Article(id=1148011760621183010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661097600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-22, revisedDate=1670256000000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636932759, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636932759, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751940416372, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-08, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636932759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636932759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=64, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011760835092541, articleId=1148011760621183010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Research on the Thermal Protection Method for Rapid Repair of Launch Pad, columnId=1154067058611446771, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Support, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermal protection is a regional protection measure covering the outer surface of the launch pad to prevent the bearing structure of the launch pad from being eroded by the rocket launch gas flow. It is a key link to ensure that the launch pad can reliably carry the rocket safely. In recent years, as the launch frequency of the conventional liquid carrier rocket represented by the Long March 2C rocket has increased year by year, the recovery time of the launch pad after the launch of the rocket has also been greatly reduced. Therefore, a rapid recovery scheme for thermal protection of the launch pad is proposed, which combines the ablation type heat protection technology with the absorption type heat protection technology, and the modular thermal protection components are designed to realize rapid replacement through simulation, test and use. The results show that the repair time of the new thermal protection is shortened from 3 days to 1 day, and the protection effect is good, which can meet the needs of high-density rocket launch.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chao FENG, Zheng XU, Yazhou WANG, Yaming ZHAO, Xinbo MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148011768661664474, articleId=1148011760621183010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=发射台可快速修复的热防护方法探究, columnId=1154067058737275892, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术, columnName=发射技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热防护作为防止发射台承载结构受到火箭发射燃气流烧蚀的区域性防护措施,是保证发射台能够可靠承载火箭的关键环节。近年来,随着以长征二号丙运载火箭为代表的常规液体运载火箭发射频率逐年升高,发射台在火箭发射后的恢复时间也大幅压缩。为此,提出发射台热防护的快速恢复方案,将烧蚀式防热技术与隔热式防热技术相结合,设计模块化的热防护组件以实现快速更换。通过仿真、试验并进行搭载使用,结果表明,新式热防护的修复时间由3天缩短至1天,防护效果良好,可以满足高密度火箭发射的使用需求。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PZTyglXzoweRqSzRl5XqiQ==, magXml=JSKgm4FzhWBgk/89cNp5CA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=nX4bq7qzz3WIikN0zLmb9w==, pdfFileSize=4061363, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=K6I0WWzY8Rk5o/8OdfNrmQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dkCjGgvGo3Y+Iv4TklQs+A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

冯超(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为总体发射技术。

徐铮(1972—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射装置设计。

王亚洲(1979—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天项目管理。

赵亚明(1983—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天项目管理。

马心博(1995—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为航天质量管理。

, authorsList=冯超, 徐铮, 王亚洲, 赵亚明, 马心博)}, authors=[Author(id=1197273880202101010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1197273880797692181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273880202101010, language=EN, stringName=Chao FENG, firstName=Chao, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1197273881363923222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273880202101010, language=CN, stringName=冯超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076, bio={"content":"

冯超(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为总体发射技术。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

冯超(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为总体发射技术。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197273878918643977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273878927032586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273878918643977, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273878935421195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273878918643977, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076)])]), Author(id=1197273882076954904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1197273882714489114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273882076954904, language=EN, stringName=Zheng XU, firstName=Zheng, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1197273883331051803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273882076954904, language=CN, stringName=徐铮, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076, bio={"content":"

徐铮(1972—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射装置设计。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

徐铮(1972—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射装置设计。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197273878918643977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273878927032586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273878918643977, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273878935421195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273878918643977, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076)])]), Author(id=1197273883746287901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1197273884396405023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273883746287901, language=EN, stringName=Yazhou WANG, firstName=Yazhou, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1197273884958441760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273883746287901, language=CN, stringName=王亚洲, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076, bio={"content":"

王亚洲(1979—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天项目管理。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王亚洲(1979—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天项目管理。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197273878918643977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273878927032586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273878918643977, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273878935421195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273878918643977, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076)])]), Author(id=1197273885633724706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1197273886225121572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273885633724706, language=EN, stringName=Yaming ZHAO, firstName=Yaming, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Military Space Force,Beijing,100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1197273886787158309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273885633724706, language=CN, stringName=赵亚明, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2军事航天部队,北京,100193, bio={"content":"

赵亚明(1983—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天项目管理。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

赵亚明(1983—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天项目管理。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197273879598121229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273879606509838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273879598121229, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Military Space Force,Beijing,100193), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273879614898447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273879598121229, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事航天部队,北京,100193)])]), Author(id=1197273887353389351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1197273887990923561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273887353389351, language=EN, stringName=Xinbo MA, firstName=Xinbo, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Military Space Force,Beijing,100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1197273888712343850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, authorId=1197273887353389351, language=CN, stringName=马心博, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2军事航天部队,北京,100193, bio={"content":"

马心博(1995—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为航天质量管理。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

