Article(id=1148011770746233739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240501, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=1726588800000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636935173, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636935173, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636935173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636935173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148087921783075097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751655090995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895903201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680873427390506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680873427390507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011770930783125, articleId=1148011770746233739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=A Method of TDOA Location in LOS Environment based on Target Movement Pattern, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) is a widely used passive positioning technology with high precision, strong ability of collaborating, high robustness. The issues of computational complexity and slow accuracy convergence for the positioning of moving target are addresses. Based on the positioning model in LOS (Line of Sight) environment, a positioning method suitable for a multi-station TDOA system is provided. After linearizing collaboration TDOA positioning relationship equations into a statistical estimation problem, this method online converges iteratively to solutions of targets' locations. A multiplatform collaborative positioning algorithm for different motion characteristics of the targets. Simulations results demonstrate that the provided method can achieve precise positioning. Moreover, the impact of motion patterns on positioning accuracy is analyzed, and simulation results provide guidance for system engineering design.

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时差定位(Time Difference of Arrival, TDOA)是一种广泛应用的被动定位技术,具有定位精度高、组网能力强、系统鲁棒性强等特点。针对运动目标定位计算复杂、精度收敛较慢等问题,在给出视距(Line of Sight,LOS)环境下定位模型的基础上,提出了定位适用于多站时差定位系统的定位方法,该方法将组群时差定位关系方程合理地线性化为统计估计问题,利用在线迭代实时求解目标位置。给出了针对目标不同运动特性条件下的多平台协同定位算法及其仿真结果,仿真结果表明所述方法可以实现对目标的精确定位,并且分析了运动形式对于定位精度的影响,仿真结果对于系统的工程设计具有指导作用。

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李巍(1982—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计、先进电子技术。

刘佳琪(1963—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计、先进电子技术。

李虎(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为先进电子技术。

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算法与场景 平均定位误差/km 计算耗时/ ms
静止目标解算算法 静止目标 0.982 0.402
运动目标解算算法 场景1 0.591 0.444
场景2 10.618 0.467
场景3 0.781 0.450
), ArticleFig(id=1197272348576497862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011770746233739, language=CN, label=表1, caption=仿真定位误差及计算耗时统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法与场景 平均定位误差/km 计算耗时/ ms
静止目标解算算法 静止目标 0.982 0.402
运动目标解算算法 场景1 0.591 0.444
场景2 10.618 0.467
场景3 0.781 0.450
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一种LOS环境下基于目标运动形式的TDOA定位方法
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李巍 , 刘佳琪 , 李虎
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(5): 1-7
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(5): 1-7
一种LOS环境下基于目标运动形式的TDOA定位方法
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李巍, 刘佳琪, 李虎
作者信息
  • 北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
  • 李巍(1982—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计、先进电子技术。

    刘佳琪(1963—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计、先进电子技术。

    李虎(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为先进电子技术。

A Method of TDOA Location in LOS Environment based on Target Movement Pattern
Wei LI, Jiaqi LIU, Hu LI
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Space Long March Vehicle,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240501
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时差定位(Time Difference of Arrival, TDOA)是一种广泛应用的被动定位技术,具有定位精度高、组网能力强、系统鲁棒性强等特点。针对运动目标定位计算复杂、精度收敛较慢等问题,在给出视距(Line of Sight,LOS)环境下定位模型的基础上,提出了定位适用于多站时差定位系统的定位方法,该方法将组群时差定位关系方程合理地线性化为统计估计问题,利用在线迭代实时求解目标位置。给出了针对目标不同运动特性条件下的多平台协同定位算法及其仿真结果,仿真结果表明所述方法可以实现对目标的精确定位,并且分析了运动形式对于定位精度的影响,仿真结果对于系统的工程设计具有指导作用。

时差定位  /  无源定位  /  运动目标定位  /  再入飞行器  /  定位精度

TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) is a widely used passive positioning technology with high precision, strong ability of collaborating, high robustness. The issues of computational complexity and slow accuracy convergence for the positioning of moving target are addresses. Based on the positioning model in LOS (Line of Sight) environment, a positioning method suitable for a multi-station TDOA system is provided. After linearizing collaboration TDOA positioning relationship equations into a statistical estimation problem, this method online converges iteratively to solutions of targets' locations. A multiplatform collaborative positioning algorithm for different motion characteristics of the targets. Simulations results demonstrate that the provided method can achieve precise positioning. Moreover, the impact of motion patterns on positioning accuracy is analyzed, and simulation results provide guidance for system engineering design.

