Article(id=1148011762449904557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240409, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1633795200000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-10, revisedDate=1639238400000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636933194, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636933194, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636933194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636933194, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011762626065347, articleId=1148011762449904557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Zero-range Orientation Closed-loop Guidance Method Based on Neural Network, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For solid-engine aircraft, closed-loop guidance methods with energy matching or angle constraints are generally used in the powered flight segment, which have high control accuracy. However, its accuracy is greatly affected by engine performance deviations. Therefore, a zero-range Orientation closed-loop guidance method based on neural network is proposed to reduce the impact of engine performance deviation on the guidance accuracy. Firstly, the motion model of the powered flight segment of the aircraft is established, and the closed-loop guidance of the zero-range Orientation is analyzed and deduced. Secondly, a multi-input neural network algorithm is designed, the input and output parameters are determined, the residual energy, the velocityto be increased and the angle of the zero-range Orientation are trained. Then, the training results of the above neural network with the zero-range Orientation closed-loop guidance are combined. This method enables feedback of different zero-range Orientation angles under different engine deviations. Finally, different deviation states for simulation verification are chosen. The simulation results show that this method can effectively reduce the influence of engine deviation on the guidance accuracy, and has strong anti-bias ability and high guidance accuracy.

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对于固体发动机飞行器,在动力飞行段一般采用能量匹配闭路制导或者倾角约束的闭路制导方法,这种闭路制导方法的控制精度较高,但其精度受到发动机性能偏差的影响较大,为了减小发动机性能偏差对制导精度的影响,提出了基于神经网络的零射程线闭路制导方法。首先,建立了飞行器动力飞行段运动模型,对零射程线闭路制导进行了分析推导;其次,设计了多输入神经网络算法,确定了输入输出参数,对剩余能量、待增速度以及趋零射程线角度进行训练,将神经网络训练结果与零射程线闭路制导相结合,使得在不同的发动机偏差情况下,反馈不同的趋零射程线角度;最后,通过选择不同的偏差状态进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明该方法能有效地减小发动机偏差对制导精度的影响,具有较强的抗偏差能力,制导精度高。

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刘运鹏(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

施健峰(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

刘旭东(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

王长江(1979—),男,副研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计。

李华滨(1965—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

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刘运鹏(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

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$\theta$—速度方向与零射程线方向夹角;${r}_{\mathrm{{LSCX}}}$—零射程线矢量。

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序号状态视速度总冲偏差/( $\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$)实际引起的偏差/km引起的偏差理论值/km误差比值/%提升比值/%
1考虑趋零射程线误差123.215.3646.433.048.8
2误差215.46.7830.822.038.9
3不考虑趋零射程线误差123.237.9746.481.8-
4误差215.418.7830.860.9-
), ArticleFig(id=1197273715760219054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762449904557, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同总冲偏差对应的落点偏差, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号状态视速度总冲偏差/( $\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$)实际引起的偏差/km引起的偏差理论值/km误差比值/%提升比值/%
1考虑趋零射程线误差123.215.3646.433.048.8
2误差215.46.7830.822.038.9
3不考虑趋零射程线误差123.237.9746.481.8-
4误差215.418.7830.860.9-
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基于神经网络的零射程线闭路制导方法
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刘运鹏 1 , 施健峰 1 , 刘旭东 1 , 王长江 2 , 李华滨 3
导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024,47(4): 52-56
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024, 47(4): 52-56
基于神经网络的零射程线闭路制导方法
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刘运鹏1, 施健峰1, 刘旭东1, 王长江2, 李华滨3
作者信息
  • 1北京航天自动控制研究所,北京,100854
  • 2中国人民解放军96901部队,北京,100094
  • 3中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 刘运鹏(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

