Article(id=1148011768279986552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240509, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681056000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-10, revisedDate=1691596800000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636934585, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636934585, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636934585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636934585, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148087921783075097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751655090995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895903201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680873427390506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680873427390507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011768540033427, articleId=1148011768279986552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=A Calibration and Compensation Method for PIGA's Cross Coupling Error, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the rotor axis of PIGA with a zero bias, the transverse acceleration will be coupled to the direction of the input axis to form a cross-coupling error. For the decoupled nonlinear PIGA output expression, the influence of a time-varying input acceleration and the transverse acceleration which is applied to the output are considered, the computing method of PIGA’s output analytic expression relying on the base acceleration of three orthogonal direction and angles of outer axis and rotor shaft as input information is given. On this basis, the model parameters are calibrated by recursive iteration method, in addition to which, the output value compensation method of gyro accelerometer is given. By comparing the error results before and after parameter compensation, the input acceleration error is reduced from ${0.05}\mathrm{\;g}$ to ${0.002}\mathrm{\;g}$, which verifies the effectiveness of the cross coupling error compensation in the output model in the way of improving the measurement accuracy.

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针对陀螺加速度计非线性输出值表达式中横向加速度耦合误差未解耦的问题,综合考虑了陀螺加速度计在时变输入加速度和横向加速度同时作用时对输出的影响,利用基座3个正交方向的加速度,将外框架轴与转子轴不垂直度角作为已知量,计算得到陀螺加速度计的理论输出值。在此基础上,采用递推迭代方法对模型进行参数标定,同时,给出了陀螺加速度计输出值补偿模型。通过对比参数补偿前后的误差结果,输入加速度误差由${0.05}\mathrm{\;g}$减小到${0.002}\mathrm{\;g}$,验证了输出模型中交叉耦合误差的补偿对提高测量精度的有效性。

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魏宗康(1973—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为导航制导与控制。

高荣荣(1994—),女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为导航制导与控制。

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魏宗康(1973—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为导航制导与控制。

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注:$O{X}_{1}{Y}_{1}{Z}_{1}$一与外框架相固连的坐标系;$O{X}_{1}$一输入轴;${Oxyz}$一莱差坐标系,${Oz}$轴与转子轴重合;$\dot{\alpha }$,$\dot{\beta }$一外框架相对仪表基座和内框架相对外框架的角速度;${a}_{x}$一仪表沿外框架轴输入的视加速度;$H$一仪表的角动量;${\mathbf{M}}_{x1}$一绕外框架轴的各种干扰力矩之和;${\mathbf{M}}_{D}$一电机力矩。

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陀螺加速度计交叉耦合误差参数标定及补偿方法
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魏宗康 , 高荣荣
导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024,47(5): 56-63
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024, 47(5): 56-63
陀螺加速度计交叉耦合误差参数标定及补偿方法
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魏宗康, 高荣荣
作者信息
  • 北京航天控制仪器研究所,北京,100854
  • 魏宗康(1973—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为导航制导与控制。

    高荣荣(1994—),女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为导航制导与控制。

A Calibration and Compensation Method for PIGA's Cross Coupling Error
Zongkang WEI, Rongrong GAO
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Aerospace Control Devices,Beijing,100854
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240509
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针对陀螺加速度计非线性输出值表达式中横向加速度耦合误差未解耦的问题,综合考虑了陀螺加速度计在时变输入加速度和横向加速度同时作用时对输出的影响,利用基座3个正交方向的加速度,将外框架轴与转子轴不垂直度角作为已知量,计算得到陀螺加速度计的理论输出值。在此基础上,采用递推迭代方法对模型进行参数标定,同时,给出了陀螺加速度计输出值补偿模型。通过对比参数补偿前后的误差结果,输入加速度误差由${0.05}\mathrm{\;g}$减小到${0.002}\mathrm{\;g}$,验证了输出模型中交叉耦合误差的补偿对提高测量精度的有效性。

陀螺加速度计  /  交叉耦合误差  /  误差标定  /  误差补偿  /  测量精度

Aiming at the rotor axis of PIGA with a zero bias, the transverse acceleration will be coupled to the direction of the input axis to form a cross-coupling error. For the decoupled nonlinear PIGA output expression, the influence of a time-varying input acceleration and the transverse acceleration which is applied to the output are considered, the computing method of PIGA’s output analytic expression relying on the base acceleration of three orthogonal direction and angles of outer axis and rotor shaft as input information is given. On this basis, the model parameters are calibrated by recursive iteration method, in addition to which, the output value compensation method of gyro accelerometer is given. By comparing the error results before and after parameter compensation, the input acceleration error is reduced from ${0.05}\mathrm{\;g}$ to ${0.002}\mathrm{\;g}$, which verifies the effectiveness of the cross coupling error compensation in the output model in the way of improving the measurement accuracy.

