处厚度不变的前提下调整叶片轮毂处的厚度, 使叶片的厚度呈楔形分布。当叶根处厚度改变时,叶尖的厚度会随之改变。在满足叶片强度的前提下, 探究叶尖厚度对涡轮泵的空化性能的影响。图2为诱导轮轮缘和轮毂位置。
本节将对4种不同叶片厚度的诱导轮进行结构强度校核, 以确定一种既能满足叶片结构强度要求又能提高涡轮泵空化性能的叶片厚度。方案一的加厚方式是叶片轮毂处厚度设置为$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$;方案二的加厚方式是叶片轮毂处厚度设置为$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$;方案三的加厚方式是叶片轮毂前缘处厚度设置为${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,到叶片弦长的${30}\%$位置后逐渐增加至$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$;方案四的加厚方式是叶片轮毂前缘处厚度设置为$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,到叶片弦长的${30}\%$位置后逐渐增加至$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。 4种方案叶片的轮缘采用相同的加厚方式, 即轮缘前缘处厚度设置为${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,轮缘尾缘处厚度为${0.6}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,且厚度均匀过渡。图3中标注了诱导轮轮毂处厚度的变化情况。
本次设计诱导轮的材料选择的是${316}\mathrm{\;L}$不锈钢, 采用$3\mathrm{D}$打印的方式对其进行加工制造,使用ANSYS自带的Mesh实现诱导轮网格划分, 其中每个方案诱导轮的网格划分情况如表2所示。网格质量均在0.25以上,可用于模拟求解。
在涡轮泵工作过程中, 流体介质会对诱导轮叶片和轮毂产生压力, 将CFX流场计算的压力载荷导入诱导轮和轮毂表面。诱导轮为旋转组件, 给诱导轮添加旋转速度。为了限制诱导轮的轴向位移, 诱导轮与主轴之间添加了位移约束,并在主轴中间添加了固定约束。
本文设计的液氧涡轮泵旋转速度高, 流体易产生不良流动,流道内速度梯度大,湍流模型选择SST$k -\omega$,该模型将$k -\omega$模型和$k -\varepsilon$模型相结合, 能够更准确地预测由不同压力梯度导致的分离涡。为便于处理静态无限不可压缩流体的空泡发展及破裂的规律, 采用基于Rayleigh-Plesse方程的输运模型的Zwart-Gerber-Belamri模型:
${m}^{+ }= {F}_{\mathrm{{vap}}}\frac{3{\alpha }_{\mathrm{{nuc}}}\left({1 -{\alpha }_{\mathrm{v}}}\right){\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{B}}}\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{v}}- P}{{\rho }_{1}}}P <{P}_{\mathrm{v}}$
${m}^{- }= {F}_{\text{cond }}\frac{3{\alpha }_{\text{nuc }}{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{v}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{B}}}\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}\frac{P -{P}_{\mathrm{v}}}{{\rho }_{1}}}P \geq {P}_{\mathrm{v}}$
式中${m}^{+ }$为流体蒸发速率;${m}^{- }$为流体凝结速率;${F}_{\mathrm{{vap}}}$,${F}_{\text{cond }}$分别为气化和压缩过程中两个经验参数;${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{nuc}}}$为成核位置的气相体积分数;${\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}$为气体密度;${\rho }_{1}$为液体密度;${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$为成核位置的气泡半径;${P}_{\mathrm{v}}$为饱和蒸汽压。
有效空化余量NPSHa是由吸入装置提供的, NPSHa越大, 泵越不容易发生汽蚀。以扬程下降3% 对应的有效空化余量作为必须汽蚀余量NPSHr,$\mathrm{{NPSHr}}$越小,代表泵的抗汽蚀性能越好。根据文献[15]定义装置有效空化余量, 其公式为
$\text{ NPSHa }= \frac{{P}_{\text{in }}- {P}_{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho g}$
式中${P}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$为进口压力;$\rho$为流体密度;${P}_{\mathrm{v}}$为饱和蒸汽压,在本研究中液氧在${92}\mathrm{\;K}$时的饱和蒸汽压为${0.12}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