TDOA  /  passive positioning  /  moving target positioning  /  re-entry vehicle  /  positioning accuracy
李巍, 刘佳琪, 李虎. 一种LOS环境下基于目标运动形式的TDOA定位方法. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (5) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240501
Wei LI, Jiaqi LIU, Hu LI. A Method of TDOA Location in LOS Environment based on Target Movement Pattern[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (5) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240501
随着当前再入飞行技术日新月异的发展, 为了满足研究人员对位置服务的需求, 各种定位技术不断发展。其中空间无源定位作为常见的定位应用, 一直受到业界的重视[1-2]。无源定位技术按观测站数量可以分为单站无源定位和多站无源定位。单站无源定位的优势是隐蔽性好、利用资源少、机动性强, 但面对复杂的战场电磁环境,较难及时准确获取战场信息[3-4]。 多站无源定位观测站之间测量信息互补性强, 能够及时地获取准确的战场信息, 但观测站之间要协同工作并传输大量数据, 复杂性增加, 独立性和机动性受限[5]。由于空间定位能够形成视距(Line of Sight, LOS)条件, 伴随空间平台计算能力和通信技术的飞速发展以及机载星载定位系统的成熟运用, 多站时差定位逐渐在军事和民用领域得到了广泛应用[6]
本文在给出LOS环境下定位模型基础上, 提出适用于多站时差定位系统的定位解算方法, 将组群时差定位关系方程转化为估计问题, 通过逐步迭代转化为线性模型[7],结合线性估计与统计滤波[8-9],利用数值迭代对目标进行定位解算。本文还给出了针对不同运动特性条件下目标的多平台协同定位算法及其仿真结果, 仿真结果表明所述方法可以实现对目标位置的精确测量,且分析了运动形式对于定位精度的影响。
LOS环境下TDOA定位采用被动定位方式, 属于反罗兰[10]定位体制。观测平台自身不发射信号,通过接受并计算辐射源目标到达各平台的时间差解算出目标位置, 完成对辐射源的定位。到达时间差可形成曲线(二维情况)或曲面(三维情况)关系, 利用多个观测平台获取的多组时间差信息可形成多曲线或曲面关系,目标位置即为该曲线或曲面的交点。为得到辐射源的位置信息, 要求方程数量大于等于未知变量数量。而每个从平台与主平台的到达时间差可以构成一组方程, 辐射源的二维(或三维)位置信息至少需要1个主平台及2个(或3个)从平台。选用更多从平台虽然能够增加定位的精度和可靠性, 但会使成本增加。典型的空间平台时差定位系统通常由1个主平台和3个从平台构成, 能够获取3组时差信息形成3组方程, 能够保证时差定位解算过程的可靠性及准确性。典型时差定位系统建模如图1所示。
笛卡尔坐标系下目标$T$的位置记为(x, y, z),主观测站与3个从观测站的位置信息分别记为${S}_{0}\left({{x}_{0},{y}_{0},{z}_{0}}\right)$${S}_{1}\left({{x}_{1},{y}_{1},{z}_{1}}\right)$${S}_{2}\left({{x}_{2},{y}_{2},{z}_{2}}\right)$${S}_{3}\left({{x}_{3},{y}_{3},{z}_{3}}\right)$。为方便描述,下文公式中如无特殊指出,$i = 0,1,2,3$,同时不失一般性地设目标运动于2维平面。将目标到主平台${S}_{0}$和从平台${S}_{1}\text{、}{S}_{2}\text{、}{S}_{3}$的距离分别记为${r}_{i}$,将辐射源到达主平台及从平台的距离差记为$\Delta {r}_{i}$; 辐射源信号传递速度记为$c$(对于电磁波则为光速); 将辐射源发出信号到达主平台${S}_{0}$和从平台${S}_{1}$${S}_{2}$${S}_{3}$的时刻分别记为${t}_{i}$,将辐射源到达主平台及从平台的时间差记为$\Delta {t}_{i}$。可以得到如下时间距离关系:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{r}_{0}^{2}= {\left( x -{x}_{0}\right)}^{2}+ {\left( y -{y}_{0}\right)}^{2}+ {\left( z -{z}_{0}\right)}^{2}\\{r}_{i}^{2}= {\left( x -{x}_{i}\right)}^{2}+ {\left( y -{y}_{i}\right)}^{2}+ {\left( z -{z}_{i}\right)}^{2}\\\Delta {r}_{i}= c \cdot \Delta {t}_{i}= c \cdot \left({{t}_{i}- {t}_{0}}\right)= {r}_{i}- {r}_{0}\end{array}\right.$
由上述时间距离数值关系可以得到一个非线性方程组,其解(x, y, z)在几何空间中表示目标位置信息:
$\begin{array}{l} \sqrt{\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{2}+\left(y-y_{0}\right)^{2}+\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{2}}- \\ \quad \sqrt{\left(x-x_{i}\right)^{2}+\left(y-y_{i}\right)^{2}+\left(z-z_{i}\right)^{2}}=c \Delta t_{i} \end{array}$
本章给出基于目标运动形式的TDOA定位方法具体流程, 该算法充分考虑了空间平台计算性能受限的情况, 同时保证了时差定位计算精度。该方法能够设置目标运动模型中状态变量初始值及协方差矩阵初始值, 结合采集到的数据计算状态预测值, 计算状态预测协方差[11]及滤波增益[12-13],计算状态滤波值及协方差并输出定位结果。根据计算复杂程度及目标不同的运动形式, 分别给出了适用于静止目标及运动目标的定位算法。
本节给出TDOA定位解算算法, 该算法计算量较小, 适用于静止目标的定位, 还可用于给出运动目标定位算法的初值。该算法主要可分为线性位置迭代估计及递推滤波两部分,具体步骤如下。
a)线性位置迭代估计。
