Article(id=1148011759471944632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240402, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1678118400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-07, revisedDate=1689004800000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636932485, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636932485, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636932485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636932485, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011759706825673, articleId=1148011759471944632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=A Return Scheme Design Method for the First Sub-stage of a Launch Vehicle, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A concept design method for the return of the first sub-stage of a launch vehicle is proposed. It provides a solution for the overall design of a recoverable Launch vehicle. Firstly, a motion model for return of first stage is built. In order to calculate the thrust and its adjustment range, two parameters that named thrust ratio and thrust adjustment factor are defined in the model. Secondly, relation between recovery thrust and left propellant is discussed. A constraint of left propellant is introduced. Finally, a return scheme of a first stage is planned through a simulation example. The method proposed answers such questions as how much propellant should be reserved to realize the return of the first stage, how much thrust should be used, what is the adjustment range of thrust during the return process, the landing point of the stage, the max velocity during the return, and height and velocity before the stage enters the landing phase. The example shows that this method can be used to plan a complete return scheme for the first stage of a launch vehicle.

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针对可回收火箭的总体设计,提出了一种用于运载火箭第一子级回收方案的设计方法。首先,建立火箭子级运动模型,为便于确定回收推力大小和调节范围,在模型中引入了推力比例因子和推力调节因子。然后,探讨回收推力和推进剂剩余量的对应关系,并通过飞行时间给出剩余推进剂的约束条件。最后,从设计的角度确定回收基本过程,并通过仿真算例制定火箭子级的回收方案。所提方法详细给出了回收过程中火箭发动机的推力大小、推力调整范围、工作时间、落点位置、最大速度以及着陆段的起始速度和高度的估计。算例表明所提方法可以实现回收过程的关键参数确定。

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郭祖华(1971—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为运载火箭设计、火箭控制与制导、仿人机器人控制等。

郭皓(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航天飞行器设计、飞行器控制和制导。

董长虹(1968—),女,副教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

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郭祖华(1971—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为运载火箭设计、火箭控制与制导、仿人机器人控制等。

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郭祖华(1971—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为运载火箭设计、火箭控制与制导、仿人机器人控制等。

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郭皓(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航天飞行器设计、飞行器控制和制导。

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董长虹(1968—),女,副教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

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董长虹(1968—),女,副教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

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一种运载火箭第一子级回收方案设计方法
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郭祖华 , 郭皓 , 董长虹
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(4): 8-13
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(4): 8-13
一种运载火箭第一子级回收方案设计方法
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郭祖华, 郭皓, 董长虹
作者信息
  • 北京航空航天大学宇航学院,北京,102206
  • 郭祖华(1971—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为运载火箭设计、火箭控制与制导、仿人机器人控制等。

    郭皓(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航天飞行器设计、飞行器控制和制导。

    董长虹(1968—),女,副教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

A Return Scheme Design Method for the First Sub-stage of a Launch Vehicle
Zuhua GUO, Hao GUO, Changhong DONG
Affiliations
  • School of Astronautics,Beihang University,Beijing,102206
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240402
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针对可回收火箭的总体设计,提出了一种用于运载火箭第一子级回收方案的设计方法。首先,建立火箭子级运动模型,为便于确定回收推力大小和调节范围,在模型中引入了推力比例因子和推力调节因子。然后,探讨回收推力和推进剂剩余量的对应关系,并通过飞行时间给出剩余推进剂的约束条件。最后,从设计的角度确定回收基本过程,并通过仿真算例制定火箭子级的回收方案。所提方法详细给出了回收过程中火箭发动机的推力大小、推力调整范围、工作时间、落点位置、最大速度以及着陆段的起始速度和高度的估计。算例表明所提方法可以实现回收过程的关键参数确定。

可重复使用运载火箭  /  火箭子级回收  /  火箭设计

A concept design method for the return of the first sub-stage of a launch vehicle is proposed. It provides a solution for the overall design of a recoverable Launch vehicle. Firstly, a motion model for return of first stage is built. In order to calculate the thrust and its adjustment range, two parameters that named thrust ratio and thrust adjustment factor are defined in the model. Secondly, relation between recovery thrust and left propellant is discussed. A constraint of left propellant is introduced. Finally, a return scheme of a first stage is planned through a simulation example. The method proposed answers such questions as how much propellant should be reserved to realize the return of the first stage, how much thrust should be used, what is the adjustment range of thrust during the return process, the landing point of the stage, the max velocity during the return, and height and velocity before the stage enters the landing phase. The example shows that this method can be used to plan a complete return scheme for the first stage of a launch vehicle.

