Article(id=1148011766581289521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240507, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1648137600000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-25, revisedDate=1725120000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636934179, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636934179, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636934179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636934179, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148087921783075097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751655090995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895903201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680873427390506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680873427390507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011766786810432, articleId=1148011766581289521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Research on Path Planning for Flight Vehicles based on Improved ACO, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An improved ACO is proposed for two-dimensional path planning of flight vehicles to solve the problems such as slow convergence speed, easy to fall in stagnation and zigzag path with large angles in basic ACO. First, the improved algorithm optimizes extend method to accelerate convergence. Then, a new pheromone strategy is put forward to increase the utilization of pheromone information while preventing ant from falling into stagnation. At last, local optimization method is introduced to reduce the twists and turns in the searched path. According to the simulation results, the improved ACO has superiority in convergence, iteration number and quality of path. The result proves that the improved algorithm can increase the rate of convergence and path quality compared with basic ACO.

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针对蚁群算法在进行航迹规划时存在收敛较慢、易陷入停滞、转弯过多且角度大等问题,提出一种应用于飞行器二维航迹规划的改进蚁群算法。通过优化邻域扩展方式加速收敛,改进信息素生效策略,以提高蚁群对信息素的利用率,防止陷入停滞,引入局部优化修正航迹,减小航迹曲折程度。仿真结果表明,改进算法在收敛性、迭代次数、航迹质量等方面具有一定优势,证明改进措施提升了蚁群算法收敛速度及规划航迹质量。

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李荣晟(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为任务规划。

杨小龙(1967—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向飞行器制导与控制,微机电系统设计,动力学系统建模与仿真。

严晞隽(1974—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为装备体系设计与效能评估。

任天助(1992—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为体系工程研究、体系设计。

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李荣晟(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为任务规划。

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李荣晟(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为任务规划。

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杨小龙(1967—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向飞行器制导与控制,微机电系统设计,动力学系统建模与仿真。

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杨小龙(1967—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向飞行器制导与控制,微机电系统设计,动力学系统建模与仿真。

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严晞隽(1974—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为装备体系设计与效能评估。

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任天助(1992—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为体系工程研究、体系设计。

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改进蚁群算法 基本蚁群算法
参数 参数
栅格尺寸 $1 \times 1$ 栅格尺寸 $4 \times 4$
扩展步长/栅格 8 蚁群数量/只 100
采样步长/栅格 2 信息素强度常数 2000
有偏轮盘赌系数 0.5 初始信息素 2
信息素观测半径/栅格 2 信息素因子 6
信息素等效系数 0.5 启发式因子 3
蚁群数量/只 100 信息素挥发系数 0.6
信息素强度常数 2000 航程上限 5000
初始信息素 2 - -
信息素因子 6 - -
启发式因子 3 - -
信息素挥发系数 0.6 - -
最大/最小裁剪步长/节点 10/4 - -
裁剪步长衰减系数 0.8 - -
航程上限 5000 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1197272719411688047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011766581289521, language=CN, label=表1, caption=蚁群算法参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改进蚁群算法 基本蚁群算法
参数 参数
栅格尺寸 $1 \times 1$ 栅格尺寸 $4 \times 4$
扩展步长/栅格 8 蚁群数量/只 100
采样步长/栅格 2 信息素强度常数 2000
有偏轮盘赌系数 0.5 初始信息素 2
信息素观测半径/栅格 2 信息素因子 6
信息素等效系数 0.5 启发式因子 3
蚁群数量/只 100 信息素挥发系数 0.6
信息素强度常数 2000 航程上限 5000
初始信息素 2 - -
信息素因子 6 - -
启发式因子 3 - -
信息素挥发系数 0.6 - -
最大/最小裁剪步长/节点 10/4 - -
裁剪步长衰减系数 0.8 - -
航程上限 5000 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1197272719524934256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011766581289521, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Result of simulation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 参数
最短航迹 航迹最大转角$\left(\circ \right)$ 平均迭代次数/次 生存蚂蚁数/只
改进蚁群算法 1222.27 8.72 10 100
基本蚁群算法 1726.29 135.00 30 89
), ArticleFig(id=1197272719734649457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011766581289521, language=CN, label=表2, caption=算法仿真结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 参数
最短航迹 航迹最大转角$\left(\circ \right)$ 平均迭代次数/次 生存蚂蚁数/只
改进蚁群算法 1222.27 8.72 10 100
基本蚁群算法 1726.29 135.00 30 89
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基于改进蚁群算法的飞行器航迹规划研究
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李荣晟 1 , 杨小龙 2 , 严晞隽 1 , 任天助 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024,47(5): 41-47
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024, 47(5): 41-47
基于改进蚁群算法的飞行器航迹规划研究
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李荣晟1, 杨小龙2, 严晞隽1, 任天助1
作者信息
  • 1 北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
  • 2 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 李荣晟(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为任务规划。