    施健峰(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

    刘旭东(1990—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

    王长江(1979—),男,副研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计。

    李华滨(1965—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

Zero-range Orientation Closed-loop Guidance Method Based on Neural Network
Yunpeng LIU1, Jianfeng SHI1, Xudong LIU1, Changjiang WANG2, Huabin LI3
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute,Beijing,100854
  • 2Unit 96901,Beijing,100094
  • 3China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240409
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对于固体发动机飞行器,在动力飞行段一般采用能量匹配闭路制导或者倾角约束的闭路制导方法,这种闭路制导方法的控制精度较高,但其精度受到发动机性能偏差的影响较大,为了减小发动机性能偏差对制导精度的影响,提出了基于神经网络的零射程线闭路制导方法。首先,建立了飞行器动力飞行段运动模型,对零射程线闭路制导进行了分析推导;其次,设计了多输入神经网络算法,确定了输入输出参数,对剩余能量、待增速度以及趋零射程线角度进行训练,将神经网络训练结果与零射程线闭路制导相结合,使得在不同的发动机偏差情况下,反馈不同的趋零射程线角度;最后,通过选择不同的偏差状态进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明该方法能有效地减小发动机偏差对制导精度的影响,具有较强的抗偏差能力,制导精度高。

零射程线  /  固体发动机  /  神经网络  /  闭路制导

For solid-engine aircraft, closed-loop guidance methods with energy matching or angle constraints are generally used in the powered flight segment, which have high control accuracy. However, its accuracy is greatly affected by engine performance deviations. Therefore, a zero-range Orientation closed-loop guidance method based on neural network is proposed to reduce the impact of engine performance deviation on the guidance accuracy. Firstly, the motion model of the powered flight segment of the aircraft is established, and the closed-loop guidance of the zero-range Orientation is analyzed and deduced. Secondly, a multi-input neural network algorithm is designed, the input and output parameters are determined, the residual energy, the velocityto be increased and the angle of the zero-range Orientation are trained. Then, the training results of the above neural network with the zero-range Orientation closed-loop guidance are combined. This method enables feedback of different zero-range Orientation angles under different engine deviations. Finally, different deviation states for simulation verification are chosen. The simulation results show that this method can effectively reduce the influence of engine deviation on the guidance accuracy, and has strong anti-bias ability and high guidance accuracy.

