Article(id=1148011763821441037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240412, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1592841600000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-23, revisedDate=1599494400000, revisedDateStr=2020-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636933522, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636933522, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636933522, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636933522, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011764047933473, articleId=1148011763821441037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Study on SLS Mobile Launcher and the Development, columnId=1154067058611446771, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Support, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mobile Launcher (ML) is one of the critical ground supporting systems, which is going to be in service for Space Launch System (SLS). The function of ML includes stacking, assembly, process checkouts and launch support for the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft. The structure layouts, operations and functions from Apollo and Saturn V are valued and baselined. The ground support equipment like umbilicals and accessories are researched and renewed. Besides, ML is aimed to be possessed of strong applicability and generality for different heavy-lift rockets, including SLS. The generality design is then performed, and modules and equipment are borrowed from previous launchers. Comprehensive tests of function, security and reliability are carried on. The research in the paper will provide reference for the launcher of heavy-lift rocket in China.

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移动发射台(Mobile Launcher,ML)作为美国新一代重型运载火箭——航天发射系统(Space Launch System,SLS)的关键地面设备之一,承担着该型火箭及猎户座飞船的组装、测试、转运与发射支持等功能。该发射台继承了阿波罗航天飞机、土星V等重型运载火箭发射台的结构布局、工作模式和功能特点,同时对脐带装置、发射附件等进行了改进和升级。此外,NASA在该发射台的研制与改造过程中,以包括SLS在內的多个型号为应用对象,进行了基于通用化与模块化的设计与部署,并成功借鉴了航天飞机、土星V所使用发射台的设备与技术,全面深入地开展了功能性、安全性与可靠性测试。研究内容可为中国的重型运载火箭的发射台设计及相关技术研究提供借鉴与参考。

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王晓明(1984—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为航天发射场非标准地面设施服务。

毛利民(1980—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天管理。

孟昭龙(1979—),男,助理研究员,主要研究方向为航天发射支持技术与应用。

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KSC testing the VS-designed to dampen SLS swaying on a windy pad[EB/OL].(2016-03-03)[2020-06-08]. http://www.spaceflight.com/ksc-testing-the-vs-designed-to-dampen-sls-swaying-on-a-windy-pad.html., articleTitle=KSC testing the VS-designed to dampen SLS swaying on a windy pad, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273816444485803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011763821441037, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.nasa.gov/marshall/290339main_8-388221J.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Space shuttle solid rocket booster[EB/OL].(2008-11-01)[2020-06-08]. http://www.nasa.gov/marshall/290339main_8-388221J.pdf., articleTitle=Space shuttle solid rocket booster, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273816587092142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011763821441037, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/11/nasa-outlines-sls-mobile-launcher-umbilical-plans.html, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NASA outlines SLS mobile launcher umbilical plans[EB/OL].