    杨小龙(1967—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向飞行器制导与控制,微机电系统设计,动力学系统建模与仿真。

    严晞隽(1974—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为装备体系设计与效能评估。

    任天助(1992—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为体系工程研究、体系设计。

Research on Path Planning for Flight Vehicles based on Improved ACO
Rongsheng LI1, Xiaolong YANG2, Xijun YAN1, Tianzhu REN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering,Beijing,100076
  • 2 China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240507
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针对蚁群算法在进行航迹规划时存在收敛较慢、易陷入停滞、转弯过多且角度大等问题,提出一种应用于飞行器二维航迹规划的改进蚁群算法。通过优化邻域扩展方式加速收敛,改进信息素生效策略,以提高蚁群对信息素的利用率,防止陷入停滞,引入局部优化修正航迹,减小航迹曲折程度。仿真结果表明,改进算法在收敛性、迭代次数、航迹质量等方面具有一定优势,证明改进措施提升了蚁群算法收敛速度及规划航迹质量。

航迹规划  /  改进蚁群算法  /  局部优化  /  航迹质量  /  收敛速度

An improved ACO is proposed for two-dimensional path planning of flight vehicles to solve the problems such as slow convergence speed, easy to fall in stagnation and zigzag path with large angles in basic ACO. First, the improved algorithm optimizes extend method to accelerate convergence. Then, a new pheromone strategy is put forward to increase the utilization of pheromone information while preventing ant from falling into stagnation. At last, local optimization method is introduced to reduce the twists and turns in the searched path. According to the simulation results, the improved ACO has superiority in convergence, iteration number and quality of path. The result proves that the improved algorithm can increase the rate of convergence and path quality compared with basic ACO.