用迭代法将待求方程依次线性化展开,化为线性估计问题, 并选用最佳线性无偏估计(Best Linear Unbiased Estimation, BLUE)[14-15]。记线性迭代的初始点为${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}= {\mathbf{X}}_{p, o},{\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}$到各站的距离为${r}_{i}\left( t\right)= \begin{Vmatrix}{{\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}- {\mathbf{X}}_{S}^{i}\left( t\right)}\end{Vmatrix}$, 对每个$t ={t}_{1},{t}_{2},\cdots ,{t}_{n}$,计算:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{h}_{x, i}^{p}\left( t\right)= \frac{{\widehat{x}}_{p}- {x}_{S}^{i}\left( t\right)}{c{r}_{i}\left( t\right)} -\frac{{\widehat{x}}_{p}- {x}_{S}^{0}\left( t\right)}{c{r}_{0}\left( t\right)} \\{h}_{y, i}^{p}\left( t\right)= \frac{{\widehat{y}}_{p}- {y}_{S}^{i}\left( t\right)}{c{r}_{i}\left( t\right)} -\frac{{\widehat{y}}_{p}- {y}_{S}^{0}\left( t\right)}{c{r}_{0}\left( t\right)} \end{array}\right.$
及时差敏感度矩阵:
${\mathbf{H}}_{p}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{h}_{x,1}^{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)& {h}_{y,1}^{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)\\{h}_{x,2}^{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)& {h}_{y,2}^{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)\\{h}_{x,3}^{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)& {h}_{y,3}^{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)\\\vdots &\vdots \\{h}_{x,1}^{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)& {h}_{y,1}^{p}\left({t}_{n}\right)\\{h}_{x,2}^{p}\left({t}_{n}\right)& {h}_{y,2}^{p}\left({t}_{n}\right)\\{h}_{x,3}^{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)& {h}_{x,4}^{p}\left({t}_{n}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
可得到如下关系:
$\Delta {\mathbf{X}}_{p}= {\left({\mathbf{H}}_{p}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{H}}_{p}\right)}^{-1}{\mathbf{H}}_{p}^{\mathrm{T}}\left({{\widetilde{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}- {\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}}\right)$
其中,
${\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)& {\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left({t}_{2}\right)& \cdots &{\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left({t}_{n}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
${\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left( t\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p,1}\left( t\right)& {\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p,2}\left( t\right)& {\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p,3}\left( t\right)& {\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p,4}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack $
${\widehat{\tau }}_{p, i}\left( t\right)= \frac{1}{c}\begin{Vmatrix}{{\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}- {\mathbf{X}}_{S}^{0}\left( t\right)}\end{Vmatrix}- \frac{1}{c}\begin{Vmatrix}{{\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}- {\mathbf{X}}_{S}^{i}\left( t\right)}\end{Vmatrix}$
新的估计结果为
${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}^{\left(\text{new }\right)} ={\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}+ \Delta {\mathbf{X}}_{p}$