zero-range orientation  /  solid motor  /  neural network  /  closed-loop guidance
刘运鹏, 施健峰, 刘旭东, 王长江, 李华滨. 基于神经网络的零射程线闭路制导方法. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 52 -56 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240409
Yunpeng LIU, Jianfeng SHI, Xudong LIU, Changjiang WANG, Huabin LI. Zero-range Orientation Closed-loop Guidance Method Based on Neural Network[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 52 -56 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240409
随着高超声速飞行器技术的发展, 对飞行器再入段的飞行提出了越来越高的要求, 为了给飞行器再入段的飞行创造更好的条件, 需要提高动力飞行段的控制精度, 即在不同的动力飞行段偏差条件下, 通过动力飞行段制导减小再入飞行初始状态偏差, 如再入飞行的初始弹道倾角、再入飞行的航程等, 这些都对飞行器动力飞行段的制导精度提出了更高的要求。为了减小再入初始状态偏差, 一般来说, 动力飞行段制导采用传统的能量匹配闭路制导或者倾角约束的闭路制导方法, 将动力飞行段的制导闭合到惯性落点(即动力段以惯性落点为控制目标点), 通过控制惯性落点达到控制再入点的目的, 从而减小再入点的初始偏差。这些制导方法具有较高的精度, 可以用于再入机动飞行器和惯性再入飞行器的动力段制导, 但其精度却受到发动机性能偏差的影响, 发动机的性能偏差几乎完全都体现在最终的制导精度中[1-3]。众所周知, 性能偏差如果在零射程线方向则对射程没有影响, 故为了减小发动机性能偏差的影响, 动力飞行段闭路制导开始采用零射程线的方式[4],这使得即使存在发动机偏差, 也可以使动力飞行段飞行的航程离散度较小, 但是这种方法需要将飞行器姿态调整到零射程线上,而这对飞行器的射程能力影响很大。
为了减小发动机性能偏差对动力飞行段制导精度的影响以及零射程线方法对飞行器射程能力的影响, 本文在动力飞行段采用闭合惯性落点的制导方式, 在分析了动力飞行段剩余能量、待增速度以及零射程线角度的影响后, 采用离线神经网络进行训练, 将神经网络训练结果和零射程线闭路制导方法相结合, 确定了剩余能量、待增速度和趋零射程线角度的关系。通过数学仿真对设计结果进行了验证与分析, 结果表明, 本文设计的方法可以降低固体发动机性能偏差对动力飞行段制导精度的影响, 具有较高的控制精度, 既可以为再入机动飞行器再入段飞行提供较好的飞行条件, 也可以为惯性再入的飞行器提供较好的末速修正条件(惯性再入的飞行在动力飞行结束后,一般需要采用末修级进行修正)。
飞行器动力飞行段以及分离后的无动力飞行段, 飞行弹道与惯性落点关系示意如图1所示。
将飞行器视为刚体质点, 建立飞行器在空间的三自由度运动模型, 对飞行器在发射惯性坐标系进行空间运动描述,其质心动力学方程为[5]
$ m\dot{\mathbf{v}}= \mathbf{P}+ \mathbf{R}+ m\mathbf{g}$
式中$\mathbf{P},\mathbf{R}$分别为发动机推力及气动力在惯性系的分量,$\mathbf{P}= {\mathbf{C}}_{b}^{i}\cdot \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{P}_{\text{eng }}\\ 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack ,\mathbf{R}= {\mathbf{C}}_{b}^{i}\cdot \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- {C}_{\mathrm{D}}q{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\text{ref }}\\{C}_{\mathrm{N}}q{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\text{ref }}\\{C}_{\mathrm{Z}}q{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\text{ref }}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ;{P}_{\text{eng }}$为发动机推力;$g$为惯性系引力加速度;${C}_{\mathrm{D}},{C}_{\mathrm{N}},{C}_{\mathrm{Z}}$分别为轴向、 法向和横向气动参数;$q,{S}_{\text{ref }}$分别为动压和气动参考面积;${C}_{b}^{i}$为体系到惯性系转换矩阵。
针对某一具体的弹道上的某一点必将存在一个矢量方向,在该方向上施加速度冲量不会引起飞行器的落点偏差, 通常这个矢量方向被称为不影响弹头落点的速度冲量矢量方向或者零射程线, 与零射程线垂直的平面被称为梯度平面, 该平面附近的速度冲量往往对落点影响最大。根据定义有[6-7]:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial \mathbf{L}}{\partial \mathbf{v}}\cdot \delta \mathbf{v}= 0 \\\frac{\partial \mathbf{H}}{\partial \mathbf{v}}\cdot \delta \mathbf{v}= 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中$\mathbf{L}$为纵向距离;$\mathbf{H}$为横向距离。
图2简单地表达了零射程线与速度冲量的关系,图2中可将$\delta \mathbf{v}$视为固体发动机设计的视速度总冲偏差值,$\theta$越小,$\delta \mathbf{v}$对落点的影响越小; 如果偏差在零射程线方向, 则发动机视速度总冲的偏差对落点的影响可以忽略。