path planning  /  improved ACO  /  local optimization  /  quality of path  /  rate of convergence
李荣晟, 杨小龙, 严晞隽, 任天助. 基于改进蚁群算法的飞行器航迹规划研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (5) : 41 -47 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240507
Rongsheng LI, Xiaolong YANG, Xijun YAN, Tianzhu REN. Research on Path Planning for Flight Vehicles based on Improved ACO[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (5) : 41 -47 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240507
航迹规划是飞行器规划领域的关键技术之一, 通过航迹预先规划可以找到由起始位置到目标位置的最优航迹, 避开禁飞区等障碍物并满足飞行器在前进航向上的最大转弯角度等运动约束。
当前用于航迹规划的算法以基于采样及基于图搜索两类算法为主。基于采样的算法不需要进行地图建模,以随机路图法及快速随机扩展树[1]为主,其中随机路图法受初始采样点分布情况影响大[2],快速随机扩展树存在搜索效率低及时间复杂度高等缺陷[3], 基于图搜索的算法首先建立栅格地图, 由于栅格尺寸固定,规划精度与规划效率无法兼得[2],其主要算法包括A*算法[4]、蚁群算法[5](Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm, ACO)、混合A*算法[6]等,其中${\mathrm{A}}^{* }$算法依赖于启发信息并具有较大计算量[7],蚁群算法收敛速度慢、易停滞, 同时两种算法仅能向周围相邻栅格扩展、规划航迹曲折,飞行器难以跟踪[8];混合A*算法在节点扩展过程中考虑运动约束,改进节点扩展方式,但搜索效率低[9]
以上算法中, 蚁群算法的正反馈机制使其具备更强的鲁棒性[10],在航迹及路径规划研究中展现出更大的潜在提升空间。针对蚁群算法收敛速度慢且易陷入停滞等诸多问题[11],现有研究进行了如下改进: 文献[12]提出通过对起始点及终点进行并行规划加速航迹规划过程; 文献[13]在地图内随机采样可到达节点进行扩展, 使蚂蚁能以自由步长及任意角度在采样节点而非栅格中移动, 加速收敛并减小路径曲折程度; 文献[14]通过强化最优蚂蚁并削弱最差蚂蚁的信息素影响加速收敛;文献[15]通过动态惩罚方法改进最优及最差解信息素更新方式, 解决停滞问题并提高收敛速度; 文献[16]仅保留精英蚂蚁个体产生的信息素, 以增强信息素引导作用。
上述研究中, 采用随机采样进行扩展的方法, 在每次扩展过程中均需要进行碰撞检测, 增加算法复杂度, 同时路径质量取决于随机采样节点分布, 随机性强, 对蚁群算法信息素的改进局限于基于蚂蚁优劣的信息素更新方式, 提升作用有限。针对现有方法的不足, 本文提出一种改进蚁群算法, 采用固定步长的异步扩展方法, 地图建模、扩展及采样采用固定但不同的步长, 结合有偏轮盘赌, 基于先验信息限制邻域扩展范围, 保证多样性的同时削弱随机性, 在地图精确建模的基础上提高搜索效率。针对当前信息素在航迹上生效的机制, 提出信息素在航迹节点生效及区域感知的策略, 提高信息素作用范围及利用率, 结合局部优化以进一步加速收敛并提升航迹质量,最后通过仿真验证改进方法的有效性。
在二维航迹规划中, 常用栅格法对规划地图环境进行建模, 将地图划分为正方形离散网格, 根据规划对象尺寸及规划精度确定栅格尺寸。
进一步对栅格进行编码, 将障碍物投影到栅格地图中, 将被障碍物覆盖的所有栅格标识为不可到达区域, 若覆盖面积不足一个栅格, 也应按照整个栅格进行处理, 形成可供规划的搜索空间, 如图1所示。
基本蚁群算法在栅格地图中的扩展邻域由8个候选子节点构成, 如图2所示, 根据当前节点至子节点航迹上存在的信息素浓度及启发式信息确定转移概率, 依概率进行扩展直至到达目标位置。
蚂蚁个体$k$在第$t$次循环中由节点$i$向节点$j$扩展的概率为
${P}_{ij}^{k}\left( t\right)= \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{{\tau }_{ij}^{\alpha }\left( t\right){\eta }_{ij}^{\beta }\left( t\right)}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {a}_{\text{llow }k}\left( i\right)}}{\tau }_{ij}^{\alpha }\left( t\right){\eta }_{ij}^{\beta }\left( t\right)} & j \in {a}_{\text{llow }k}\left( i\right)\\ 0 &\text{ 其他 }\end{matrix}\right.$