reusable launch vehicle  /  return of sub-stage of launch vehicle  /  launch vehicle design
郭祖华, 郭皓, 董长虹. 一种运载火箭第一子级回收方案设计方法. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240402
Zuhua GUO, Hao GUO, Changhong DONG. A Return Scheme Design Method for the First Sub-stage of a Launch Vehicle[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240402
多级火箭第一子级外形和质量都很大, 火箭发动机系统复杂而且昂贵, 目前火箭多为一次性的, 如果能够实现第一子级的回收再利用可以有效降低发射成本。目前针对子级回收展开了多方面的研究, 胡冬生等[1]通过飞行视频对Falcon9一子级飞行数据进行了采集和处理, 解算出回收过程弹道倾角、动压、过载等弹道参数, 进而对第一子级返回过程的气动环境和约束参数进行分析, 为重复使用火箭垂直回收设计提供参考。高朝辉等[2]以Falcon9火箭为例,比较了返回原场和不返回原场两种回收策略下火箭回收所消耗的推进剂情况。鲁宇等[3-4]分析了伞降回收、垂直回收和带翼飞回等几种方式的技术难度、运载能力的损失以及经济性。文献[4]中提到实现重复使用第一子级助推器,可降低火箭成本30%。康建斌等[5]通过分析Falcon9火箭第一子级垂直返回试验, 指出大姿态机动控制和高精度组合导航技术的重要性。黄伟[6]对基于群伞-缓冲气囊的伞降回收着陆系统和基于可控翼伞的伞降回收着陆系统进行了方案比较, 指出后者在实现精确回收方面更有优势。郑雄等[7]通过分析Falcon9火箭的回收方案和试验情况, 提出火箭再入热防护技术、火箭发动机推力大幅度调节技术、高精度的导航制导技术以及高可靠性着陆支撑技术等方面是成功回收的关键。另外, 还有许多针对具体技术的研究内容。杨文淼等[8-10]展开了与着陆缓冲机构相关的仿真研究。吴荣等[11-13]采用四次多项式制导方法实现了子级回收的仿真研究。王劲博等[14-17]采用伪谱法或以伪谱法为基础的复合方法实现回收轨迹的优化或制导。用于子级回收的控制方法还包括自抗扰方法[16]和线性二次调节器LQR[17]等。研究表明,针对火箭子级回收, 中国在制导控制方法研究和着陆缓冲机构的研制方面开展了大量的工作。除此之外, 中国从20世纪80年代开始研究可重复使用航天器, 提出了完整的回收方案。近年来, 中国翎客航天公司、深蓝航天公司和星际荣耀公司都在火箭回收的试验研究方面取得了丰硕的成果[18]。可回收子级与传统火箭子级相比有一些特殊性, 需要在火箭设计阶段加以考虑, 本文旨在系统地讨论可回收子级的回收方案设计方法。
回收过程中,由于第一子级中只包含少量推进剂, 故子级的总质量比整个运载火箭轻很多, 回收过程中只需要使用原火箭发动机的部分推力就足够了, 因此, 可回收火箭在总体设计阶段就应该考虑发动机的布置方案。目前的研究和试验往往针对实际的案例, 对于需要为子级预留多少推进剂, 以及回收过程中需要多大推力等问题, 目前文献中未见系统的论述。本文以理想无风环境、回收场地水平、没有落点位置限制为基本假设, 讨论火箭子级回收所需要付出的燃料代价和火箭发动机推力配置及调整范围等问题。该方法可以很方便地确定回收子级推力相对于原火箭推力的比例、子级剩余推进剂的质量以及回收推力的调整范围, 从而为总体设计提供参考。
第一子级回收过程的起点是在高空第一级火箭关机分离的地方, 此时火箭以较高的速度运行。只考虑飞行平面内的情况, 在发射点坐标系中建立火箭第一子级的平面运动模型如式(1)所示。
$\left(\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= - g\sin {\theta }_{11}+ \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{m}_{1\mathrm{r}}}\cos \alpha -\frac{D}{{m}_{1\mathrm{r}}}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta }{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{1}{v}\left({-g\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{H}}+ \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{m}_{1\mathrm{r}}}\sin \alpha +\frac{L}{{m}_{1\mathrm{r}}}}\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= v\cos \theta \\\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= v\sin \theta \\ 0 \end{array}\right)$
式中$v$为火箭第一子级的飞行速度;${\theta }_{\mathrm{H}}$为第一子级相对于当地水平面的夹角,${\theta }_{\mathrm{H}}= \eta +\theta ;\theta$为第一子级的弹道倾角;$\eta$为以发射点为起点,第一子级当前位置相对于地心的矢量扫过的地心角;$\alpha$为第一子级当前的攻角;${m}_{1\mathrm{r}}$为火箭第一子级的质量;${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$为回收过程中火箭第一子级的推力;$D$为气动阻力;$L$为气动升力;$\rho$为大气密度;${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$为第一子级的气动阻力系数;${C}_{\mathrm{L}}^{\alpha }$为第一子级的气动升力系数相对于攻角的导数;${S}_{\mathrm{m}}$为第一子级的特征面积;${R}_{0}$为地球的平均半径;$g$为重力加速度,$g ={g}_{0}\frac{{R}_{0}^{2}}{{x}^{2}+ {\left({R}_{0}+ y\right)}^{2}};{g}_{0}$为地面加速度。