$\begin{Vmatrix}{\Delta {\mathbf{X}}_{p}}\end{Vmatrix}> {\varepsilon }_{X}$(阈值),令${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}= {\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}^{\left(\text{new }\right)}$,重复上面的计算。若$\begin{Vmatrix}{\Delta {\mathbf{X}}_{p}}\end{Vmatrix}\leq {\varepsilon }_{X}$,令${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}= {\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}^{\left(\text{new }\right)}$,退出迭代。
b)递推滤波。
1)时差选取。
确定更新时间${t}_{\text{new }}= {t}_{\text{new },1},{t}_{\text{new },2},\cdots ,{t}_{\text{new }, n}$,得到${t}_{\text{new }}$时间内各从平台与主平台的新的时差测量值:
${\tau }_{\text{new }, i}^{l}\left( t\right);l = 1,\cdots ,{L}_{i}\left({t}_{\text{new }}\right)$
得到时差测量平均值${\widehat{\tau }}_{\mathrm{{new}}, i}^{l}\left( t\right)$和均方根${\sigma }_{\mathrm{{av}}}$。确定目标$p$和从平台$i$,判断${\widehat{\tau }}_{\text{new }, i}^{l}\left( t\right)$与之的相容性。若目标$p$的位置估计为${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}= {\left({\widehat{x}}_{p},{\widehat{y}}_{p}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}$,预测时差值记作${\widehat{\tau }}_{p, i}\left( t\right)$,可得:
${\widehat{\tau }}_{p, i}\left( t\right)= \frac{1}{c}\begin{Vmatrix}{{\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}- {\mathbf{X}}_{S}^{i}\left( t\right)}\end{Vmatrix}- \frac{1}{c}\begin{Vmatrix}{{\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}- {\mathbf{X}}_{S}^{0}\left( t\right)}\end{Vmatrix}$
则与之相匹配的时差为${\tau }_{\mathrm{{new}}, i}^{{l}_{p, i}^{* }}\left( t\right)$,其中${l}_{p, i}^{* }$为使下式最小的$l$:
${l}_{p, i}^{* }= \underset{l}{\arg \min }\left\{{\left|{{\widehat{\tau }}_{p, i}\left( t\right)- {\tau }_{\text{new }, i}^{l}\left( t\right)}\right|, l = 1,2,\cdots ,{L}_{i}\left( t\right)}\right\}$
${d}_{p, i,{l}_{p, i}}\left( t\right)< \mu$,则判定时差${\tau }_{\text{new }, i}^{{l}_{p, i}^{* }}\left( t\right)$属于目标$p$。 否则,令${\tau }_{\text{new }, i}^{{l}_{p, i}^{* }}\left( t\right)= {\widehat{\tau }}_{p, i}\left( t\right)$。对所有$i = 1,2,3$做同样的处理,最终确定所有属于目标$p$的时差序列矢量${\widetilde{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}$:
${\widetilde{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{\widetilde{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left({t}_{\text{new },1}\right)& {\widetilde{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left({t}_{\text{new },2}\right)& \cdots &{\widetilde{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left({t}_{\text{new }, n}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
其中,${\widetilde{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left( t\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{\tau }_{1}^{{l}_{p,1}^{* }}\left({t}_{\text{new }}\right)& {\tau }_{2}^{{l}_{p,2}^{* }}\left({t}_{\text{new }}\right)& {\tau }_{3}^{{l}_{p,3}^{* }}\left({t}_{\text{new }}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack ,\;{t}_{\text{new }}= {t}_{\text{new },1}$,${t}_{\text{new },2},\cdots ,{t}_{\text{new }, n}\circ$