(2012-11-05)[2020-06-08]. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/11/nasa-outlines-sls-mobile-launcher-umbilical-plans.html., articleTitle=NASA outlines SLS mobile launcher umbilical plans, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273818440974514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011763821441037, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crawlertransporter&oldid=826551950, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Crawler-transporter[EB/OL].(2014-09-03)[2020-06-08]. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crawlertransporter&oldid=826551950., articleTitle=Crawler-transporter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273819401470132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011763821441037, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.nasa.gov/explorations/content/exploration-ground-systems-overview, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Exploration ground systems overview[EB/OL].(2020-01-23)[2020-06-08]. http://www.nasa.gov/explorations/content/exploration-ground-systems-overview., articleTitle=Exploration ground systems overview, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273820320022710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011763821441037, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.nasa.gov/mobile-launcher-upgrades-will-support-nasas-space-launch-system-rocket.html, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=12, authorNames=LINDA Herridge, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LINDA Herridge. Mobile launcher mods will support NASA's next-generation rocket and spacecraft[EB/OL].(2015-08-22)[2020-06-08]. http://www.nasa.gov/mobile-launcher-upgrades-will-support-nasas-space-launch-system-rocket.html., articleTitle=Mobile launcher mods will support NASA's next-generation rocket and spacecraft, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273821012082873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011763821441037, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilites/letf.html, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Launcher equipment test facility (LETF)[EB/OL].(2015-09-23)[2020-06-08]. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilites/letf.html., articleTitle=Launcher equipment test facility (LETF), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273822727553211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1148011763821441037, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Mobile launch pad umbilical device and launch accessories, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脐带装置及发射附件功能描述是否T-0触发标高/m
发射台支承臂数量8个,采用固体助推底部支承的方式,主要承担箭体竖直载荷与部分横向载荷,并在火箭发射时提供释放。0
尾部服务桅杆脐带数量2个, 分别为芯级段提供液氧与液氢输送管路, 并提供与芯级发动机连接的电缆, 用于发射前低温推进剂的处理等。0
后裙电缆脐带数量2个,为SLS提供电能与信号/数据传输,主要将火箭状态信号传递给发射台上的发射释放系统。0
后裙净气脐带数量2个,用于排出有毒气体,同时向固体助推后裙段腔体提供热氮气以维持内部元器件的温度。0
芯级箱间脐带数量1个,目的是:a)排出芯级中气态氢;b)为芯级提供洁净空气、高压气体;c)芯级内部电子设备供电与数据传输。42.7
芯级前裙脐带数量1个,为芯级前裙提供净化空气与氮气,除此之外,还可能为前裙内部的飞行电子设备包提供电信号与电源。54.9
箭体稳定装置数量1个,主要在箭体转运过程与射前准备中使用,以克服沿海发射场的多风天气。-
低温推进过渡段脐带数量1个,目的是为SLS的低温推进过渡段提供燃料、氧化剂、动力气体与电力,并保障环境控制系统,此外还可对有害气体的泄漏进行检测。73.2