在椭圆弹道的基础上对零射程线计算原理进行描述。如图3所示, 导弹需要根据当前的飞行状态以及装订的发动机工作时间与总冲参数(装订值与实际飞行值存在偏差, 该偏差取决于发动机性能预示的精度),预示发动机关机时刻的时间${T}_{\mathrm{K}}$、位置${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{K}}$以及速度${V}_{\mathrm{K}}$,如果按照速度${V}_{\mathrm{K}}$自由飞行${T}_{\mathrm{f}}$将命中目标点(惯性落点),目标点在地固系内的地心矢径定义为${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{{gT}}}$。 在时间零点目标点位于$M$点,在命中时刻目标点位于${T}_{\mathrm{{ar}}}$点,其惯性系地心矢径定义为${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{T}}$。当导弹目标点确定后,${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{{gT}}}$为不变的矢量参数,其与${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{T}}$可通过飞行时间和发射点参数(发射方位角${A}_{0}$和发射点纬度${B}_{0}$)建立计算关系。如果在零射程线上施加速度冲量, 仍然命中目标点, 那么弹道形状、飞行时间、惯性系落点均发生变化。
飞行过程中当前能够命中目标的速度矢量${V}_{\mathrm{R}}$可以由发射点参数、目标点地固系矢量${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{{gT}}}$、当前点地心矢径${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{K}}$、飞行时间$T$计算得出:
${\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{R}}= {m}_{n}\cdot \left({{C}_{\mathrm{E}}^{i}\cdot {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{{gT}}}- {K}_{n}\cdot {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{K}}}\right)$
式中${m}_{n}= \frac{\sqrt{\mu }}{\left|{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{K}}\right|\cdot \sin \beta }\cdot \sqrt{\frac{\widehat{P}}{\left|{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{T}}\right|}};\mu$为引力相关常数;${C}_{\mathrm{E}}^{i}$为地心地固系到发射点惯性系的转换矩阵;$P$为半通径,$\widehat{P}= P/\left|{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{T}}\right|;\;{K}_{n}= 1 -\frac{\left|{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{T}}\right|}{\left|{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{K}}\right|} +\cos \beta -\frac{\sin \alpha }{1 +\cos \alpha }\sin \beta ,\beta$${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{T}}$${\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{K}}$的射程角,$\alpha$为落点与椭圆弹道两焦点连线的夹角。零射程线闭路制导流程如图4所示。
剩余能量$\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{c}}$为实时计算的视速度总冲$W$与装订的标准视速度总冲$\widetilde{W}$的差,即$\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{c}}= W -\widetilde{W}$; 关机矢径参数的预测计算采用传统的矢径预测的方法; 待增速度则根据需要速度计算得到:
$\Delta {\mathbf{W}}_{\mathrm{{dz}}}= {\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{R}}- \mathbf{V}- \mathbf{g}\left({t -\widetilde{T}}\right)$
式中$t$为当前动力级工作时间;$\widetilde{T}$为装订的标准工作时间。
零射程线矢量计算公式为
$\frac{\partial {\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{R}}}{\partial \alpha }= \frac{\partial {m}_{n}}{\partial \alpha }\left({{C}_{\mathrm{E}}^{i}\cdot {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{{gT}}}- {K}_{n}\cdot {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{K}}}\right)+ {m}_{n}\left({\frac{\partial {C}_{\mathrm{E}}^{i}}{\partial \alpha }\cdot {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{{gT}}}- \frac{\partial {K}_{n}}{\partial \alpha }\cdot {\mathbf{R}}_{\mathrm{K}}}\right)\left(\right.$