马心博(1995—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为航天质量管理。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197273879598121229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273879606509838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273879598121229, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Military Space Force,Beijing,100193), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273879614898447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273879598121229, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事航天部队,北京,100193)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1197273890037743915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=launch pad), Keyword(id=1197273890717221164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=thermal protection), Keyword(id=1197273891354755373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=rapid repair), Keyword(id=1197273891958735150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=ablation), Keyword(id=1197273892847927599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=anti-thermal insulation), Keyword(id=1197273893640651056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=发射台), Keyword(id=1197273894253019441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=热防护), Keyword(id=1197273894445957426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=快速修复), Keyword(id=1197273894601146675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=烧蚀), Keyword(id=1197273894685032756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=防隔热)], refs=[Reference(id=1197273924460396887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=144, pageEnd=148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=张巍, 马磊, 王国鹏, journalName=表面技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张巍, 马磊, 王国鹏, 等.火箭发射台用热防护涂层材料的应用研究[J]. 表面技术, 2017,46(2): 144-148., articleTitle=火箭发射台用热防护涂层材料的应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273925462835544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=144, pageEnd=148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHANG Wei, MA Lei, WANG Guopeng, journalName=Surface Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Wei, MA Lei, WANG Guopeng, et al.Application of heat-resistant coating materials for rocket launching pad use[J]. Surface Technology, 2017,46(2): 144-148., articleTitle=Application of heat-resistant coating materials for rocket launching pad use, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273926201033049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=40, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=苗建锋, 朱京辉, 翁磊, journalName=战术导弹控制技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=苗建锋, 朱京辉, 翁磊, 等.飞航导弹舵系统热防护技术[J]. 战术导弹控制技术, 2010,27(2): 40-47., articleTitle=飞航导弹舵系统热防护技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273928088469850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=40, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=MIAO Jianfeng, ZHU Jinghui, WENG Lei, journalName=Control Technology of Tactical Missile, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MIAO Jianfeng, ZHU Jinghui, WENG Lei, et al.The thermo-protection technology on servo system for the cruise missile[J]. Control Technology of Tactical Missile, 2010,27(2): 40-47., articleTitle=The thermo-protection technology on servo system for the cruise missile, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273928734392667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=28, issue=6, pageStart=152, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=李金龙, 黄广奇, journalName=弹箭与制导学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李金龙, 黄广奇. 火箭发动机续航喷管隔热涂层研究[J]. 弹箭与制导学报, 2008,28(6): 152-154., articleTitle=火箭发动机续航喷管隔热涂层研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273929875243356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=28, issue=6, pageStart=152, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LI Jinlong, HUANG Guangqi, journalName=Journal of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles and Guidance, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Jinlong, HUANG Guangqi. Study about heatproof coat process of nozzle on sustain rocket motor[J]. Journal of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles and Guidance, 2008,28(6): 152-154., articleTitle=Study about heatproof coat process of nozzle on sustain rocket motor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273930797990237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Refractory materials for flame deflector protection system corrosion control: flame deflector protection system life cycle cost analysis report[R]. NASA/TM-2013-217910, 2009., articleTitle=Refractory materials for flame deflector protection system corrosion control: flame deflector protection system life cycle cost analysis report, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273932555403614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=93, pageEnd=97, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=冯超, 徐铮, 平仕良, journalName=导弹与航天运载技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯超, 徐铮, 平仕良, 等.重型火箭发射平台热防护方法探究[J]. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2021(4): 93-97., articleTitle=重型火箭发射平台热防护方法探究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273933260046687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=93, pageEnd=97, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=FENG Chao, XU Zheng, PING Shiliang, journalName=Missiles and Space Vehicles, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Chao, XU Zheng, PING Shiliang, et al.Research on thermal protection scheme of heavy rocket launching platform[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2021(4): 93-97., articleTitle=Research on thermal protection scheme of heavy rocket launching platform, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273933713031520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=31, issue=3, pageStart=42, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=9, authorNames=赵英民, 刘瑾, journalName=宇航材料工艺, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵英民, 刘瑾. 高效防热隔热涂层应用研究[J]. 宇航材料工艺, 2001,31(3): 42-44., articleTitle=高效防热隔热涂层应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197273933868220769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=31, issue=3, pageStart=42, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=ZHAO Yingmin, LIU Jin, journalName=Aerospace Materials & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Yingmin, LIU Jin. Research on heat resistant and heat insulated coating[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2001,31(3): 42-44., articleTitle=Research on heat resistant and heat insulated coating, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197273878918643977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273878927032586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273878918643977, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273878935421195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273878918643977, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076)]), AuthorCompany(id=1197273879598121229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273879606509838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273879598121229, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Military Space Force,Beijing,100193), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197273879614898447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, companyId=1197273879598121229, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事航天部队,北京,100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197273895301595445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Ariane V launch