船员通道摆臂数量1个,目的是为猎户座飞船的宇航员提供通行通道。83.5
猎户座服务模块脐带数量1个,为OSM内部的电子设备提供冷却液,为飞船提供洁净空气与氮气以保障环境控制系统。此外,还将为发射中止系统提供洁净空气与氮气,用于环境控制。85.3
), ArticleFig(id=1197273802271932556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011763821441037, language=CN, label=表1, caption=移动发射台脐带装置及发射附件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脐带装置及发射附件功能描述是否T-0触发标高/m
发射台支承臂数量8个,采用固体助推底部支承的方式,主要承担箭体竖直载荷与部分横向载荷,并在火箭发射时提供释放。0
尾部服务桅杆脐带数量2个, 分别为芯级段提供液氧与液氢输送管路, 并提供与芯级发动机连接的电缆, 用于发射前低温推进剂的处理等。0
后裙电缆脐带数量2个,为SLS提供电能与信号/数据传输,主要将火箭状态信号传递给发射台上的发射释放系统。0
后裙净气脐带数量2个,用于排出有毒气体,同时向固体助推后裙段腔体提供热氮气以维持内部元器件的温度。0
芯级箱间脐带数量1个,目的是:a)排出芯级中气态氢;b)为芯级提供洁净空气、高压气体;c)芯级内部电子设备供电与数据传输。42.7
芯级前裙脐带数量1个,为芯级前裙提供净化空气与氮气,除此之外,还可能为前裙内部的飞行电子设备包提供电信号与电源。54.9
箭体稳定装置数量1个,主要在箭体转运过程与射前准备中使用,以克服沿海发射场的多风天气。-
低温推进过渡段脐带数量1个,目的是为SLS的低温推进过渡段提供燃料、氧化剂、动力气体与电力,并保障环境控制系统,此外还可对有害气体的泄漏进行检测。73.2
船员通道摆臂数量1个,目的是为猎户座飞船的宇航员提供通行通道。83.5
猎户座服务模块脐带数量1个,为OSM内部的电子设备提供冷却液,为飞船提供洁净空气与氮气以保障环境控制系统。此外,还将为发射中止系统提供洁净空气与氮气,用于环境控制。85.3
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浅析SLS移动发射台及其研制情况
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王晓明 1 , 毛利民 2 , 孟昭龙 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024,47(4): 70-76
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024, 47(4): 70-76
浅析SLS移动发射台及其研制情况
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王晓明1, 毛利民2, 孟昭龙1
作者信息
  • 1北京特种工程设计研究院,北京,100028
  • 2战略支援部队装备部驻北京地区军事代表局第二军代室,北京,100094
  • 王晓明(1984—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为航天发射场非标准地面设施服务。

    毛利民(1980—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天管理。

    孟昭龙(1979—),男,助理研究员,主要研究方向为航天发射支持技术与应用。

Study on SLS Mobile Launcher and the Development
Xiaoming WANG1, Limin MAO2, Zhaolong MENG1
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Special Engineering and Design Institute, Beijing, 100028
  • 2Beijing Representative Office II of Military Representative Bureau in Strategic Support Force, Armaments Department Military,Beijing,100094
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240412
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移动发射台(Mobile Launcher,ML)作为美国新一代重型运载火箭——航天发射系统(Space Launch System,SLS)的关键地面设备之一,承担着该型火箭及猎户座飞船的组装、测试、转运与发射支持等功能。该发射台继承了阿波罗航天飞机、土星V等重型运载火箭发射台的结构布局、工作模式和功能特点,同时对脐带装置、发射附件等进行了改进和升级。此外,NASA在该发射台的研制与改造过程中,以包括SLS在內的多个型号为应用对象,进行了基于通用化与模块化的设计与部署,并成功借鉴了航天飞机、土星V所使用发射台的设备与技术,全面深入地开展了功能性、安全性与可靠性测试。研究内容可为中国的重型运载火箭的发射台设计及相关技术研究提供借鉴与参考。

NASA  /  航天发射系统  /  移动发射台  /  脐带装置  /  垂直转运  /  零秒脱落

Mobile Launcher (ML) is one of the critical ground supporting systems, which is going to be in service for Space Launch System (SLS). The function of ML includes stacking, assembly, process checkouts and launch support for the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft. The structure layouts, operations and functions from Apollo and Saturn V are valued and baselined. The ground support equipment like umbilicals and accessories are researched and renewed. Besides, ML is aimed to be possessed of strong applicability and generality for different heavy-lift rockets, including SLS. The generality design is then performed, and modules and equipment are borrowed from previous launchers. Comprehensive tests of function, security and reliability are carried on. The research in the paper will provide reference for the launcher of heavy-lift rocket in China.