${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}^{\left(\text{new }\right)}$表示${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}$的更新的位置,令${\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}=$${\left\lbrack {\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left({t}_{1}\right)\cdots {\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left({t}_{n}\right)\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}},\;{\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}\left( t\right)= \left\lbrack {{\widehat{\tau }}_{p,1}\left( t\right){\widehat{\tau }}_{p,2}\left( t\right){\widehat{\tau }}_{p,3}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack 。$则:
${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}^{\left(\text{new }\right)} ={\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}+ {\mathbf{K}}_{p}\left({{\widetilde{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}- {\widehat{\mathbf{\tau }}}_{p}}\right)$
${\widehat{\tau }}_{p, i}\left( t\right)= \frac{1}{c}\begin{Vmatrix}{{\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}- {\mathbf{X}}_{S}^{0}\left( t\right)}\end{Vmatrix}- \frac{1}{c}\begin{Vmatrix}{{\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}- {\mathbf{X}}_{S}^{i}\left( t\right)}\end{Vmatrix}$
${\mathbf{K}}_{p}= {\mathbf{P}}_{X}\left( p\right){\mathbf{H}}_{p}^{\mathrm{T}}{\left\lbrack {\mathbf{H}}_{p}{\mathbf{P}}_{X}\left( p\right){\mathbf{H}}_{p}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\mathbf{R}}_{\tau }\right\rbrack }^{-1}$
式中${\mathbf{P}}_{\mathbf{X}}\left( p\right),{\mathbf{H}}_{p}$分别为关于目标$p$的协方差矩阵和时差敏感度矩阵;${\mathbf{R}}_{\tau }$为平均时差测量误差的协方差阵,${\mathbf{R}}_{\tau }= {\sigma }_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}\mathbf{I}$
${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{p}$更新前的协方差矩阵为${\mathbf{P}}_{X}\left( p\right)$,更新后的协方差矩阵为${\mathbf{P}}_{X}^{\left(\text{new }\right)}\left( p\right)$:
${\mathbf{P}}_{\mathbf{X}}^{\left(\text{new }\right)}\left( p\right)= \left\lbrack {\mathbf{I}- {\mathbf{K}}_{p}{\mathbf{H}}_{p}}\right\rbrack {\mathbf{P}}_{\mathbf{X}}\left( p\right){\left\lbrack \mathbf{I}- {\mathbf{K}}_{p}{\mathbf{H}}_{p}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\mathbf{K}}_{p}{\mathbf{R}}_{\tau }{\mathbf{K}}_{p}^{\mathrm{T}}$
静止目标TDOA定位解算算法每次仅针对目标的位置信息进行迭代估计和递推滤波, 没有考虑目标的速度和加速度状态, 对运动目标的跟踪能力有限。下文以该算法框架为基础对目标状态变量进行扩展, 提升算法对运动目标的跟踪估计能力。
本节基于静止目标TDOA定位解算算法流程, 扩展目标状态参数, 给出运动目标TDOA定位解算算法。 将目标状态矢量设置为$\mathbf{X}\left( k\right)= \left\lbrack {x\left( k\right), y\left( k\right),{v}_{x}\left( k\right)}\right.$,${\left.{v}_{y}\left( k\right),{a}_{x}\left( k\right),{a}_{y}\left( k\right)\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,其中$x\left( k\right), y\left( k\right),{v}_{x}\left( k\right),{v}_{y}\left( k\right)$,${a}_{x}\left( k\right),{a}_{y}\left( k\right)$分别为目标在${t}_{k}$时刻的$x$轴坐标、$y$轴坐标、 沿$x$轴速度、沿$y$轴速度、沿$x$轴加速度、沿$y$轴加速度。目标初始位置可由先验信息指定, 也可采用静止目标TDOA定位解算算法的结果。若目标为匀速运动, 则只需要将状态变量中的加速度信息初始及迭代过程均置为0 。观测矢量为时差序列$\tau \left( k\right)=$${\left\lbrack {\tau }_{1}\left( k\right),{\tau }_{2}\left( k\right),{\tau }_{3}\left( k\right)\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,其中$\tau \left( k\right)$${t}_{k}$时刻计算得到的目标的时差。