gyroscope accelerometer  /  cross coupling error  /  error calibration  /  error compensation  /  measurement accuracy
魏宗康, 高荣荣. 陀螺加速度计交叉耦合误差参数标定及补偿方法. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (5) : 56 -63 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240509
Zongkang WEI, Rongrong GAO. A Calibration and Compensation Method for PIGA's Cross Coupling Error[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (5) : 56 -63 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240509
陀螺加速度计是惯性制导系统中的一种关键仪表, 具有精度高、量程宽、能自动对加速度进行积分等特点, 广泛应用于运载火箭和弹道式导弹的制导系统中。陀螺加速度计的主要功能是测量弹(箭)的视加速度, 在视加速度达到预先设定值时发出关闭发动机信号, 从而可精确地控制导弹的射程。因此, 陀螺加速度计的性能直接决定了弹(箭)的制导精度[1-2]
陀螺加速度计的精度提升一方面来源于仪表自身工艺和结构水平, 另一方面取决于测试精度。测试精度主要由完善、精确的误差模型决定。在文献[3]~[6]中, 给出了包含横向角速度交叉耦合误差项的非解耦形式的误差模型, 但认为交叉耦合误差项为小量, 可进行省略处理。文献[7]和文献[8]提出了交叉轴加速度引起的陀螺加速度计外环干扰力矩对测试精度影响的机理分析, 但在做三轴转台分离外环干扰力矩的试验时, 将内环轴作水平处理, 自动消除了交叉轴上的横向加速度误差项。由于目前国内外文献没有对横向加速度造成的交叉耦合误差项进行解耦, 即没有精确的包含交叉耦合误差项的陀螺加速度计输出值数值解析表达式。因此, 在对陀螺加速度计进行误差分析或者系数标定时, 仅对与输入加速度有关的一阶和高阶项系数进行标定与补偿。在陀螺加速度计工艺结构改进方面, 目前使用的陀螺加速度计为单轴加速度计, 输出值为角度值或者角增量, 而输出值受到多项干扰源的影响, 从而不利于测试精度的提升。此外, 在系统应用时, 惯性稳定平台系统至少需要3个该型陀螺加速度计来敏感弹体相对惯性空间的视加速度[9-10]
本文综合考虑了陀螺加速度计在时变输入和横向输入同时作用下对输出的影响, 利用三向加速度输入和不垂直度角信息计算推导了全面、精确的陀螺加速度计理论输出计算值, 最后采用迭代方法对模型参数进行标定与补偿。通过误差补偿,有效提高了横向加速度作用时陀螺加速度计的测试精度, 且此计算方法更准确、更全面、适用性更广。
摆式积分陀螺加速度计(Pendulous Integrating Gyro Accelerometer, PIGA)是一种利用陀螺力矩进行反馈的摆式加速度计, 其工作原理见图1
图1可知, 这种陀螺加速度计在结构上与二自由度陀螺仪类似, 有高速旋转的陀螺转子, 有内、外框架。内框架轴的一端装有角度传感器, 外框架轴的上、下端分别装有输出装置和力矩电机。沿转子轴${Oz}$有一偏心质量$m$,其质心离内框架轴的距离为$l$,因而绕内框架轴形成摆性${ml}$
当仪表沿外框架轴$O{X}_{1}$方向有视加速度${a}_{x}$时,在内框架轴上产生与该视加速度成正比的惯性力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{I}}=$${ml}{a}_{x}$,在理想情况下,即沿内、外框架轴没有任何干扰力矩的情况下,按陀螺进动原理,转子将带动内、 外框架一起绕$O{X}_{1}$轴进动,其进动角速度为$\dot{\alpha }$。由于进动的结果,内框架轴上产生陀螺反作用力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{g}}= H\dot{\alpha }$。 在稳态条件下,惯性力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{I}}$将精确地被陀螺力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{g}}$所平衡,因此有$H\dot{\alpha }= {ml}{a}_{x}$,或者$\dot{\alpha }= \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}$。在零初始条件下,有理想的输出值:
$\alpha =\frac{ml}{H}{\int }_{0}^{t}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t $
为了保证转子轴${Oz}$与外框架轴$O{X}_{1}$的垂直,陀螺加速度计还增加了一个伺服回路, 当受到干扰力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{x1}$的影响时,内框架角度$\beta$不为零,角度传感器会输出相应的电压信号, 经过放大和变换后, 馈向力矩电机,使其产生一个电机力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{Dx}$以抵消${\mathbf{M}}_{x1}$。可以看出, 伺服回路的传感器为内框架角度传感器, 测量值为$\beta$。虽然伺服回路可使角度传感器的测量值$\beta$保持为零, 但当该角度传感器的机械零位存在偏差时, 并不能保证转子轴${Oz}$与外框架轴$O{X}_{1}$相互垂直,为此,统一把这种不垂直角度用$\beta$表示。此时,仅考虑${a}_{{Y}_{0}}$${a}_{{Z}_{0}}$两项干扰的影响, 忽略其他误差, 陀螺加速度计的输出方程为
$\dot{\alpha }= \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}+ \frac{ml}{H}\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}\sin \alpha -{a}_{{Z}_{0}}\cos \alpha }\right)\tan \beta $