NASA  /  space launch system  /  Mobile Launcher  /  tower umbilicals  /  vertical transportation  /  zero-second release
王晓明, 毛利民, 孟昭龙. 浅析SLS移动发射台及其研制情况. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 70 -76 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240412
Xiaoming WANG, Limin MAO, Zhaolong MENG. Study on SLS Mobile Launcher and the Development[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 70 -76 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240412
美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)研制的航天发射系统(Space Launch System, SLS)目标是运送猎户座飞船, 实现载人重返月球的 “阿尔忒弥斯计划” 与登陆火星等任务。根据计划安排, SLS将从位于佛罗里达州的肯尼迪发射中心发射, 原计划是2017年12月首飞,多次调整后于2022年8月首飞[1]
为满足SLS及后续型号的发射任务, NASA在发射场配置建设上投入巨大, 对包括空间站处理设施(Space Station Processing Facility, SSPF)、多载荷处理设施(Multi-Payload Processing Facility, MPPF)、 有效载荷危险服务设施(Payload Hazard Service Facility, PHSF)、LC39B工位、垂直总装测试厂房(Vertical Assembly Test Building, VAB)、发射控制中心(Launch Control Center, LCC)与移动发射台(Mobile Launcher, ML)在内的多个系统进行了改造与升级。其中, ML作为重要的发射支持设备, 主要用于SLS及猎户座飞船的组装、测试及发射。
该移动发射台最初是为 “星座计划” Ares I火箭服务的, 建成后又因 “星座计划” 的取消而暂时搁置。而后, 随着美国重返月球 “阿尔忒弥斯计划” 的启动, NASA及其承包商围绕SLS进行了多轮重新设计、改造与测试试验, 已经具备了保障SLS火箭等后续型号发射的能力。作为SLS火箭的发射支持设备, 该移动发射台具有鲜明的功能特征与结构特点。本文着重对该发射台的功能、组成及研制情况进行研究, 期待为中国新一代重型运载火箭的发射支持设备的研制提供借鉴和参考。
SLS为捆绑式重型运载火箭, 共有6种构型, 如图1所示。其中首飞型为SLS Block1 Crew,总高度约为${98}\mathrm{\;m}$(含逃逸塔),最大直径为${8.4}\mathrm{\;m}$,起飞质量约为${2495}\mathrm{t}$,最大推力约为${3992}\mathrm{t}$,运送登月轨道载荷可达26 t。SLS Block 1 Crew包括芯级、低温过渡级、 级间转换器、固体助推器与猎户座飞船等。芯级部分为新研制,高度超过${61}\mathrm{\;m}$,底部配有4台RS-25发动机;固体助推器数量为2枚, 由航天飞机固体助推器改造优化; 低温过渡级配有一台RL-10发动机作为猎户座飞船的动力[2]
体量庞大的SLS火箭在测试发射模式上沿用了阿波罗航天飞机与土星$\mathrm{V}$的 “三垂” 方式,即 “垂直总装、垂直测试、垂直转运”, 将飞船、整流罩、芯级、 低温过渡级、固体助推器等运送到肯尼迪航天中心, 分别进行相应的组装、测试等处理, 而后运送至VAB内进行总装与测试, 总装测试完成后, 由移动发射台转运至LC39B工位,加注测试后实施发射。移动发射台在整个测试发射过程中起到关键作用, 其功能主要为[3]:
a)为火箭及猎户座飞船的装配、测试与发射提供工作平台;
b)支撑、约束火箭箭体;
c)连接通向火箭(含固体助推器、飞船)的各种管路和电缆;
d)将火箭及猎户座飞船从垂直总装测试厂房运输到LC39B工位;