建立系统状态方程和观测方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{X}\left({k + 1}\right)= \mathbf{\Phi }\left({k + 1, k}\right)\mathbf{X}\left( k\right)+ \mathbf{B}\left({k + 1, k}\right)\cdot \mathbf{U}\left( k\right)\\\mathbf{\tau }\left({k + 1}\right)= h\left\lbrack {\mathbf{X}\left({k + 1}\right), k + 1}\right\rbrack +\mathbf{N}\left({k + 1}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中$\mathbf{U}\left( k\right)$${t}_{k}$时刻系统的动态噪声矢量;$\mathbf{B}\left({k + 1, k}\right)$${t}_{k}$时刻到${t}_{k + 1}$时刻系统的控制矩阵;$\mathbf{N}\left({k + 1}\right)$${t}_{k + 1}$时刻的观测矢量噪声;$\mathbf{\Phi }\left({k + 1, k}\right)$为状态转移矩阵,
$\mathbf{\Phi }\left({k + 1, k}\right)=$
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 &{t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}& 0 &{0.5}{\left({t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}\right)}^{2}& 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 &{t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}& 0 &{0.5}{\left({t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}\right)}^{2}\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 &{t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 &{t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
其中
$ h\left\lbrack {\mathbf{X}\left({k + 1}\right), k + 1}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{h}_{1}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{X}\left({k + 1}\right), k + 1}\right\rbrack \\{h}_{2}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{X}\left({k + 1}\right), k + 1}\right\rbrack \\{h}_{3}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{X}\left({k + 1}\right), k + 1}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right\rbrack $
${h}_{i}\left\lbrack {\mathbf{X}\left({k + 1}\right), k + 1}\right\rbrack =\frac{1}{c}\left\lbrack {{r}_{i}\left({k + 1}\right)- {r}_{0}\left({k + 1}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${r}_{i}\left({k + 1}\right)= \begin{Vmatrix}{\mathbf{X}\left({k + 1}\right)- {\mathbf{X}}_{S}\left({i, k + 1}\right)}\end{Vmatrix}, i = 0,1,2,3 $
式中${\mathbf{X}}_{s}\left({i, k + 1}\right)$$k + 1$时空间平台$i$的位置矢量。
状态迭代递推过程如下:
a)设置初始化条件,即$k = 0$时:
$\widehat{\mathbf{X}}\left( 0\right)= E\{\mathbf{X}\left( 0\right)\}$
$\mathbf{P}\left( 0\right)= \operatorname{Var}\{\mathbf{X}\left( 0\right)\}$
b)预测估计:
$\widehat{\mathbf{X}}\left({k + 1/k}\right)= \mathbf{\Phi }\left({k + 1, k}\right)\widehat{\mathbf{X}}\left( k\right)$
c)计算预测误差的协方差:
$\mathbf{P}\left({k + 1/k}\right)= \mathbf{\Phi }\left({k + 1, k}\right)\mathbf{P}\left( k\right){\mathbf{\Phi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\left({k + 1, k}\right)$
d)计算滤波增益:
$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{K}(k+1)= & \boldsymbol{P}(k+1 / k) \boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{T}} \times \\ & {\left[\boldsymbol{H P}(k+1 / k) \boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{R}(k+1)\right]^{-1} } \end{aligned}$