pad, figureFileSmall=Y3Zgaw89hbuRcSPLjpo4oA==, figureFileBig=K6I0WWzY8Rk5o/8OdfNrmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273896190787894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图1, caption=阿里安V发射台, figureFileSmall=Y3Zgaw89hbuRcSPLjpo4oA==, figureFileBig=K6I0WWzY8Rk5o/8OdfNrmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273897713320247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=After thermal protection construction of Long March 3 launch pad, figureFileSmall=5/AvsqPfoWel8u/ysHPTUg==, figureFileBig=oraKmmywn/Bn40Cg/ABwFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273898480877880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图2, caption=长征三号发射台热防护施工后, figureFileSmall=5/AvsqPfoWel8u/ysHPTUg==, figureFileBig=oraKmmywn/Bn40Cg/ABwFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273899164549433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Long March 3 launch pad after the rocket launch, figureFileSmall=4Ty1srlv5JDrsoSfUvFdrw==, figureFileBig=W17E6YpN19YG2cHTiuK+RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273899944689978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图3, caption=长征三号发射台发射后, figureFileSmall=4Ty1srlv5JDrsoSfUvFdrw==, figureFileBig=W17E6YpN19YG2cHTiuK+RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273900624167227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Thermal protection of Long March 2C launch pad, figureFileSmall=bBDWnHWIBHrjyLge3OqfRw==, figureFileBig=ihVa3pRj8bgWfBrb6cdG5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273901261701436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图4, caption=长征二号丙发射台热防护, figureFileSmall=bBDWnHWIBHrjyLge3OqfRw==, figureFileBig=ihVa3pRj8bgWfBrb6cdG5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273902054424893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Ablation damaged shield of Long March 2C launch pad, figureFileSmall=W8hk2kz0e/ekTEu4QmrqqQ==, figureFileBig=Y01+4a68v3Xym/unmTIWGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273902725513534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图5, caption=长征二号丙发射台烧蚀损坏的护板, figureFileSmall=W8hk2kz0e/ekTEu4QmrqqQ==, figureFileBig=Y01+4a68v3Xym/unmTIWGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273903442739519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Ablation condition of launch pad, figureFileSmall=YOXNMIxqIjxwFT5rjphD6Q==, figureFileBig=9LYW04wcHBQ4+VBwBxmQFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273904126411072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图6, caption=发射台被烧蚀工况, figureFileSmall=YOXNMIxqIjxwFT5rjphD6Q==, figureFileBig=9LYW04wcHBQ4+VBwBxmQFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273904717807937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Q345 yield limit vs temperature curve, figureFileSmall=L9U6AvCrhPFHjUIZjy6OYg==, figureFileBig=rFUxV4hkgg8JK6WBkfQD7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273905372119362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Q345屈服极限与温度关系曲线, figureFileSmall=L9U6AvCrhPFHjUIZjy6OYg==, figureFileBig=rFUxV4hkgg8JK6WBkfQD7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273906118705475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The surface of launch pad after ablation by rocket engine gas flow, figureFileSmall=zSQvuBg+L+PGxQTTXeqtcw==, figureFileBig=PJUB/dEyqzfvwa+A98pNQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273906802377028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图8, caption=火箭发动机燃气流烧蚀后的发射台表面, figureFileSmall=zSQvuBg+L+PGxQTTXeqtcw==, figureFileBig=PJUB/dEyqzfvwa+A98pNQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273907653820741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Simulation of gas flow field and temperature on launch pad surface, figureFileSmall=93xHAiVhqOx7nQmYFpdXTg==, figureFileBig=F4ShKlZxn1C8DB+4ltRYeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273908484292934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图9, caption=发射台表面燃气流场温度仿真, figureFileSmall=93xHAiVhqOx7nQmYFpdXTg==, figureFileBig=F4ShKlZxn1C8DB+4ltRYeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273910094905671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Pressure simulation of gas flow field on launch pad surface, figureFileSmall=vbIlvsYFdzCF70ufmaEh2Q==, figureFileBig=TCowhJi8w3taiyzRQIGLBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273910770188616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图10, caption=发射台表面燃气流场压力仿真, figureFileSmall=vbIlvsYFdzCF70ufmaEh2Q==, figureFileBig=TCowhJi8w3taiyzRQIGLBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273911411917129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Structure of new type thermal protection assembly for launch pad, figureFileSmall=oz/RGOvXDWTAGNGGq8uCqA==, figureFileBig=1liVzYbagouRwQgBZCqgsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273912351441226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图11, caption=发射台新型热防护组件结构, figureFileSmall=oz/RGOvXDWTAGNGGq8uCqA==, figureFileBig=1liVzYbagouRwQgBZCqgsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273914196934987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Protection parts of thermal protection components of launch pad, figureFileSmall=d9YebONIr/OgLToLzG363A==, figureFileBig=AEriEM3Vv60xtDMYPF5k0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273914318569804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图12, caption=发射台热防护组件防护部位, figureFileSmall=d9YebONIr/OgLToLzG363A==, figureFileBig=AEriEM3Vv60xtDMYPF5k0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273914645725517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Microstructure of aluminum based coating, figureFileSmall=5ASXyk6eE+AIg+Dzl/PoPg==, figureFileBig=wIHAOI1P0szk/gHDiBmlLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273914935132494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图13, caption=铝基涂层组织结构, figureFileSmall=5ASXyk6eE+AIg+Dzl/PoPg==, figureFileBig=wIHAOI1P0szk/gHDiBmlLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273915832713551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Comparison of coating process of thermal protective coating before and after RTM test, figureFileSmall=l+8B3q3TF0LZbGQS4johMw==, figureFileBig=dvLSoPB0pzjJKeGh2sto7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273916361195856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图14, caption=RTM试验前后对比, figureFileSmall=l+8B3q3TF0LZbGQS4johMw==, figureFileBig=dvLSoPB0pzjJKeGh2sto7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273917086810449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Comparison of laminated glass before and after phenolic test, figureFileSmall=Nr1VYWDCDO7WeLwaQ4HINw==, figureFileBig=pp9KOTFQFLBC3+vlXNJIow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273918726783314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图15, caption=层压成型玻璃酚醛试验前后对比, figureFileSmall=Nr1VYWDCDO7WeLwaQ4HINw==, figureFileBig=pp9KOTFQFLBC3+vlXNJIow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273919515312467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Comparison of aluminum based ceramic multifunctional coating before and after test, figureFileSmall=lx7n5wqxh8m21ozePi5Wbg==, figureFileBig=RGU6hKlERxLdtCsj+JWfNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273920509362516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=图16, caption=铝基陶瓷多功能涂层试验前后对比, figureFileSmall=lx7n5wqxh8m21ozePi5Wbg==, figureFileBig=RGU6hKlERxLdtCsj+JWfNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273921285308757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Emission environment test of thermal protective coating, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件号材料搭载次序单次烧蚀厚度/mm质量损失率/%烧蚀结果描述
1#酚醛型模塑料第1次2.211.36烧蚀表面呈碳黑色,防护板表面局部碳层脱落,编织物部分脱落,无沟槽与孔洞缺陷,最大烧蚀厚度出现于螺栓孔附近。
第2次0.67.37烧蚀表面呈碳黑色,防护板表面局部碳层进一步脱落,编织物大部分脱落,局部碳层剥落, 边部剥落严重,最大烧蚀厚度出现于边部。