e)作为火箭发射及射前所有试验的支撑平台。
与航天飞机和土星$\mathrm{V}$的发射台相似,移动发射台本身不具备转运功能, 而是由履带式转运车(Crawler Transfer Vehicle, CT)完成。
移动发射台主要包括基座与脐带塔两个部分, 基座的主要作用为:a)为火箭提供支撑;b)为尾焰提供排导空间;c)为操作提供工作平台;d)为设备提供安装空间等。发射台基座总体尺寸为${48.1}\mathrm{\;m}\times$${40.5}\mathrm{\;m}\times {7.6}\mathrm{\;m}$,为箱型结构,分为$\mathrm{A}\text{、}\mathrm{\;B}$两层,内部设有隔间存放测发设备。基座上表面标高为${14.3}\mathrm{\;m}$, 作为发射零面。
基座上表面设置了喷水降噪系统(IOP/SS),基本沿用了航天飞机发射台MLP的 “雨鸟”[4], 即在发射台甲板上的东北角、西北角、东南角、西南角与北向中部位置设有5个喷水口,高度约为${3.7}\mathrm{\;m}$,可在${30}\mathrm{\;s}$内释放170万升水,覆盖发射台的防爆甲板、导流孔以及下方的导流槽。
脐带塔主要为SLS及飞船的各个部位脐带连接提供工作操作空间及平台。脐带塔的外形沿用了土星$\mathrm{V}$发射台的脐带塔, 为开放式的桁架式结构。脐带塔塔高约${105}\mathrm{\;m}$,截面为${12.2}\mathrm{\;m}\times {12.2}\mathrm{\;m}$,脐带塔每隔${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$高度设置通道,方便人员往返于箭体与地面设备。
移动发射台上设有7种脐带装置与3个发射附件, 其中9个属于零秒脱落设备, 如图2所示。零秒脱落即火箭起飞一定高度后才允许脱落。零秒脱落设备的应用可在发射任务终止时保证发射现场箭上燃料的安全泄压、泄出以及发动机等设备用气等操作的自动化与无人化,使安全性与可靠性更高[5]。 SLS零秒脱落是以固体助推器的点火时间作为T-0来启动的, 塔上脐带装置及发射附件相关功能描述如表1所示[2,6]
a)发射台支承臂。
SLS采用了底部支承的方式, 支承位置在助推底部。为此, 移动发射台的支承臂共有8个, 每个助推底部(后裙)各设置4个,支承臂高度约为${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,如图3a所示。与中国长征系列火箭所使用的发射台支承臂不同,该发射台的支承臂是固定的,不具备调平功能。箭体的锁止与解锁沿用了航天飞机牵制释放方式,称为压柱式装置,如图3b所示,该装置主要由柱塞总成、防护罩、压块、易碎螺母、张紧螺柱与NSD引爆器组成。点火时由NSD引爆器引爆易碎螺母,张紧螺栓快速缩回实现解锁释放[7]。此外,支承臂的接口位置安装有应变片, 用于测量组装、转运以及发射时的载荷变化情况。
b)尾部服务桅杆脐带装置。
尾部服务桅杆脐带共有2个,高度约为${10}\mathrm{\;m}$,位于发射台上脐带塔的对面位置, 并沿着箭体一发射台中心线对称布置,角度为$\pm {12.7}^{\circ }$,如图4所示。不同于航天飞机的 “爆炸螺栓触发, 配重落下撤收” 后倾的撤收方式, 发射台的尾部服务桅杆脐带设置了防护罩, 利用一套气动设备, 可将所有脐带连接的硬件设备快速收回至防护罩内并关门, 保护脐带及管线不受到尾焰冲击和烧蚀[6-8]
c)后裙电缆脐带装置与后裙净气脐带装置。
表1所示, 后裙电缆脐带装置与后裙净气脐带装置均是为SLS固体助推器服务的, 固定并安装于发射台基座表面上, 如图5所示。其中, 后裙电缆脐带装置至关重要,将火箭状态信号传递给发射台上的发射释放系统(Launch Release System, LRS)。固体助推器点火时, 由LRS系统发出发射信号, 传递给其他脐带装置及附件做出动作。后裙净气脐带装置则是为了保障固体助推器内部元器件的环境温度[8]
d)芯级箱间脐带装置与芯级前裙脐带装置。