式中${\tau }_{ij}\left( t\right)$为节点$i$至节点$j$航迹上的信息素浓度;${\eta }_{ij}\left( t\right)$为节点$i$至节点$j$的启发式信息,是常用节点$i$至节点$j$的欧氏距离${d}_{ij}$的倒数,即$1/{d}_{ij};\alpha$为信息素因子,$\beta$为启发式因子,分别控制信息素及启发式信息对概率的影响程度,值越大影响越强;${a}_{\text{llow }k}\left( i\right)$为蚂蚁$k$在节点$i$时的可行邻域子节点集合,由节点$i$的邻域除去蚂蚁$k$的禁忌表及障碍约束后的剩余节点组成。
在所有蚂蚁个体完成一个搜索循环后, 对所有找到从起点至终点航迹的蚂蚁,遍历其航迹,对经过的航迹更新信息素。对于栅格地图中的每一条航迹有:
$\Delta {\tau }_{ij}^{k}\left( t\right)= \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{Q}{{L}_{k}}& \text{ 蚂蚁 }k\text{ 经过路径 }\left({i, j}\right)\\ 0 &\text{ 其他 }\end{matrix}\right.$
式中$Q$为信息素强度常数;${L}_{k}$为优化问题的目标函数值,常使用蚂蚁$k$找到的航迹总长度;(i, j)为从节点$i$到节点$j$的航迹。
通过累计每一航迹上经过的所有蚂蚁,得到第$t$次循环中, 该航迹新增信息素:
$\Delta {\tau }_{ij}\left( t\right)= \sum \Delta {\tau }_{ij}^{k}\left( t\right)$
为防止信息素积累导致早熟,采用式(4)更新下一次循环航迹存在的信息素:
${\tau }_{ij}\left({t + 1}\right)= \left({1 -\rho }\right){\tau }_{ij}\left( t\right)+ \Delta {\tau }_{ij}\left( t\right)$
式中$\rho$为挥发系数,取值范围为$(0,1\rbrack$
栅格地图建模时, 栅格尺度越大, 规划速度越快, 但难以精确描述障碍物, 造成规划得到的航迹丧失最优性, 减小栅格尺度, 又会降低搜索效率, 对此提出一种异步扩展方法进行邻域扩展, 如图3所示。
异步邻域扩展方法以地图建模栅格尺寸为基本单位, 扩展步长为当前节点至邻域边界间栅格数, 采样步长为两个子节点间最大栅格数量, 采样由顶点处端点向各边中心端点进行。建模栅格尺寸的设置以精确描述地图为目的, 由所有被障碍物覆盖的栅格中的最小障碍物覆盖率决定, 如下式所示:
$\min \left(\frac{{S}_{\text{obs }}^{k}}{{l}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)> {\lambda k}\in {o}_{\text{bstacle }}$
式中${S}_{\mathrm{{obs}}}^{k}$为栅格$k$中障碍物面积;${l}_{\mathrm{m}}$为栅格尺寸;$\lambda$为最小覆盖率;${o}_{\text{bstacle }}$为被障碍物覆盖的栅格集合。
通过设置扩展步长,控制每次扩展最大前进步长, 调整收敛速度, 如下式所示:
${l}_{\mathrm{e}}= \left\lbrack \frac{\sqrt{{\left({x}_{\mathrm{s}}- {x}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({y}_{\mathrm{s}}- {y}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)}^{2}}}{{N}_{\mathrm{e}}{l}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right\rbrack $
式中${l}_{\mathrm{e}}$为扩展步长,以栅格为基本单位;$\left({{x}_{\mathrm{s}},{y}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$为初始点坐标;$\left({{x}_{\mathrm{t}},{y}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)$为目标点坐标;${N}_{\mathrm{e}}$为最小理想扩展步数, 即在无障碍情况下, 希望由起始点到达目标点的最小扩展次数, 值越大收敛越慢, 精度越高;[] 为向上取整。
采样步长${l}_{\mathrm{s}}$用于调整扩展邻域中子节点数量,为$\left\lbrack {0,{l}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right\rbrack$内整数,对于不同扩展步长与采样步长组合, 邻域中子节点数量${N}_{\text{sub }}$
${N}_{\text{sub }}= \left({\left\lfloor {{l}_{\mathrm{e}}/\left({{l}_{\mathrm{s}}+ 1}\right)}\right\rfloor + 1}\right)\times 8 $
式中$\lfloor$上的下取整。
采样步长${l}_{\mathrm{s}}$越小,扩展邻域多样性越强,可扩展的方向越多,一定程度减轻了航迹曲折程度,但收敛速度越慢。