式中${a}_{{Y}_{0}},{a}_{{Z}_{0}}$为横向加速度;$O{X}_{0}{Y}_{0}{Z}_{0}$为与陀螺加速度计基座固联的坐标系。
式(2)为一个超越方程, 需要通过化简才能给出一些局部的定性分析表达式。在工程应用中, 只根据陀螺加速度计的输出角速度$\dot{\alpha }$来计算视加速度${a}_{x}^{\prime }$, 简化方程如下:
${a}_{x}^{\prime }= \frac{H}{ml}\dot{\alpha }= {a}_{x}+ \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}\sin \alpha -{a}_{{Z}_{0}}\cos \alpha }\right)\tan \beta $
由式(3)可知,在${a}_{x}^{\prime }$的表达式中,输出角速度$\dot{\alpha }$引入了交叉耦合误差项$\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}\sin \alpha -{a}_{{Z}_{0}}\cos \alpha }\right)\tan \beta$。因此, 该简化方程会引起陀螺加速度计的测量误差, 从而会影响仪表的使用精度, 进而导致弹(箭)存在更大的制导偏差。
下面对理论加速度值${a}_{x}$和实测加速度值${a}_{x}^{\prime }$进行对比。设$\frac{ml}{H}= {0.8884},\beta ={1000}\mathrm{"},{\alpha }_{0}= \pi /4,{a}_{{Z}_{0}}= 0$,当理论加速度${a}_{x}$${a}_{{Y}_{0}}$为时变过载时,如图2所示(纵坐标${a}_{x}$为输出加速度值,${a}_{{Y}_{0}}$为输入横向加速度值),二者满足关系式${a}_{{Y}_{0}}= 5{a}_{x}$
根据式(3)计算的实测加速度${a}_{x}^{\prime }$图3中红色曲线所示,其与黑色曲线表示的真实加速度${a}_{x}$之间有较大误差,二者差值如图4所示(纵坐标$d{a}_{x}$为输出加速度误差值$\delta {a}_{x}$),该差值代表的就是由交叉耦合误差项造成的加速度测量误差。由图4可以看出, 误差为交变量,随着加速度${a}_{x}$的增大,测量误差也逐渐变大,最大加速度测量误差可达${0.05}\mathrm{g}$。另外,在实际工程应用时,角度$\beta$可看作常值,但其值的大小未知,$\alpha$为增量输出,其绝对值未知,这些未知因素导致${a}_{x}^{\prime }$并未对交叉耦合误差项$\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}\sin \alpha -{a}_{{Z}_{0}}\cos \alpha }\right)\tan \beta$引起的测量误差进行补偿,从而引起弹(箭)的制导偏差。
由于第1节中式(2)描述的方程为超越方程,${a}_{x}\text{、}{a}_{{Y}_{0}}\text{、}{a}_{{Z}_{0}}$为时变量,因此,根据式(2)不能求解出$\alpha$$\dot{\alpha }$的精确表达式。
为分析方便, 式(2)被写为
$\dot{\alpha }= \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}+ \frac{{ml}\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta }{H}\sin \left({\alpha -\gamma }\right)$
式中$\sin \gamma =\frac{{a}_{{Z}_{0}}}{\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}},\cos \gamma =\frac{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}}{\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}}$
为求解式(2)的解析表达式, 根据实际弹道主动段过载的特殊性,设${a}_{{Y}_{0}}/{a}_{x}$${a}_{{Z}_{0}}/{a}_{x}$近似为常值,可求解出以下4种条件下的陀螺加速度计进动角速度输出解析表达式。
$t$为时间,外框夹角$\alpha$的初值为${\alpha }_{0}$,则有:
a)当${a}_{x}= 0$时,陀螺加速度计的输出角为
$\dot{\alpha }= \frac{2\tan \frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}\times {e}^{\frac{{ml}\tan \beta }{H}\int \sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\mathrm{\;d}t}\times \sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta }{1 +{\tan }^{2}\frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}\times {e}^{\frac{{2ml}\tan \beta }{H}\int \sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\mathrm{\;d}t}}\times \frac{ml}{H}$
${a}_{x}= 0,{a}_{{Y}_{0}}= {5g},{a}_{{Z}_{0}}= 0,{\alpha }_{0}= \pi /4,\frac{ml}{H}= {0.8884},\beta =$1000”,则根据式(2)与式(5)数值计算的$\dot{\alpha }$结果一致, 如图5中黑色曲线所示, 但与红色曲线描述的理想值$\dot{\alpha }= 0$不一致,且不能根据$\dot{\alpha }$反推导出${a}_{x}$,存在较大的原理性测量误差。
b)当${a}_{x}^{2}= \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta$时,陀螺加速度计的输出角速度为