芯级箱间脐带装置与芯级前裙脐带装置均为摆开式零秒脱落脐带装置,摆开角度为顺时针${45}^{\circ }$,结构类似, 均为液压驱动的钢桁架摆臂, 如图6所示。以芯级箱间脐带装置为例,摆臂长度约为${13.7}\mathrm{\;m}$,宽度为${2.4}\mathrm{m}$,高度为${4.6}\mathrm{\;m}$,脐带终端为连接托盘,尺寸约为${0.9}\mathrm{\;m}\times {1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$。脐带托盘采用被动式重力补偿连杆原理, 通过合理设置连杆内部刚度使得连杆具备一定的柔顺性, 可较好地适应箭体的晃动。脐带托盘的连接工作是在垂直总装测试厂房内完成的, 连接状态保持直至发射。脐带一旦释放,连接托盘被液压缸主动收回至摆臂中[6,8]
e)箭体稳定装置。
箭体稳定装置与支承臂上的压柱式装置共同作用, 承担箭体转运过程与射前准备过程中风载对箭体的影响, 以提高箭体的安全性与可靠性, 如图7所示。箭体稳定装置采用被动式缓震技术,最大可承担约22.68 t侧向扰动力与约${90.72}\mathrm{t}$正向扰动力(晃动线速度不大于${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,设计值)。该装置与SLS芯级的接口位置共有两处,覆盖角度范围为${135}^{\circ }\sim {225}^{\circ }$。箭体稳定装置为向下摆动式零秒脱落, 设置软解锁和硬解锁两种模式, 其中硬解锁可在未脱开状态下强行脱离,也可在发射终止时重新连接[6-8]
f)低温推进过渡段脐带装置。
图8所示, 低温推进过渡段脐带装置为摆开式零秒脱落装置, 是一套液压驱动式钢桁架摆臂, 最大摆开角度为顺时针${45}^{\circ }$。摆臂不与箭体直接连接,而是保持约$3\mathrm{\;m}$的距离,延伸出约5根软管以悬垂的方式与箭体连接。该连接方式借鉴了德尔塔IV的二级, 部分设备则沿用了航天飞机在LC39B工位氧排摆臂的铰链、LC39A工位氧排摆臂的吊架、减震器与工作平台[6-8]。低温推进过渡段脐带装置的连接工作是在垂直总装测试厂房内完成的, 保持连接状态直至发射。
g)猎户座服务模块脐带装置。
猎户座服务模块脐带为上倾式零秒脱落装置, 如图9所示,结构主体为钢桁架结构,长约${8.2}\mathrm{\;m}$,宽约${5.2}\mathrm{\;m}$。与低温推进过渡段脐带装置相似,该脐带装置结构部分不与箭体直接连接, 端头与箭体保持约${4.9}\mathrm{\;m}$的距离,延伸出的软管是以悬垂的方式与飞船上的模块连接。脐带设置了卷扬机牵引方式, 防止软管回弹。脐带塔上方设置防护罩以保护脐带设备不受到固体助推尾焰冲击和烧蚀。猎户座服务模块脐带的连接在垂直总装测试厂房中进行, 保持连接状态直至发射[6,8]
除了船员通道摆臂, 上述脐带装置与发射附件均需要在T-0启动撤收程序,为SLS火箭升空提供空间。 这9个零秒脱落设备均在T-0时刻启动, 按照发射时序主动撤收至安全位置。根据设备载荷与空间布置的不同, 这些零秒脱落设备采用了不同的撤收方式, 芯级前裙脐带装置、芯级箱间脐带装置、低温推进过渡段脐带装置与船员通道摆臂均为摆开式撤收, 尾部服务桅杆脐带装置与猎户座服务模块脐带装置为上倾式撤收, 箭体稳定装置为下摆式撤收, 见图2
与长征二号$\mathrm{F}$、长征七号、长征五号火箭的移动发射台不同, SLS移动发射台的转运功能主要由履带式转运车完成,即发射台与转运车是分体状态。具体流程为: 履带式转运车将发射台转运至垂直总装测试厂房, 而后将总装测试完成后的运载火箭、飞船与发射台一起转运至发射工位, 然后将其卸货, 撤出发射区,不参与最后的发射。
NASA在肯尼迪航天中心共有2台转运车, 即CT-1与CT-2, 自1965年开始, 轮流承担了长达30年的土星$\mathrm{V}$登月计划与阿波罗航天飞机项目。其中, CT-2根据计划承担SLS转运工作。
图10所示[9], CT-2的整体尺寸约为${40}\mathrm{\;m}\times$${35}\mathrm{\;m}$,高度为${6.1}\sim {7.9}\mathrm{\;m}$可调,自重为${2721}\mathrm{t}$,共有16台曳引式电动机,携带4台1000 kW的发电机,由两台${2050}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$的柴油机轮流驱动发电; 另携带2台${750}\mathrm{{kW}}$的发电机,用于千斤顶的顶升、车辆转向、 照明以及通风,由两台794 kW的柴油机驱动; 此外还备有2台${150}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$的发电机。CT-2共有8组履带,分别布置在4个角上。CT-2采用激光导引系统与水平调节装置,确保箭体垂直度控制在${10}^{\prime }$以内。此外CT-2配有一套激光对接系统, 以完成其与VAB或发射工位的对接。CT-2运行期间,约有30名工程师及技术人员参与其中。