此外, 为避免异步邻域扩展带来的碰撞风险, 按扩展步长对障碍物进行膨胀, 将膨胀产生区域作为警戒区, 仅当存在邻域子节点或当前节点位于警戒区内时, 在扩展时进行航迹碰撞检测。如图4所示, 无检测措施的异步邻域扩展可能存在穿越障碍物的风险。
同时, 由于异步邻域使可扩展子节点增多, 若按照原有方法直接依概率选择子节点, 会使搜索计算量急剧增加,同时存在蚁群发散的风险。
为解决该问题, 提出有偏轮盘赌方法, 即利用先验信息设置阈值, 对邻域中子节点进行初步筛选后再基于轮盘赌完成扩展。
${\eta }_{\text{limit }}= {\eta }_{\text{min }}+ C\left({{\eta }_{\text{max }}- {\eta }_{\text{min }}}\right)\;C \in \left({0,1}\right)$
式中${\eta }_{\min }$${\eta }_{\max }$分别为邻域子节点中最小及最大先验值;$C$为倾斜系数,$C$越大最终进行选择的子节点越少, 收敛越快, 但容易陷入局部最优解。
先验信息以子节点至目标点欧氏距离倒数描述:
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{\eta }_{j}= \frac{1}{{d}_{j}}\\{d}_{j}= \sqrt{{\left({x}_{j}- {x}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({y}_{j}- {y}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)}^{2}}\end{array}\;j \in {a}_{\text{llow }k}\left( i\right)}\right.$
式中$\left({{x}_{j},{y}_{j}}\right)$为子节点坐标;$\left({{x}_{\mathrm{t}},{y}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)$为目标点坐标。
基本蚁群算法将信息素放置在节点间的航迹上, 当前节点至邻域子节点的航迹与存在信息素的航迹重合时,该条航迹上的信息素在此次扩展中发挥作用。 如图5所示, 绿色航迹为存在信息素但信息素未生效的航迹, 红色航迹的节点与当前节点及邻域中子节点存在重合, 为存在信息素且信息素在本次扩展中生效的航迹。
因此, 为提高信息素的利用率, 本文提出将信息素放置在航迹经过的节点上而非航迹上, 同时认为蚂蚁个体不能精确感知某个栅格节点具有的信息素强度, 而是在邻域扩展过程中对子节点及周围区域整体信息素水平进行感知, 如图6所示。
由观测子节点沿观测半径向层外扩展, 越靠外层的栅格节点存在的信息素对子节点影响越小, 由下式确定观测子节点的区域等效信息素:
${\tau }_{j}^{\text{equ }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 0}}^{r}{\mu }^{m}\sum {\tau }_{n}\;\begin{array}{l} j \in {a}_{\text{llow }k}\left( i\right)\\ n \in {a}_{\text{round }j}\left( m\right)\end{array}$
式中$r$为观测半径的栅格数,其值越大观测范围越大;$\mu$为等效系数,$\mu \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$,其值越大,远离观测子节点的栅格信息素权值越大, 其取值为0时只考虑观测子节点信息素;${\tau }_{n}$为栅格$n$上存在的信息素浓度;${a}_{\text{round }j}\left( m\right)$为围绕观测子节点$j$的第$m$层栅格集合,当$m =$0时集合中只含观测子节点$j$一个元素。
为增大邻域子节点间的辨识度, 使得在轮盘赌时能选择更优方向, 要求各邻域子节点的等效信息素观测区域重叠较小, 但同时应保证对周围区域的覆盖度, 以提升信息素利用率, 即观测半径不宜过大或过小, 在本文算例中设置为与采样步长一致。
为减少航迹中由于随机性产生的曲折, 在每个搜索循环结束后, 将搜索得到的航迹在更新信息素前进行裁剪处理。
设置局部优化裁剪步长, 在航迹上选择裁剪起始节点并确定终止节点形成直线方程, 对两点间直线进行碰撞检测, 若无碰撞则删除中间冗余航迹节点, 以终止节点为起始节点继续裁剪直至到达目标点, 完成裁剪后按新航迹计算并放置信息素, 如图7所示。
其中裁剪步长如果设置过小, 会导致局部优化效果有限且速度慢, 设置过大易以较大概率穿越障碍物而无法裁剪,本文采用动态步长进行多轮裁剪,如下式:
${l}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( v\right)= \left\lfloor {{l}_{\mathrm{c},\max }\times {\sigma }^{v}}\right\rfloor \;{l}_{\mathrm{c}}\geq {l}_{\mathrm{c},\min }$
式中${l}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( v\right)$为第$v$次裁剪步长;${l}_{\mathrm{c},\max },{l}_{\mathrm{c},\min }$分别为裁剪步长的上限与下限;$\sigma$为步长衰减系数,$\sigma \in \left({0,1}\right)$; []为向下取整。