$\dot{\alpha }= \frac{2}{{\left(\frac{ml}{H}\int {a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t +\frac{\tan \frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}-1}{\tan \frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}+ 1}\right)}^{2}+ 1}\times \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}$
${a}_{x}= {5g}\times \tan \beta ,{a}_{{Y}_{0}}= {5g},{a}_{{Z}_{0}}= 0,{\alpha }_{0}= \pi /4$,$\frac{ml}{H}= {0.8884},\beta ={1000}$“,则根据式(2)与式(6)数值计算的$\dot{\alpha }$结果一致,如图6中黑色曲线所示,但与红色曲线描述的理想值$\dot{\alpha }= {1.23}\left({}^{\circ }\right)/\mathrm{s}$不一致,存在较大的原理性测量误差。
可根据$\dot{\alpha }$反推导出${a}_{x}$:
${a}_{x}= \frac{H\dot{\alpha }}{2ml}\times \left\lbrack {\left({\int \dot{\alpha }\mathrm{d}t +\frac{\tan \frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}-1}{\tan \frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}+ 1}}\right)+ 1}\right\rbrack $
但需要依赖外部信息增加判断条件${a}_{x}=$$\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta$
c)当${a}_{x}^{2}< \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta$${a}_{x}\neq 0$时,陀螺加速度计的输出角速度为
$\dot{a}= \frac{4{e}^{\left({\frac{{a}_{x}^{2}}{{a}_{x}}+ \frac{{a}_{z}^{2}}{{a}_{z}}}\right)\tan {a}^{2}+ \frac{\left({\frac{{a}_{y}^{2}}{{a}_{y}}+ \frac{{a}_{z}^{2}}{{a}_{z}}}\right)\tan {a}^{2}+ \omega }{{a}^{2}}}}{1 -{e}^{\left({\frac{{a}_{x}^{2}}{{a}_{x}}+ \frac{{a}_{z}^{2}}{{a}_{z}}}\right)\tan {a}^{2}- {a}^{2}\left({\frac{{a}_{y}^{2}}{{a}_{y}}+ \frac{{a}_{z}^{2}}{{a}_{z}}}\right)\tan {a}^{2}+ \omega }}\times \frac{\ln {a}_{x}}{1 -{e}^{\left({\frac{{a}_{x}^{2}}{{a}_{x}}+ \frac{{a}_{z}^{2}}{{a}_{z}}}\right)\tan \beta }\times \frac{\ln {a}_{x}}{{a}_{x}}}$
式中
$ C =\frac{{a}_{x}}{\sqrt{\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta -{a}_{x}^{2}}}\\\ln \frac{\tan \frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}+ \frac{\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta -\sqrt{\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta -{a}_{x}^{2}}}{{a}_{x}}}{\tan \frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}+ \frac{\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta +\sqrt{\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta -{a}_{x}^{2}}}{{a}_{x}}}$
${a}_{x}= {0.01g},\;{a}_{{Y}_{0}}= {5g},\;{a}_{{Z}_{0}}= 0,\;{\alpha }_{0}= \pi /4$,$\frac{ml}{H}= {0.8884},\beta ={1000}$“,则根据式(2)与式(8)数值计算的$\dot{\alpha }$结果一致,如图7中黑色曲线所示,但与红色曲线描述的理想值$\dot{\alpha }= {0.509}\left({}^{\circ }\right)/\mathrm{s}$不一致,存在较大的原理性测量误差。
d)当${a}_{x}^{2}> \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta$时,陀螺加速度计的输出角速度为