第3次1.18.58烧蚀表面呈碳黑色,编织物全部被烧蚀,表面碳层不均匀剥落严重,出现多处沟槽。
2#第1次0.92.47表层烧蚀,呈碳黑色,程度较轻,编织物基本无损坏,表面平整,无孔洞缺陷。
第2次0.10.88表层烧蚀,呈碳黑色,与第1次烧蚀结果相差不大,编织物基本无损坏,表面平整,边角出现轻微剥落。
5#层压玻璃酚醛第1次2.916.11试验板逐层烧蚀,无黑色碳层累积,烧蚀后表面平整,呈初始黄色;整体无剥落、孔洞缺陷;四周边烧蚀后呈细致的层状;背温面小区域表层掀起。
第2次1.17.71烧蚀后表面平整,大部分呈灰白色,无局部剥落、孔洞缺陷,四周边烧蚀后呈细致的层状, 背温面边部区域表层掀起。
8#钢板+铝基陶瓷第1次2-钢板表层涂料大部分保持完好,边部小区域出现剥落,露出钢板。
9#改性环氧涂层第1次--由于涂覆时钢板表层油漆未清除,导致试验时涂层被全部冲刷脱离,无试验结果。
), ArticleFig(id=1197273922048672086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011760621183010, language=CN, label=表1, caption=热防护涂层发射环境试验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件号材料搭载次序单次烧蚀厚度/mm质量损失率/%烧蚀结果描述
1#酚醛型模塑料第1次2.211.36烧蚀表面呈碳黑色,防护板表面局部碳层脱落,编织物部分脱落,无沟槽与孔洞缺陷,最大烧蚀厚度出现于螺栓孔附近。
第2次0.67.37烧蚀表面呈碳黑色,防护板表面局部碳层进一步脱落,编织物大部分脱落,局部碳层剥落, 边部剥落严重,最大烧蚀厚度出现于边部。
第3次1.18.58烧蚀表面呈碳黑色,编织物全部被烧蚀,表面碳层不均匀剥落严重,出现多处沟槽。
2#第1次0.92.47表层烧蚀,呈碳黑色,程度较轻,编织物基本无损坏,表面平整,无孔洞缺陷。
第2次0.10.88表层烧蚀,呈碳黑色,与第1次烧蚀结果相差不大,编织物基本无损坏,表面平整,边角出现轻微剥落。
5#层压玻璃酚醛第1次2.916.11试验板逐层烧蚀,无黑色碳层累积,烧蚀后表面平整,呈初始黄色;整体无剥落、孔洞缺陷;四周边烧蚀后呈细致的层状;背温面小区域表层掀起。
第2次1.17.71烧蚀后表面平整,大部分呈灰白色,无局部剥落、孔洞缺陷,四周边烧蚀后呈细致的层状, 背温面边部区域表层掀起。
8#钢板+铝基陶瓷第1次2-钢板表层涂料大部分保持完好,边部小区域出现剥落,露出钢板。
9#改性环氧涂层第1次--由于涂覆时钢板表层油漆未清除,导致试验时涂层被全部冲刷脱离,无试验结果。
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146118917132496903, delFlag=0, nameCn=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), nameEn=Missiles and Space Vehicles, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2097-1974, eissn=, cn=10-1807/V, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=否, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=DdfacUcWE1ibGHaCsbhL8w==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Miss Space Veh, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1753780023753, createdBy=null, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=M, firstLetterEn=M, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=工程, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=DdfacUcWE1ibGHaCsbhL8w==, picEn=jBog3LY3UHfAAYfYEqIBHg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1157000535829205111, language=CN, name=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1753780023772, updatedTime=1753780023772, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=null, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-ddht-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fddht.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=fefa73ea-30bb-4b68, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-ddht-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fddht.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=fefa73ea-30bb-4b68, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-ddht-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fddht.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=fefa73ea-30bb-4b68, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-ddht-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fddht.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=fefa73ea-30bb-4b68, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-ddht-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fddht.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=fefa73ea-30bb-4b68, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1157000535871148152, language=EN, name=Missiles and Space Vehicles, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1753780023782, updatedTime=1753780023782, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=null, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-ddht-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fddht.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=fefa73ea-30bb-4b68, submissionEditorUrl=, submissionReviewUrl=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146119989267898375, websiteList=[Website(id=1148243202378817956, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146119989267898375, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddyht/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112774, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753519037132, updateBy=18614031015, name=导弹与航天运载技术-中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148620442723704855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202378817956, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751782053881, updateTime=1751782053881, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148620442694344724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202378817956, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751782053874, updateTime=1751782053874, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148620442677567507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202378817956, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=gfUyzanfTuxQ2yc+L/MeWA==, createTime=1751782053870, updateTime=1751782053870, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148620442711121942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202378817956, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751782053878, updateTime=1751782053878, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148620442706927637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202378817956, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751782053877, updateTime=1751782053877, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1155906039850618895, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146119989267898375, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddyht/EN, language=EN, createTime=1753519075604, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753519075604, updateBy=18614031015, name=导弹与航天运载技术-英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Missiles and Space Vehicles, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155907112585777347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155906039850618895, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753519331356, updateTime=1753519331356, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155907112556417216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155906039850618895, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753519331349, updateTime=1753519331349, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155907112552222911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155906039850618895, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=gfUyzanfTuxQ2yc+L/MeWA==, createTime=1753519331348, updateTime=1753519331348, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155907112577388738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155906039850618895, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753519331354, updateTime=1753519331354, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155907112564805825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155906039850618895, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753519331351, updateTime=1753519331351, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Missiles and Space Vehicles, journalPhotoCn=DdfacUcWE1ibGHaCsbhL8w==, journalPhotoEn=jBog3LY3UHfAAYfYEqIBHg==, journalFirstLetter=M, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=null, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddyht/CN/10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddyht/EN/10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddyht/CN/PDF/10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddyht/EN/PDF/10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
发射台可快速修复的热防护方法探究
收藏切换
PDF下载
冯超 1 , 徐铮 1 , 王亚洲 1 , 赵亚明 2 , 马心博 2
导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024,47(4): 64-69
收起
收藏切换
导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024, 47(4): 64-69
发射台可快速修复的热防护方法探究
全屏
冯超1, 徐铮1, 王亚洲1, 赵亚明2, 马心博2
作者信息
  • 1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076
  • 2军事航天部队,北京,100193
  • 冯超(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为总体发射技术。