其中,$\mathbf{H}$为时差敏感度矩阵:
$\mathbf{H}= {\left.\frac{\partial \mathbf{\tau }}{\partial \mathbf{X}}\right|}_{X ={X}_{K + 1/K}}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lllllll}{h}_{x,1}& {h}_{y,1}& {h}_{{v}_{x},1}& {h}_{{v}_{y},1}& {h}_{{a}_{x},1}& {h}_{{a}_{y},1}& \\{h}_{x,2}& {h}_{y,2}& {h}_{{v}_{x},2}& {h}_{{v}_{y},2}& {h}_{{a}_{y},2}& {h}_{{a}_{x},2}& {h}_{{a}_{y},2}\\{h}_{x,3}& {h}_{y,3}& {h}_{{v}_{x},3}& {h}_{{v}_{y},3}& {h}_{{a}_{x},3}& {h}_{{a}_{y},3}& \\{h}_{x,4}& {h}_{y,4}& {h}_{{v}_{x},4}& {h}_{{v}_{y},4}& {h}_{{a}_{y},4}& {h}_{{a}_{y},4}& \end{array}\right\rbrack $
其中:
${h}_{x, i}= \frac{x\left({k + 1}\right)- {x}_{S}\left({i, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{i}}- \frac{x\left({k + 1}\right)- {x}_{S}\left({0, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{0}},\\{h}_{y, i}= \frac{y\left({k + 1}\right)- {y}_{S}\left({i, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{i}}- \frac{y\left({k + 1}\right)- {y}_{S}\left({0, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{0}},\\{h}_{{v}_{s}, i}= \left\lbrack {\frac{x\left({k + 1}\right)- {x}_{S}\left({i, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{i}}- \frac{x\left({k + 1}\right)- {x}_{S}\left({0, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{0}}}\right\rbrack \left({{t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}}\right), \\{h}_{v, i}= \left\lbrack {\frac{y\left({k + 1}\right)- {y}_{S}\left({i, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{i}}- \frac{y\left({k + 1}\right)- {y}_{S}\left({0, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{0}}}\right\rbrack \left({{t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}}\right), \\{h}_{{a}_{s}, i}= \left\lbrack {\frac{x\left({k + 1}\right)- {x}_{S}\left({i, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{i}}- \frac{x\left({k + 1}\right)- {x}_{S}\left({0, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{0}}}\right\rbrack \frac{1}{2}{\left({t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}\right)}^{2},\\{h}_{{a}_{y}, i}= \left\lbrack {\frac{y\left({k + 1}\right)- {y}_{S}\left({i, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{i}}- \frac{y\left({k + 1}\right)- {y}_{S}\left({0, k + 1}\right)}{c{r}_{0}}}\right\rbrack \frac{1}{2}{\left({t}_{k + 1}- {t}_{k}\right)}^{2}$
e)目标状态迭代更新:
$\widehat{\mathbf{X}}\left({k + 1}\right)= \widehat{\mathbf{X}}\left({k + 1/k}\right)+ \\\mathbf{K}\left({k + 1}\right)\{\mathbf{\tau }\left({k + 1}\right)- h\left\lbrack {\widehat{\mathbf{X}}\left({k + 1/k}\right), k + 1}\right\rbrack \}$
f)协方差迭代估计:
$\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{P}(k+1)=[\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{K}(k+1) \boldsymbol{H}] \boldsymbol{P}(k+1 / k) \times \\ \quad[\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{K}(k+1) \boldsymbol{H}]^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{K}(k+1) \boldsymbol{R}(k+1) \boldsymbol{K}^{\mathrm{T}}(k+1) \end{array}$