对涡轮泵进行网格无关性验证的目的是排除网格数量对模拟结果的影响, 因此在计算之前对涡轮泵整体网格进行无关性验证。分别取435万、518万、 629万、 767万、 798万、 851万6组网格数进行数值模拟, 当网格数大于767万时, 泵的扬程和效率变化值小于1%,为保证网格质量和数值模拟结果的真实性且考虑到计算时间, 最终确定整体网格数量为767万。图4为划分的涡轮泵流体域网格。
本文使用ANSYA CFX软件对液氧涡轮泵进行数值模拟计算。进口边界条件为总压进口(Total Pressure), 出口边界条件采用质量流量出口(Bulk Mass Flow Rate)。定常非空化数值计算的工质为液氧, 温度为${92}\mathrm{\;K}$,空化数值计算的两种工质为${92}\mathrm{\;K}$的液态氧和${92}\mathrm{\;K}$的气态氧,饱和蒸汽压为${0.12}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,空化数值计算时, 液态氧的体积分数为1 , 气态氧的体积分数为0 。以定常非空化的计算结果作为空化计算的初始值, 通过不断降低进口总压, 来监测不同空化状态下的扬程。残差类型为RMS,将所有残差收敛到${10}^{-4}$以下或者进口总压恒定时作为收敛依据。
液氧涡轮泵通常应用于液体火箭发动机上, 在试验中通常需要建立和维持高压液氧环境, 这要求试验设备能够耐受高压环境。液氧涡轮泵包含高速旋转的涡轮和泵等部件, 其运行速度非常高, 需要极高的制造水平才能制造出符合要求的高速旋转组件, 并且需要高精度的传感器和仪器才能采集到精确的数据。受限于试验环境和仪器, 不能对设计出来的液氧涡轮泵进行试验。为了验证数值结果的准确性, 本文以一台型号为HPZX600/28的离心水泵为模型泵进行试验, 验证数值计算方法的准确性。
图5a为离心泵水力性能计算与试验的结果对比图, 可以看出, 数值计算的结果要高于试验结果, 这是因为在数值计算过程中忽略了离心泵表面粗糙度和前后腔的影响。离心泵在${303.18}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$${515.78}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$${611.74}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$${809.63}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$流量下的扬程的试验值分别为${34.55}\mathrm{\;m}$${33.38}\mathrm{\;m}$${31.30}\mathrm{\;m}$${24.79}\mathrm{\;m}$,数值计算与试验值的误差分别为2.7%、3.1%、4.2%、2.9%, 不同流量下的效率误差分别为1.2%、0.9%、0.5%、 1.1%。数值结算结果与试验结果相比较, 扬程最大相差为4.2%,效率最大相差为1.2%。
图5b为离心泵空化试验与数值计算数据得到的空化曲线。定义临界空化余量为泵扬程下降3% 时的有效空化余量, 通过不断降低泵的进口压力来测得泵的临界空化余量。离心泵临界空化余量的试验值为${7.17}\mathrm{\;m}$,数值计算的临界空化余量为${7.51}\mathrm{\;m}$,其相对误差为4.7%。
通过对比离心泵试验与数值计算的外特性空化性能曲线可知, 离心泵的性能误差均在可允许范围内, 所以数值计算具有一定的准确性, 可用于本研究工作。
图6展示了4种诱导轮叶片厚度下的等效应力云图, 清晰呈现了诱导轮各部分的应力分布情况。诱导轮轮毂与叶片相交的区域表现出较大的应力集中区域,方案一显示最大应力区域位于叶片长度的30% 处的叶根位置。
方案二通过在叶根位置对叶片加厚以减少应力集中, 可以观察到方案二的最大应力明显小于方案一, 并且在叶尖处的应力较小。
方案三和方案四降低了叶尖处的厚度, 在对比方案一和方案二时, 方案三和方案四的最大等效应力明显低于前两个方案, 其中, 方案三的最大等效应力最小。这是因为减小了叶片的叶尖厚度, 使叶尖部分受到的载荷冲击减小,并且在容易发生应力集中的区域加厚了叶片, 有助于缓解应力集中的情况。
据阎昱等[16]研究,对${316}\mathrm{\;L}$不锈钢进行增材制造,发现激光填充功率为${300}\mathrm{\;W}$时,${316}\mathrm{\;L}$不锈钢的屈服强度为${290}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。在这4种诱导轮厚度方案中,最大的等效应力分别为${362.39}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${234.84}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${108.08}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${166.04}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。按照第四强度理论计算, 并考虑安全系数为1.2 , 得出方案二、方案三和方案四的强度满足运行要求。
图7为涡轮泵在不同诱导轮叶片厚度下的外特性曲线。对比图中4种方案下的扬程和效率曲线可得, 诱导轮叶片厚度对涡轮泵的外特性影响较小, 仅在流量为${0.8}{Q}_{\mathrm{d}}$时(已归一化处理),方案一的效率与其他方案存在较大差值, 在其他工况下, 4种方案的涡轮泵的扬程和效率差别都很小。