    徐铮(1972—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发射装置设计。

    王亚洲(1979—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天项目管理。

    赵亚明(1983—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天项目管理。

    马心博(1995—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为航天质量管理。

Research on the Thermal Protection Method for Rapid Repair of Launch Pad
Chao FENG1, Zheng XU1, Yazhou WANG1, Yaming ZHAO2, Xinbo MA2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076
  • 2Military Space Force,Beijing,100193
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411
文章导航
收藏切换

热防护作为防止发射台承载结构受到火箭发射燃气流烧蚀的区域性防护措施,是保证发射台能够可靠承载火箭的关键环节。近年来,随着以长征二号丙运载火箭为代表的常规液体运载火箭发射频率逐年升高,发射台在火箭发射后的恢复时间也大幅压缩。为此,提出发射台热防护的快速恢复方案,将烧蚀式防热技术与隔热式防热技术相结合,设计模块化的热防护组件以实现快速更换。通过仿真、试验并进行搭载使用,结果表明,新式热防护的修复时间由3天缩短至1天,防护效果良好,可以满足高密度火箭发射的使用需求。

发射台  /  热防护  /  快速修复  /  烧蚀  /  防隔热

Thermal protection is a regional protection measure covering the outer surface of the launch pad to prevent the bearing structure of the launch pad from being eroded by the rocket launch gas flow. It is a key link to ensure that the launch pad can reliably carry the rocket safely. In recent years, as the launch frequency of the conventional liquid carrier rocket represented by the Long March 2C rocket has increased year by year, the recovery time of the launch pad after the launch of the rocket has also been greatly reduced. Therefore, a rapid recovery scheme for thermal protection of the launch pad is proposed, which combines the ablation type heat protection technology with the absorption type heat protection technology, and the modular thermal protection components are designed to realize rapid replacement through simulation, test and use. The results show that the repair time of the new thermal protection is shortened from 3 days to 1 day, and the protection effect is good, which can meet the needs of high-density rocket launch.