真实情况中, 飞行器难以跟踪航迹上存在的较大转角, 在局部优化的基础上, 需要进一步平滑处理, 其中常用平滑处理算法以3次B样条曲线[16]及Hermite插值等为主。相比于3次样条插值, 本文采用边界条件更为简单的3次Hermite插值函数进行平滑处理, 此处不再赘述, 详见文献[17]中Hermite插值模型。
本文所述改进蚁群算法在每个搜索循环完成后, 并非直接更新信息素, 而是对航迹进行局部优化, 按裁剪后的航迹更新信息素, 在搜索迭代完成后, 对最终最优航迹进行插值平滑处理, 流程如图8所示。
为验证本文提出方法的有效性, 基于Python 3.8.8平台,在CPU AMD Ryzne7${4800}\mathrm{H}$、内存$8\mathrm{{GB}}$3 200 MHz*2的硬件环境上进行仿真试验。
考虑现实中飞行器航迹规划情况, 建立尺寸为${1000}\times {660}$(无量纲,下同)、具有多边形及圆形禁飞区的地图进行航迹规划仿真,地图建模栅格尺寸为$1 \times$1,如图9所示。
根据算例地图及障碍物尺寸、各类参数设置约束, 设置如表1所示的算法参数进行航迹规划仿真, 并规定当蚂蚁个体航程超过航程上限时判定为死亡。
首先对本文提出的改进蚁群算法进行仿真, 改进蚁群搜索得到经平滑处理的最优航迹长度为1222.26, 航迹如图10所示。
本文通过局部优化及平滑处理,使航迹便于飞行器跟踪, 如图11所示, 未经平滑处理的航迹存在飞行器难以跟踪的大转角, 处理后的平滑航迹显然更有利于飞行器进行跟踪。
记录历次搜索迭代中蚁群全部个体航迹分布情况, 分析蚁群整体收敛性, 如图12所示。
在设置参数条件下, 平均经过10次迭代, 蚁群稳定地收敛到最优航迹附近, 同时由图12可见, 蚁群最初在先验信息的影响下, 出现在起始点与多边形障碍间堆积的局部最优, 通过迭代蚁群能够有效跳出航程初段的局部最优。
采用基本蚁群算法与文中所述改进蚁群算法进行仿真对比, 设置参数除栅格尺寸外, 其余共同参数与本文方法保持一致。
图13所示, 在上述参数下, 基本蚁群搜索得到的最优航迹长度为1726.29 。
其中平均经过30次迭代蚁群大部分个体能收敛到最优航迹附近,迭代过程如图14所示。
图12图14蚁群航迹分布的对比分析可知, 改进蚁群算法的有偏轮盘赌策略可有效减少蚁群对非必要区域的探索, 在迭代初期能够迅速搜索到近似最优航迹。同时,区域等效信息素可避免偏离当前最优航迹区域的个体处于停滞状态,图14b图14c中左下侧蚁群偏离最优航迹后, 出现无法及时回归到最优航迹附近的问题。在航迹初段, 航迹局部优化可有效消除启发式信息对蚁群的误导, 解决蚁群在出发点至多边形障碍区间堆积的问题,图10图13对比更为显著地表现出本文所提局部优化方法对消除航迹曲折的效果。
统计两种算法平均及最短航迹长度随迭代次数的变化情况, 如图15所示, 改进蚁群算法在收敛速度及蚁群整体航迹长度上均优于基本蚁群算法。
其中, 两种算法仿真结果对比如表2所示, 改进蚁群算法在各项指标上均优于基本蚁群算法。基本蚁群算法受限于扩展方式, 航迹中最大转角达到${135.00}^{\circ }$,经过平滑处理的改进蚁群算法航迹中最大转角仅为${8.72}^{\circ }$。在本文进行仿真的大型地图上,基本蚁群算法存在蚂蚁个体在航迹初段偏离最优航迹的情况, 导致存在于最优及较优航迹上的信息素无法对其产生作用, 最终因超过航程上限无法到达终点被判定为死亡。
本文提出了一种改进蚁群算法, 解决了在使用蚁群算法进行航迹规划过程中出现的收敛较慢、易陷入停滞、转弯过多且角度大等问题。首先,提出异步邻域扩展方法提高蚁群收敛速度; 其次, 针对基本蚁群算法信息素利用率较低、易陷入停滞的不足,提出区域等效信息素; 进一步, 提出在局部裁剪后的航迹上放置信息素以提高最优性, 并采用3次Hermite插值进行航迹平滑优化, 消除冗余及较大转角; 最后, 对提出方法进行仿真, 结果表明改进方法在收敛速度及航迹的最优性上具有优势, 验证了该方法的有效性及应用价值。本文对相关参数设置尚未进行全面的优化分析, 这部分未来将进一步开展研究。针对运动约束, 本文的做法是基于已有航迹进行优化平滑处理, 后续的目标是探索利用信息素对航迹上的最小转角进行预测, 以避免蚂蚁进入障碍附近区域, 在进一步加速收敛的同时满足约束指标的要求。
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2024年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240507
  • 接收时间:2022-03-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-25
  • 修回日期:2024-09-01
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    1 北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
    2 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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