$\dot{a}= \frac{\frac{{a}_{x}^{2}- \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta }{{a}_{x}^{2}}{\sec }^{2}\left({\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1 -\frac{\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta }{{a}_{x}^{2}}}\left({\int \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t + C}\right)}\right)}{1 +{\left\lbrack \sqrt{\frac{{a}_{x}^{2}- \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta }{{a}_{x}^{2}}}\tan \left(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1 -\frac{\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta }{{a}_{x}^{2}}}\left(\int \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t + C\right)\right)- \sqrt{\frac{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}{{a}_{x}^{2}}}\tan \beta \right\rbrack }^{2}}\times \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}$
式中
$ C =\frac{2{a}_{x}}{\sqrt{{a}_{x}^{2}- \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta }}\arctan \frac{\tan \frac{{\alpha }_{0}- \gamma }{2}+ \sqrt{\frac{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}{{a}_{x}^{2}}}\tan \beta }{\sqrt{1 -\frac{\left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta }{{a}_{x}^{2}}}}$
${a}_{x}= {1g},{a}_{{Y}_{0}}= {5g},{a}_{{Z}_{0}}= 0,{\alpha }_{0}= \pi /4,\frac{ml}{H}= {0.8884},\beta$$={1000}$“,则根据式(2)与式(10)数值计算的$\dot{\alpha }$结果一致, 如图8中黑色曲线所示, 虽然与红色曲线描述的理想值$\dot{\alpha }= {50.9}\left({}^{\circ }\right)/\mathrm{s}$不一致,也存在原理性测量误差, 但基本以理想值作为中心。
综合以上分析,陀螺加速度计在${a}_{x}= 0,{a}_{x}=$$\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta ,{a}_{x}^{2}< \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta$的3种条件下都存在较大误差,只有在${a}_{x}^{2}> \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta$条件下通过平滑的方式可求得加速度。因此, 在工程应用中, 可把陀螺加速度计斜置安装在平台台体上, 使其敏感轴测量的加速度在重力场条件下或弹道导弹主动飞行段都满足${a}_{x}^{2}> \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta$的条件。
由第2节可知, 横向加速度引起的交叉耦合误差较大, 因此, 对交叉耦合误差项进行标定和误差补偿对提高陀螺加速度计的测试精度非常重要。
陀螺加速度计的输出模型如下:
${a}_{x}^{\prime }= \frac{H}{ml}\dot{\alpha }= {a}_{x}+ \sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta \sin \left({\int \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t +\phi }\right)$
式中$\phi$为该次标定过程的初始相位角。
根据第2节中的结论, 式(12)的约束条件为${a}_{x}^{2}> \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta$
式(12)所示的输出模型为一个非线性方程,$\tan \beta$$\phi$为待估计的参数。通过比较${a}_{x}^{\prime }$${a}_{x}$的差值标定出参数$\tan \beta$$\phi$
首先,将参数$\tan \beta$$\phi$写为2维的状态变量:
$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{x}_{1}\\{x}_{2}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\tan \beta \\\varphi \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
${t}_{0}$时刻的初值为$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( 0\right),\mathbf{P}\left( 0\right)$。其中,$\mathbf{P}\left( 0\right)$$2 \times 2$维的协方差矩阵。采用递推公式计算${t}_{n}$时刻的$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}$, 递推公式如下:
$ y\left({t}_{n}\right)= {a}_{x}^{\prime }\left({t}_{n}\right)- {a}_{x}\left({t}_{n}\right)$
$\mathbf{H}\left({t}_{n}\right)= \left\lbrack {\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\sin \left({{\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{n}}\frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t +}\right.}\right.\\\left.{\left.{{x}_{2}\left({t}_{n - 1}\right)}\right)\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}{x}_{1}\left({t}_{n - 1}\right)\cos \left({{\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{n}}\frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t +{x}_{2}\left({t}_{n - 1}\right)}\right)}\right\rbrack $