launch pad  /  thermal protection  /  rapid repair  /  ablation  /  anti-thermal insulation
冯超, 徐铮, 王亚洲, 赵亚明, 马心博. 发射台可快速修复的热防护方法探究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 64 -69 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411
Chao FENG, Zheng XU, Yazhou WANG, Yaming ZHAO, Xinbo MA. Research on the Thermal Protection Method for Rapid Repair of Launch Pad[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 64 -69 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411
热防护覆盖于发射台外表面,是防止发射台承载结构受到火箭发射燃气流烧蚀的区域性防护措施, 是保证发射台能够可靠承载火箭的关键环节。热防护不合理不但将导致发射台受损, 甚至可能影响发射台对火箭的承载安全。热防护材料如果脱落产生碎片, 也容易与火箭碰撞从而影响火箭的起飞安全。近年来, 随着以长征二号丙运载火箭为代表的常规液体运载火箭发射频率逐年升高, 由于火箭转场后需要与发射台可靠连接并开展后续的加注、测试流程, 发射台在火箭发射后的恢复时间也大幅压缩。因此, 需要对发射台的热防护进行改进, 在不降低防护效果的同时, 提高热防护的可维修性, 缩短维修周期, 以适应火箭高密度发射的使用需求。
航天领域应用较为成熟的热防护技术主要有3种: 烧蚀式防热、隔热式防热、辐射式防热。
烧蚀式防热, 即对需防护结构涂覆较厚的有机材料, 当表面持续高温时, 热流及热量通过材料的熔化损失进行消耗, 不会迅速传递到结构本身, 该技术是目前长征二号$\mathrm{F}$运载火箭发射平台上使用的主要防护技术, 此技术在火箭发射后必须通过人工现场修补的方式进行修复, 维修后还需要一定的材料固化时间, 修复周期一般不低于7天, 适用于防护面积较大的设备。
隔热式防热, 即火箭发射时的高温由复合材料板或无机涂层等比热容大、熔点高和热导率大的材料隔绝在金属本体外, 该技术是目前长征五号、长征七号等运载火箭发射平台上使用的热防护技术。其优点是防护成本低,缺点是耐热冲击的能力较差,一次火箭发射后的消耗量比较大, 且材料修复、更换难度大, 因此往往使用几次才进行更换。
辐射式防热, 其机理是防热材料在受热温度升高时, 以辐射形式向周围辐射大量热能, 通常由涂有高辐射涂层的难熔金属、耐热外蒙皮、隔热层和内部结构组成, 缺点是无法承受热冲击, 且使用及维护成本高,此技术主要应用于航天器外表的防热[1-3]
通过分析,目前航天领域常用的3种热防护技术均存在不易维修的缺点, 若直接采用某种技术均无法满足快速修复的要求。针对高密度火箭发射的使用特点, 对多种热防护技术进行融合, 对防护层结构进行改进, 通过仿真与试验手段对防护效果进行验证, 提出一种可快速修复的热防护方法, 已在搭载使用中证明防护效果良好。
在20世纪60~70年代,国外发射台、塔架使用的多是无机腻子、类似混凝土的结构, 这种结构防热效率不高, 很容易整体脱落, 影响发射台的使用。 所以, 从20世纪70年代起, 美国的发射平台逐步过渡到有机烧蚀涂层。20世纪80年代Dow Corning公司的3-6376研制的T快速固化涂层, 应用于肯尼迪航天中心的多个发射台上。Launch-Complex 39 (LC39综合发射中心用于大力神火箭发射)的热防护选用silicone rubber (Q3-6077)。欧洲的阿里安火箭的发射台在箱型钢结构内的分隔舱室中用石棉合成树脂板XM-600进行覆盖, 如图1所示。日本H-II火箭发射平台的行走装置采用铠装防护措施。 土星$\mathrm{V}$等大型活动发射台还在主框架内使用循环冷水进一步降温[4-6]。由此可见,国外发射台的热防护技术主要采用隔热式防热, 与中国较多采用的烧蚀式防热技术不同。
中国常规液体火箭的高密度发射任务主要集中于长征三号、长征二号丙2个火箭型号。其中2015年对长征三号发射台热防护方案进行改进升级,表面仍采用隔热式防热技术, 涂层仍为有机底层与无机表层的复合结构, 借助有机底层来实现热防护材料与钢板之间良好的结合力, 同时通过利用无机表层耐高温、低热导和耐高压的性能实现对火箭燃气流的防护。改进后的热防护材料在抗烧蚀性能上得到明显提升,与金属的结合力更大, 克服了前一代热防护材料中曾经出现的因发射振动导致的涂层局部脱落, 露出金属本体的现象, 确保了发射台本体的安全。但是, 由于新材料仍采用隔热式的防热技术, 每次使用后需要对消耗的部位进行修补以确保表面平整,修复周期一般需要2~3天,如图2~图3所示。