图8为4种诱导轮设计方案下的液氧涡轮泵空化性能曲线。从图8中可以看出, 不同叶片厚度诱导轮涡轮泵的空化性能相差较大。4种方案的空化性能曲线变化的趋势相似, 随着进口压力的减小, 扬程先基本保持不变, 当进口压力降低到临界压力后, 涡轮泵总扬程开始陡然下降。4种不同叶片厚度诱导轮涡轮泵的NPSHr分别为${13.51}\mathrm{\;m}$${15.08}\mathrm{\;m}$${11.26}\mathrm{\;m}$和13.46。对比方案一与方案二可得, 诱导轮叶片越厚, 空化性能越差, 对比方案二与方案三可得, 叶尖的厚度对涡轮泵的空化性能有着极大的影响, 对比方案三和方案四可得, 叶尖厚度越薄, 空化性能越好。由此可得, 在设计过程中, 在满足诱导轮叶片强度的情况下, 应选择较薄的诱导轮叶片, 并且尽可能降低诱导轮叶片的叶尖部分厚度。
图9为诱导轮和离心叶轮流道内空泡分布,图9a图9d分别是不同方案的涡轮泵在NPSHa为${20.71}\mathrm{\;m}$${15.08}\mathrm{\;m}$${13.51}\mathrm{\;m}$${11.26}\mathrm{\;m}$下,空泡体积分数为10% 的等值面图。
图9a显示在$\mathrm{{NPSHa}}= {20.71}\mathrm{\;m}$时,4个方案下诱导轮和离心叶轮流道内空泡的分布情况。观察可知, 离心叶轮流道内出现的空泡位置位于叶轮的叶尖处, 且数量较少。相比之下,在诱导轮流道内,空泡主要出现在叶片的前缘位置和轮缘处。在方案一和方案二中, 叶片前缘压力面出现了空泡分布。对比4个方案,可以看出方案三诱导轮流道内出现的空泡最少。 在此阶段, 4个方案均处于空化初生阶段。
图9b展示了在NPSHa=15.08 m时,诱导轮和离心叶轮流道内的空泡分布情况。与图9a的比较分析表明, 随着空化余量的降低, 诱导轮吸力面处的空泡体积有显著增长, 且轮缘处的空泡从进口处向出口处延伸。方案一和方案二中, 诱导轮吸力面上的空泡体积也在不断增大, 尤其是方案二, 其吸力面上的空泡增大尤为明显, 并且即将阻塞流道。此外, 方案二离心叶轮流道内叶缘处的空泡体积也在增大, 而另外3种离心叶轮流道内的空泡未发生明显变化。此时, 方案二已处于临界空化阶段, 而其他方案处于空化发展阶段。
图9$\mathrm{c}$显示当NPSHa降到${13.51}\mathrm{\;m}$时,4个方案的流道内的空泡体积进一步增加, 空化现象加剧。在方案一和方案四中, 诱导轮吸力面上几乎充满了空泡, 而离心叶轮流道内叶缘处的空泡体积也增大。在方案二中, 诱导轮流道已经完全堵塞, 同时离心叶轮流道内的空泡体积不断增加并朝向出口延伸。在方案三中, 诱导轮流道内的空泡向出口延伸, 但离心叶轮流道内的空泡变化不大。在这个阶段, 方案一已处于临界空化阶段, 方案二则已完全空化, 此时涡轮泵能够工作, 但性能大幅下降, 而方案三仍处于空化发展阶段。
当NPSHa继续下降至${11.26}\mathrm{\;m}$时,根据图9$\mathrm{\;d}$所示, 方案一、方案二和方案四的诱导轮以及离心叶轮流道内均充满了空泡。这种情况下, 涡轮泵已经发生了严重的空化, 无法正常工作。而在方案三中, 诱导轮流道内的空泡即将充满吸力面, 同时离心叶轮流道内的空泡体积增大。这表明涡轮泵已接近临界空化阶段, 而在这4种方案中, 空化性能最佳的是方案三。
对比同一方案下不同空化余量涡轮泵的空化性能, 结果表明随着有效空化余量的减小, 流道内的空泡体积逐渐增加,涡轮泵的总扬程也在缓慢下降。 当诱导轮流道出现更多的空泡, 甚至堵塞流道时, 涡轮泵的扬程表现为急剧下降, 这表明诱导轮对流体失去了做功能力。对比同一有效空化余量下方案一和方案二的空化性能, 结果表明诱导轮叶片厚度对空化性能影响显著, 较厚的诱导轮叶片空化性能较差, 流道内的空泡体积明显增多。对比同一有效空化余量下方案二、方案三和方案四的空化性能, 结果表明减小诱导轮叶尖的厚度可以使流道内的空泡体积减小, 并且诱导轮叶尖越薄, 对空化性能的提升越明显。
本文基于商业软件ANSYS CFX数值模拟软件, 通过对诱导轮的叶片厚度进行调整, 探究了4种不同诱导轮叶片厚度对涡轮泵外特性及空化性能的影响规律。
a)对4种不同厚度的诱导轮强度进行分析, 发现诱导轮最大应力区域出现在叶片与轮毂交界处。通过对叶片轮毂处加厚, 可以满足诱导轮叶片的强度要求。
b)对4种不同厚度的诱导轮空化性能进行分析, 叶片较厚的诱导轮在抗空化方面表现不佳, 而叶片较薄的诱导轮, 尤其是叶尖部分, 展现出更好的抗空化特性。因此, 在进行诱导轮设计时, 确保叶片具有足够强度的同时, 适当减小诱导轮叶片和叶尖的厚度, 可以提高涡轮泵空化性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51976139)
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2024年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240603
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-11-01
基金
国家自然科学基金(51976139)
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    1 内蒙古中电储能技术有限公司,呼和浩特,010020
    2 国能信控互联技术有限公司,北京,100120
    3 天津市先进机电系统设计与智能控制重点实验室,天津,300384
    4 天津理工大学机电工程国家级实验教学示范中心,天津,300384
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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