$ K\left({t}_{n}\right)= \frac{1}{1 +\mathbf{H}\left({t}_{n}\right) P\left({t}_{n - 1}\right){\mathbf{H}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left({t}_{n}\right)}P\left({t}_{n - 1}\right){\mathbf{H}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left({t}_{n}\right)$
$ P\left({t}_{n}\right)= P\left({t}_{n - 1}\right)- K\left({t}_{n}\right)\mathbf{H}\left({t}_{n}\right) P\left({t}_{n - 1}\right)$
$\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}\left(t_{n}\right)=\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}\left(t_{n-1}\right)+K\left(t_{n}\right)\left[y\left(t_{n}\right)-\sqrt{a_{Y_{0}}^{2}+a_{Z_{0}}^{2}} x_{1}\left(t_{n-1}\right) \sin \left(\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{n}} \frac{m l}{H} a_{x} \mathrm{~d} t+x_{2}\left(t_{n-1}\right)\right)\right]$
通过上述递推步骤,可求得参数$\tan \beta$$\phi$。将模型参数代入到式(12)中,完成标定工作[11-12]
下面通过仿真计算来验证上述标定方法的有效性,设$\frac{ml}{H}= {0.8884},{a}_{{Z}_{0}}= 0$,理论加速度${a}_{x}\text{、}{a}_{{Y}_{0}}$为时变过载,如图2所示,二者满足关系式${a}_{{Y}_{0}}= 5{a}_{x}$。设初值$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}\left( 0\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{4.5}\times {10}^{-3}\\{0.4}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ,\mathbf{P}\left( 0\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{10}^{10}& 0 \\ 0 &{10}^{10}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack$。采用式(14)$\sim \left({18}\right)$进行递推迭代,计算得到陀螺加速度计输出模型参数结果如图9所示。$\tan \beta$最终收敛到${4.848}\times {10}^{-3},\phi$最终收敛到${0.802}^{\circ }$
当误差标定完成后,即可对陀螺加速度计的输出$\dot{\alpha }$进行补偿,进而求得精确的加速度输出。
陀螺加速度计输出补偿方法是根据输入加速度${a}_{x}$、横向加速度${a}_{{Y}_{0}}$${a}_{{Z}_{0}}$、输出轴角速度$\dot{\alpha }$、不垂直角度$\beta$$\alpha$的初值${\alpha }_{0}$,计算出在${a}_{x}> \sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta$条件下陀螺加速度计的真实输出。
首先, 测量出陀螺加速度计的外框架轴和转子轴的不垂直角度$\beta$,再根据横向加速度${a}_{{Y}_{0}}\text{、}{a}_{{Z}_{0}}$计算$\gamma$的值。设陀螺加速度计的外框夹角$\alpha$的初值为${\alpha }_{0}$,再把$\gamma$代入式(11),得到$C$。即可对陀螺加速度计的输出$\dot{\alpha }$进行补偿,计算公式为
${a}_{x}= \frac{H}{ml}\dot{\alpha }- \sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta \sin \left({\int \dot{\alpha }\mathrm{d}t + C -\phi }\right)$
式中
$\sin \phi =\sqrt{\frac{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}{{a}_{x}^{2}}}\tan \beta $
$\cos \phi =\sqrt{\frac{{a}_{x}^{2}- \left({{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\right){\tan }^{2}\beta }{{a}_{x}^{2}}}$
对上述误差补偿方法进行仿真验证。设$\frac{ml}{H}=$0.8884,$\beta ={1000}^{\prime \prime },{\alpha }_{0}= \pi /4,{a}_{{Z}_{0}}= 0$,当理论加速度${a}_{x}$${a}_{{Y}_{0}}$为时变过载时,如图2所示,二者满足关系式${a}_{{Y}_{0}}=$$5{a}_{x}$。如果按照陀螺加速度计原来的计算公式${a}_{x}^{\prime }= \frac{H}{ml}\dot{a}$进行计算,其输出加速度如图3中红色曲线所示。图2图3的差值如图4所示,误差为交变量,随着加速度的增大, 误差的幅值变大, 最大加速度误差可达${0.05}\mathrm{g}$。而采用误差补偿方法计算的结果如图10所示, 补偿前后的加速度差值如图11所示, 最大加速度误差为${0.0015g}$。可以看出,经过补偿后的陀螺加速度计输出结果更准确,最大加速度误差不大于${0.002}\mathrm{g}$,验证了补偿方法的有效性。