长征二号丙等各类小型发射台普遍采用的热防护方式主要为涂覆式和防护板式两种。涂覆式为传统烧蚀式防热技术, 采用与长征三号发射台类似的涂层材料, 主要用于发射密度较低的火箭或武器型号。防护板式为小型发射台上正在尝试使用的一种热防护方法, 采用隔热式防护技术, 将复合材料板等隔热材料安装在护板内部,通过隔热材料阻隔高温,如图4所示。 经多次发射任务使用表明, 其防护效果能够满足要求, 但是由于钢板制作的护板在每次火箭发射后均存在一定程度的烧蚀变形, 如图5所示, 变形后形成的应力导致护板与发射台本体的连接螺栓较难拆卸, 而螺栓本身也存在烧蚀损坏的情况, 一旦损坏只能采用切割破坏的方式进行更换, 每次更换周期约5天, 因此每次使用后只能进行简单校形, 在发射台中修时才进行更换, 仍无法解决维修性差的问题。
发射台热防护的必要性主要包括:
a)常规液体运载火箭由于起飞质量较大,通常采用大排量、高燃压、高燃温、大口径发动机, 燃气流直接烧蚀作用到发射台表面, 如图6所示, 其温度、压力等载荷较使用固定发动机的火箭相比都较高, 发射台烧蚀环境恶劣。
b)发射台承载结构基本材料为Q345。在发射环境中, 发射台结构受燃气流作用温度升高, 力学性能下降,图7为Q345高温下屈服极限与常温下屈服极限比值关系。发射台承载台体采用钢板拼焊的盒型梁结构, 内部为中空隔层, 如不进行热防护, 在火箭发射燃气流作用下极易发生变形和破坏。
c)用于高密度火箭发射的小型发射台与长征五号等大型发射台相比,不仅大小规模不同,在结构形式上也存在很大差异, 主要表现为小型发射台一般采用悬臂式支撑结构, 受到烧蚀后主体结构受损更加严重,而主体结构受损后的生产、更换周期较长,如图8所示。由于是用于执行高密度火箭发射任务的发射台, 火箭发射后修复的时间相对长征五号等大型发射台较短, 往往不超过5天, 热防护的修复时间需要控制在$1 \sim 2$天,仅留有现场更换备件的时间,无法在任务间隔期间进行大规模检修。
综上所述, 发射台采用必要的热防护技术是确保发射台功能正常、火箭安全发射的有效措施。对于执行高密度火箭发射任务的发射台,可快速修复与确保安全同样重要。
以长征二号丙火箭发射台为例, 火箭起飞过程的直接烧蚀区域为发射台上表面、导流孔侧壁, 其它表面在不同时间均受燃气流场烧蚀冲刷, 在火箭起飞${20}\mathrm{\;m}$高度时燃气流中心开始作用在发射台上表面,烧蚀参数达到最大, 随后烧蚀参数峰值开始下降, 烧蚀主要区域中发射台上表面、导流孔侧壁及支臂局部温度在${800}\mathrm{\;K}$以上,最大温度达到${1240}\mathrm{\;K}$,如图9~图10所示。经过仿真分析, 将以上区域定为发射台需要进行热防护的部位。
为克服现有涂覆式和防护板式防热均无法快速修复的缺点, 将涂覆式防热技术与防护板式防热技术相结合, 设计新式多层热防护组件, 即在隔热材料上覆盖护板, 护板表面涂覆热防护涂层, 如图11所示。护板表面的热防护涂层用于对护板本身进行防热加强, 避免因护板过度变形导致的拆卸困难。对于连接螺栓等薄弱环节, 使用纤维增强塑料螺栓替代金属螺栓, 确保螺栓即使在已被烧蚀的情况下仍可正常更换。
同时, 组件整体采用模块化设计, 即将需要防护的区域分成4种共20件可以单独拆卸更换的模块, 如图12所示。组件的全部生产及修复工作在厂家进行, 现场仅对热防护组件进行更换。换用新型热防护组件后, 发射台热防护在火箭发射后的修复时间由3天缩短到了1天, 维修难度也大大降低。
由于热防护组件需要从厂家通过物流运输至发射场, 运输过程中的振动可能导致表层的涂层产生裂纹甚至破损, 因此无法采用大型发射台目前采用的无机热防护涂料方案。目前考虑采用的热防护涂层有酚醛型模塑料或铝基陶瓷涂层两种。
酚醛型模塑料涂层主要由树脂和增强纤维材料混合制成。目前常用的树脂材料有改性酚醛树脂(如羟甲基尼龙、环氧树脂改性酚醛树脂等)、镁酚醛、耐高温酚醛(如氨酚醛、硼酚醛、新酚树脂等)等。增强纤维材料有加捻纱、无捻粗纱、高硅氧纤维、玻璃纤维开刀丝等。初步选用树脂传递模塑(Resin Transfer Molding, RTM)、层压成型玻璃酚醛两种酚醛型模塑料涂层。
RTM工艺是一种复合材料闭模成型工艺, 方法是先将纤维增强材料按制品形状制成预制件, 放入模腔内, 然后加压注入树脂, 使其完全浸渍纤维预制件后固化成型, 最后脱模得到制品。层压成型玻璃酚醛是将预浸过树脂胶液的玻璃纤维布或其他织物剪裁成所需的形状, 然后在金属模具中模压成型。使用酚醛型模塑料涂层的三维编织复合材料可以直接达到最终制件的尺寸, 不需再进行机械加工, 避免了由加工造成的纤维损伤, 具有设备投资少、生产过程能耗低、 污染小、适于成型复杂形状制品等优点,所以特别适用于三维织物增强复合材料的成型。
铝基陶瓷多功能涂层采用铝基粉芯的丝材制备而成, 如图13所示, 其同时具备陶瓷粉末材料和金属丝材的优点, 采用热喷涂的施工方式, 既实现了防热, 又具备一定的防腐功能, 在高温下的耐腐蚀、耐磨性能优异。
利用某发射台进行实际发射环境搭载烧蚀试验。 将不同材料的试验件安装于发射台上的指定位置, 进行多次搭载, 记录并分析每次搭载试验前、后试件的烧蚀状态, 如钢板基材在防护下的变形量、热防护涂层每次发射后的烧蚀厚度等, 判断复合烧蚀涂层的性能。对所选测试位置的钢板进行预先涂覆,通过此前对发射台表面燃气流静温度的分析, 可大致确定上述位置烧蚀的温度峰值和烧蚀时间。 RTM试验前后对比如图14所示。
层压成型玻璃酚醛前后对比如图15所示。
铝基陶瓷多功能涂层试验前后对比如图16所示。
对所有试验件的烧蚀损耗厚度、质量损失率进行汇总如表1所示。
分析试验结果, 可得出初步结论:
a) RTM试验件随着烧蚀次数的增加, 编织物逐渐烧蚀至消失, 烧蚀表面大量碳层累积, 表面碳层不均匀,出现多处沟槽。