在多种神经网络模型中, 选择较为常用的BP网络模型,$\mathrm{{BP}}$网络结构简单,在有一定数量的隐层和节点的条件下, BP神经网络可以逼近非线性映射关系[8-9]。具体步骤如下:
a)对于给定的第$p$组输入样本${\mathbf{u}}_{p}=$$\left({{u}_{1p},{u}_{2p},\cdots ,{u}_{np}}\right)$,计算对应的网络输出${\mathbf{y}}_{p}\left( t\right)=$$f\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}{w}_{ij}\left( t\right)\cdot {I}_{jp}}\right\rbrack$,其中${I}_{jp}$为该组样本输入时,节点$i$的第$j$个输入,$f\left(\cdot \right)$为作用函数;
b)根据第$p$组输出样本${\mathbf{d}}_{p}= \left({{d}_{1p},{d}_{2p},\cdots ,{d}_{np}}\right)$,计算该组网络的目标函数为$E_{p}(t)=\frac{1}{2} \cdot\left\|\boldsymbol{d}_{p}-\boldsymbol{y}_{p}(t)\right\|_{2}^{2}=\frac{1}{2} \cdot \sum_{k} e_{k p}^{2}(t)$,网络总的目标函数为$J(t)=\sum_{p} E_{p}(t)$;
本文建立的神经网络结构以剩余能量$\Delta W_{\mathrm{c}}$、待增速度$\Delta W_{\mathrm{dz}}$为输入,以趋于零射程线的姿态为输出的神经网络结构。多层网络比单层网络的功能更加强大, 故选择含有两个隐层的网络进行训练, 隐层的节点数选为7个,作用函数选择S型函数$f(x)=\frac{1}{1+\mathrm{e}^{-x}}$和线性函数, 工作模式示意如图5所示。
c)如果目标函数满足, 则算法结束, 否则需要进行反向传播计算,由输出层依据目标函数$J$,按梯度下降法反向计算,可逐层调整权值。
本文以飞行器动力飞行段为例, 根据模拟打靶生成的样本, 进行神经网络训练, 得到真实值与预测值之间的关系如图6所示, 从图6中可以看出, 经过神经网络训练后预测的结果与真实值之间较为接近, 说明训练效果有效, 可以用于输出趋零射程线角度。
导弹飞行过程中受到发动机推力以及气动力的影响, 给定初始点惯性系的状态参数, 即: 时间${t}_{0}= 0\mathrm{\;s}$,速度${V}_{0}= {V}_{\mathrm{e}}\left({V}_{\mathrm{e}}\right.$为牵连速度,与发射点位有关,选择发射点${B}_{0}= 0,{D}_{0}= 0,{H}_{0}= 0$),位置${\mathbf{X}}_{0}= 0$, 姿态角${\varphi }_{0}= \frac{\pi }{2},{\psi }_{0}= 0,{\gamma }_{0}= 0$。为了更直观地表征关机点速度对落点的影响, 选择的弹道射程偏导数为2000 , 即关机点速度偏差$1\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$对落点的影响为$2\mathrm{\;{km}}$,关机点速度偏差为${10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$对应落点的影响为${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}$
分别在不考虑趋零射程线和考虑趋零射程线的基础上进行仿真, 不考虑零射程线状态记为State1, 考虑基于神经网络训练结果的趋零射程线状态记为State2。图7~9为两种状态分别计算的姿态角曲线与待增速度曲线的对比。可以看出, 不采用趋零射程线和采用趋零射程线计算得到的姿态角度不同, 趋零射程线状态的姿态向趋零射程线调整, 同时在接近关机时计算得到的待增速度不同,而待增速度的不同,将直接影响到最终的再入点初始状态偏差。
分别施加不同的视速度总冲偏差值进行仿真, 仿真得到的惯性落点偏差与按射程偏导数理论计算可能引起的偏差如表1所示。由表1中可知, 在不考虑趋零射程线角度时,以视速度总冲偏差${23.2}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$为例, 实际引起的惯性落点偏差较大,达到${37.97}\mathrm{\;{km}}$,占按射程偏导数理论计算得到的偏差${81.8}\%$;而当考虑趋零射程线时,实际引起的惯性落点偏差为${15.36}\mathrm{\;{km}}$, 占按射程偏导数理论计算得到的偏差的33.0%。由此可知, 采用趋零射程线的方法, 能够有效地降低发动机视速度总冲偏差的影响。
本文在建立了飞行器动力飞行段运动模型的基础上, 对动力飞行段零射程线闭路制导方法进行了推导, 分析了剩余能量、待增速度以及趋零射程线角度的关系,设计了多输入神经网络算法, 将神经网络与零射程线闭路制导相结合, 形成了基于神经网络的零射程线闭路制导方法。通过选择不同的偏差状态进行仿真验证, 仿真结果表明该方法能有效地减小发动机偏差对制导精度的影响, 文中仿真的状态偏差减小到理论值的22% 和33%,说明该方法具有较强的抗偏差能力和较高的控制精度。
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2024年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240409
  • 接收时间:2021-10-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-10
  • 修回日期:2021-12-12
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    1北京航天自动控制研究所,北京,100854
    2中国人民解放军96901部队,北京,100094
    3中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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