为了适应SLS型号, NASA于2012年对CT-2进行了适应性改造, 主要更新了柴油机、排气管、制动器、液压系统以及电脑, 同时对结构进行了加强, 承重能力提高至${8200}\mathrm{t}$,满载运行最大速度为${1.6}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$, 空载最大速度为${3.2}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$
SLS移动发射台的整个研制工作是在NASA地面支持系统(Ground Support System Development, EGS)研发项目下开展的[10]。该项目目标是研制具有通用性的地面支持设施设备, 为包括SLS在内的多个型号火箭提供支持和保障。
该移动发射台最初为Ares I发射台,目的是为 “星座计划”而服务。该发射台于2008年开始建造, 承包商为奥兰多的汉塞尔菲尔普斯公司, 2010年8月竣工;而后为适应SLS,于2013年底启动改造工作, 由J.P Donovan建筑公司实施[11]。改造分为两个阶段进行, 第一阶段的内容主要有:
a)主结构(底部基座与塔体)结构加强;
b)导流槽尺寸由${6.7}\mathrm{\;m}\times {6.7}\mathrm{\;m}$扩至${10.4}\mathrm{\;m}\times$${19.5}\mathrm{\;m}$;
c)采用助推底部支撑的方式, 设置8个支撑臂。
第二阶段于2016年开始, 主要是改造和安装地面支持设备, 包括各种脐带装置、发射附件与管线等。脐带装置与发射附件安装前会在肯尼迪航天中心的发射设备试验室进行一系列的测试。发射设备实验室是NASA重要的实验室之一, 曾完成了航天飞机与土星$\mathrm{V}$所使用的关键地面设备的测试与考核,确保其工作的安全性与可靠性。实验室设有一套火箭运动模拟器, 可模拟火箭风载下扰动、点火及起飞的运动以及箭体热胀冷缩变化等不同情况, 还包括箭体转运过程中火箭可能存在的各种运动以及发射后的前${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$的运动变化[12]
脐带装置与发射附件安装调试完成后, 移动发射台将开展设备运行试验, 主要包括4个内容: 转运过程中结构响应测试、磨合试验、暖通空调增压试验与喷水降噪系统测试。其中, 喷水降噪系统的测试一直持续开展, 于2019年9月在LC39B工位进行了原计划的最后一次试验[13],如图11所示。
作为新一代重型运载火箭发射台, SLS移动发射台继承了航天飞机与土星$\mathrm{V}$发射台的结构布局、工作模式和使用特点, 包括分体式履带转运、“雨鸟”喷水降噪系统、主动式零秒脱落技术等。同时, 该发射台在很多技术细节上进行了改进和突破, 解决了箭体转运过程稳定性、风载作用下脐带装置随动性等问题。
此外, NASA在发射台的研制过程中也秉承了通用化、模块化的原则,启动了为包括SLS在内多个型号的运载火箭提供地面支持与保障的EGS项目,并借鉴包括航天飞机、土星V、德尔塔IV等运载火箭发射台的设施设备,开展了发射台脐带装置与发射附件的模拟测试, 极大地提高了地面设施设备的研制效率与可靠性。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240412
  • 接收时间:2020-06-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-06-23
  • 修回日期:2020-09-08
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    1北京特种工程设计研究院,北京,100028
    2战略支援部队装备部驻北京地区军事代表局第二军代室,北京,100094
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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