b)层压成型玻璃酚醛试验件在被烧蚀后逐层烧蚀剥落, 表面平整且无碳层累积。
c)铝基陶瓷涂层在内护板处受到燃气流冲刷后, 只出现局部涂层的剥落, 整体涂层保持良好。
d)两种涂层的钢板基材均未出现严重变形, 防护组件底部的护板固定螺栓在现场可以实现快速拆装, 证明现场快速修复方案的可行性。
3种涂层材料均能满足使用要求, 综合考虑修复周期、维护成本、防护效果等方面,推荐采用层压成型玻璃酚醛或铝基陶瓷涂层作为热防护组件的涂层。
发射台是确保运载火箭可以执行高密度发射任务的关键产品, 发射台热防护不但需要确保发射台可靠支撑火箭, 还需要具备快速修复的能力。为实现这一目标, 将涂覆式防热技术与防护板式防热技术相结合, 设计新型模块化的热防护组件, 通过仿真试验并进行搭载使用, 新式热防护的修复时间由3天缩短至1天, 实现了快速修复的目标。通过对高密度火箭发射任务下发射台的热防护技术进行探索, 为其他发射装置的防热设计提供借鉴。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
张巍, 马磊, 王国鹏, 等.火箭发射台用热防护涂层材料的应用研究[J]. 表面技术, 2017,46(2): 144-148.
ZHANG Wei, MA Lei, WANG Guopeng, et al.Application of heat-resistant coating materials for rocket launching pad use[J]. Surface Technology, 2017,46(2): 144-148.
[2]
苗建锋, 朱京辉, 翁磊, 等.飞航导弹舵系统热防护技术[J]. 战术导弹控制技术, 2010,27(2): 40-47.
MIAO Jianfeng, ZHU Jinghui, WENG Lei, et al.The thermo-protection technology on servo system for the cruise missile[J]. Control Technology of Tactical Missile, 2010,27(2): 40-47.
[3]
李金龙, 黄广奇. 火箭发动机续航喷管隔热涂层研究[J]. 弹箭与制导学报, 2008,28(6): 152-154.
LI Jinlong, HUANG Guangqi. Study about heatproof coat process of nozzle on sustain rocket motor[J]. Journal of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles and Guidance, 2008,28(6): 152-154.
[4]
Refractory materials for flame deflector protection system corrosion control: flame deflector protection system life cycle cost analysis report[R]. NASA/TM-2013-217910, 2009.
[5]
冯超, 徐铮, 平仕良, 等.重型火箭发射平台热防护方法探究[J]. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2021(4): 93-97.
FENG Chao, XU Zheng, PING Shiliang, et al.Research on thermal protection scheme of heavy rocket launching platform[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2021(4): 93-97.
[6]
赵英民, 刘瑾. 高效防热隔热涂层应用研究[J]. 宇航材料工艺, 2001,31(3): 42-44.
ZHAO Yingmin, LIU Jin. Research on heat resistant and heat insulated coating[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2001,31(3): 42-44.
2024年第47卷第4期
PDF下载
343
163
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411
  • 接收时间:2022-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-22
  • 修回日期:2022-12-06
基金
作者信息
    1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076
    2军事航天部队,北京,100193
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddyht/CN/10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240411
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