式中$\mathbf{R}\left({k + 1}\right)$为系统观测噪声方差。
g)令$k = k + 1$,重复$\mathrm{b}\sim \mathrm{g}$直到跟踪结束。
本节给出运动目标TDOA定位解算算法, 为提升对运动目标的滤波效能, 在目标位置信息基础上增加了目标运动状态信息。该算法相较于静止目标TDOA定位解算算法计算量增大, 在实际工程中应结合平台解算能力及目标运动形式选取合理的解算算法。
本章给出的适用于静止目标及运动目标的定位算法为兼顾空间平台计算性能及时差定位计算精度, 将非线性方程作线性化处理后进行线性卡尔曼滤波, 属于离散时间非线性卡尔曼滤波过程。其稳定性取决于两方面: 非线性方程线性化处理稳定性以及卡尔曼滤波算法稳定性。其中线性卡尔曼滤波算法稳定性理论研究在不同理论条件假设下给出了算法稳定性的严格判据[16-17]。本文算法中涉及对TDOA系统方程的线性化处理过程, 其稳定性受到系统构型、
系统误差、空间平台运动方式、目标运动特性等因素的影响[18],在系统设计时通常需要对系统构型进行精细设计[19],针对特定系统误差选取典型场景进行误差分析及蒙特卡洛仿真, 以确保算法稳定性。
本章给出不同运动模型下不同类型TDOA解算算法仿真的结果及对比分析。仿真结果可以明显看出算法对于不同运动形式目标的处理性能。仿真场景中共包含3个目标,其初始位置分别为$\left\lbrack {{300};{400};0}\right\rbrack \mathrm{{km}}$$\left\lbrack {{350};{450};0}\right\rbrack \mathrm{{km}}\text{、}\left\lbrack {{250};{350};0}\right\rbrack \mathrm{{km}}$,不同仿真过程中目标运动形式不同。将运动目标解算算法在如下3个场景中进行对照仿真。
a)对于匀速运动目标采用匀速运动建模的仿真结果。
目标运动形式建模为以$y$轴正向为基准分别以$1\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{s}$$-1\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{s}$$1\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{s}$的速度做匀速直线运动。采用匀速运动建模算法进行计算处理, 结果如图2所示。由图2可以看出, TDOA解算算法结果(图2a中带标志虚线,下同)与目标实际运动轨迹(图2a中实线,下同)较为一致,定位误差(图2b中带标志虚线, 下同)呈波动收敛趋势。
b)对于匀加速运动目标采用匀速运动建模的仿真。
目标运动形式建模为以$y$轴正向为基准分别以$1\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{s}$$-1\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{s}$$1\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{s}$的速度以及$-{0.1}\mathrm{\;{km}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$${0.1}\mathrm{\;{km}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$${0.1}\mathrm{\;{km}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$的加速度做曲线运动。采用匀速运动建模算法进行计算处理, 即在算法中不考虑目标的加速度, 认为目标没有加速度而是作匀速运动。结果如图3所示。由图3可以看出, TDOA解算算法结果与目标实际运动轨迹有一定偏差, 定位误差呈持续增大趋势。
c)对于匀加速运动目标采用匀加速运动建模的仿真。
目标运动形式建模场景与$\mathrm{b}$中一致,目标作匀加速运动,与$\mathrm{b}$不同之处是采用匀加速运动建模算法, 即在算法中增加目标加速度处理, 认为目标作匀加速运动, 结果如图4所示。由图4可以看出, TDOA解算算法结果与目标实际运动轨迹较为一致, 定位误差呈波动收敛趋势。
算法定位误差及计算耗时对比如表1所示。3个场景在仿真平台(Intel Xeon W-1250, Windows 7)上分别运行100次, 次均迭代20步, 对场景中3个目标的定位误差及算法运行时长进行统计对比。表1中给出静止目标解算算法的结果作为对照。
由上述仿真结果可知, 运动目标TDOA定位解算算法平均定位误差与目标运动形式和算法解算模型匹配程度有关, 匹配时(场景1、场景3)定位精度高, 失配时(场景2)定位误差较大。静止目标解算算法与运动目标解算算法(匹配时)均能在相对较短的计算时间内实现较高的定位精度, 能够适应特定空间平台的计算能力限制。其中运动目标解算算法(匹配时)定位误差相对较小, 计算耗时较静止目标解算算法稍大。
在实际工程设计中, 在系统设计时需要针对不同的目标运动类型选用不同的建模方式, 以便得到最佳的TDOA定位精度。目标的运动形式若有先验信息, 则可直接选取对应运动模型进行解算, 若先验信息支撑较少,在计算资源允许的条件下,也可同时采用多种运动模型进行迭代求解, 根据解算结果判断目标的运动形式, 再根据运动形式采用相应的定位结果。
本文给出了LOS环境下TDOA定位系统的典型构型, 并且针对运动目标定位计算复杂、精度收敛较慢等问题, 对于LOS环境下时差定位解算过程提出了适用于多站时差定位系统的定位方法, 并给出不同运动特性条件下的仿真结果, 结果表明本文所述方法可以实现对目标的精确定位, 目标运动形式对于定位解算精度具有影响。在实际系统的工程设计实践中, 应当根据平台计算能力、目标运动先验信息, 合理选取算法解算模型。在空间平台计算资源相对充足条件下, 也可采用不同模型并行计算再对结果进行后验判别的方式提升系统定位精度。
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2024年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240501
  • 接收时间:2024-07-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11
  • 修回日期:2024-09-18
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    北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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