为验证上述方法的正确性, 以实际飞行的过载误差为例[13],陀螺加速度计敏感的加速度与精确基准感知的加速度之间的差值如图12所示, 该差值代表了交叉耦合误差$\Delta {a}_{x}= {a}_{x}^{\prime }- {a}_{x}$
观察该误差曲线,其均值不在零位,在${a}_{{Y}_{0}}$接近${8.0}\mathrm{g}$时的误差均值明显偏大。为此,取陀螺加速度计的误差模型为
$\Delta {a}_{x}= \sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\tan \beta \sin \left({\int \frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t +\phi }\right)+ {k}_{0}+ {k}_{1}{a}_{x}+ {k}_{2}{a}_{x}^{2}$
式中${k}_{0}$为加速度计的零偏;${k}_{1}$为加速度计的一次项系数;${k}_{2}$为加速度计的二次项系数。
采用第3节介绍的递推估计方法[14-15],区别在于状态变量为$5 \times 1$维矩阵:
$\widehat{\mathbf{x}}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{x}_{1}\\{x}_{2}\\{x}_{3}\\{x}_{4}\\{x}_{5}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\tan \beta \\\varphi \\{k}_{0}\\{k}_{1}\\{k}_{2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
观测量为陀螺加速度计敏感的加速度与精确基准感知的加速度之间的差值$\Delta {a}_{x}$,观测矩阵为$1 \times 5$维矩阵:
$\mathbf{H}\left({t}_{n}\right)= \left\lbrack {\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}\sin \left({{\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{n}}\frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t +}\right){x}_{2}\left({t}_{n - 1}\right)}\right.\\\left.{\sqrt{{a}_{{Y}_{0}}^{2}+ {a}_{{Z}_{0}}^{2}}{x}_{1}\left({t}_{n - 1}\right)\cos \left({{\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{{t}_{n}}\frac{ml}{H}{a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t +{x}_{2}\left({t}_{n - 1}\right)}\right) 1{a}_{x}{a}_{x}^{2}}\right\rbrack $
经过递推计算后,估计的结果为:$\tan \beta ={3.6}\times {10}^{-4}$,$\phi ={27.5}^{\circ },\;{k}_{0}= {1.60}\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{g},\;{k}_{1}= -{2.37}\times {10}^{-3},\;{k}_{2}= {1.98}\times$${10}^{-3}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{g}}^{2}$。把上述参数代入式(22)后的拟合值如图13中红色曲线所示。
图13中可以看出, 由陀螺加速度计误差模型计算得到的拟合值基波曲线已接近实测曲线。在第${58}\sim {120}\mathrm{\;s}$,过载由小变大时陀螺加速度计输出轴转动速度加快,幅值变大、频率加快; 在第${120}\sim {200}\mathrm{\;s}$, 由于过载变化相对平稳, 陀螺加速度计测量误差为等幅等周期时变量; 在第200~257 s,过载变化较快, 二次项等高阶误差显著。
本文对陀螺加速度计输出值表达式中横向加速度耦合误差进行解耦, 给出了输入加速度在4种不同情形下的陀螺加速度计输出值解析表达式, 根据4种不同情形下计算的输出轴角速度与理论值之间的误差大小, 得出陀螺加速度计以一定的倾斜角度置于平台台体上时得到的误差更小的结论; 其次, 采用递推迭代的方法,对陀螺加速度计误差模型中的参数$\beta$$\phi$进行参数标定, 将最终收敛得到的参数反代入误差方程,解算得到的输出加速度误差从补偿前的${0.05}\mathrm{g}$减小到${0.002g}$;给出了包含对陀螺加速度计的输出角速度进行补偿的输入角速度补偿计算式, 通过仿真计算验证了补偿方法的正确性; 最后, 通过实际试验数据分析, 验证了本文对交叉耦合误差机理分析、建模和标定等的合理性与有效性。
  • 国防科技创新特区(18-163-15-LZ-001-002-10)
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240509
  • 接收时间:2023-04-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-10
  • 修回日期:2023-08-10
基金
国防科技创新特区(18-163-15-LZ-001-002-10)
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    北京航天控制仪器研究所,北京,100854
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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