对于多级运载火箭, 起初包含所有推进剂时, 第一子级的质量表示为
${m}_{1\mathrm{r}}= {m}_{01}- {m}_{02}= \left({1 -\frac{1}{{q}_{1}}}\right){m}_{01}$
式中${m}_{01}$为第一级火箭的总质量;${m}_{02}$为第二级火箭的总质量;${q}_{1}$为第一级火箭与第二级火箭质量之比,${q}_{1}= \frac{{m}_{01}}{{m}_{02}}$。为了保证回收时有足够的推进剂,假定第一级火箭在${t}_{k1}$时刻关机并分离,第一子级的质量是剩余推进剂质量和结构质量之和, 如图1所示。
此时第一子级的质量表示为
${m}_{1k1}= {m}_{1\mathrm{p}}+ {m}_{1\mathrm{s}}$
式中${m}_{1k1}$${t}_{k1}$时刻关机时火箭第一子级的总质量;${m}_{1\mathrm{p}}$为剩余推进剂的质量;${m}_{1\mathrm{s}}$为子级结构质量。
进一步表示为
${m}_{1k1}= \frac{{t}_{k}- {t}_{k1}}{{t}_{k}}\left({1 -\varepsilon }\right){m}_{1}+ \varepsilon {m}_{1}$
式中${m}_{1}$为装满推进剂时第一子级的总质量;$\varepsilon$为第一子级的结构质量系数;${t}_{k1}$为考虑回收情况下第一级火箭的关机时刻;${t}_{k}$为不考虑回收时第一级火箭从点火到工作结束的时间。由多级火箭的相关知识可知[19]:
$\varepsilon =\frac{{q}_{1}{\mu }_{k}-1}{{q}_{1}-1}$
式中${\mu }_{k}$是第一级火箭${t}_{k}$时刻的关机质量比。
火箭正常工作时,第一级火箭的工作时间为[19]
${t}_{k}= {v}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}\left({1 -{\mu }_{k}}\right)$
式中${v}_{0}$为火箭的地面初始重推比,${v}_{0}= \frac{{m}_{01}{g}_{0}}{P};{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}$为火箭推进剂的比冲;${\mu }_{k}$是第一级火箭正常关机时的质量比。
结合式(2)$\sim$(5),整理得到:
${m}_{1k1}= \left({\frac{{q}_{1}-1}{{q}_{1}}- \frac{{t}_{k1}}{{v}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}}}\right){m}_{01}$
回收过程中, 火箭发动机工作时, 第一子级的质量随时间而减小, 可以表示为
${m}_{1\mathrm{r}}= {\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}{m}_{1k1}$
式中${\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}$为第一子级回收过程中的质量比。
回收过程的第一子级发动机工作时间可表示为
$ t ={v}_{0\mathrm{r}}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}\left({1 -{\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)$
式中${v}_{0\mathrm{r}}$为待回收的第一子级初始地面重推比,定义为
${v}_{0\mathrm{r}}= \frac{{m}_{1k1}{g}_{0}}{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}$
为了便于设计分析, 令火箭回收推力为
${P}_{\mathrm{r}}= {k}_{\mathrm{c}}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}P $
式中${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$为第一子级的回收推力比$\left({{k}_{\mathrm{p}}< 1}\right);{k}_{\mathrm{c}}$为推力调节因子,${k}_{\mathrm{c}}$$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$之间变化,用于实现推力的连续变化。
将式(6)和式(10)代入式(9)整理得到
${v}_{0\mathrm{r}}= \frac{\left\lbrack \varepsilon +{r}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( 1 -\varepsilon \right)\right\rbrack }{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}\left({1 -\frac{1}{{q}_{1}}}\right){v}_{0}$
结合式(6)$\sim \left({10}\right)$,整理得到:
${m}_{1\mathrm{r}}= \left({\frac{{q}_{1}-1}{{q}_{1}}- \frac{{t}_{k1}}{{v}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}}}\right){m}_{01}- \frac{t{k}_{\mathrm{c}}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}P}{{g}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}}$
当回收减速发动机工作时,第一子级的质量随时间$t$而减小,这里$t$是指回收过程中发动机累计工作时间。于是, 回收时火箭第一子级推力和质量之比可以表示为
$\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{m}_{1\mathrm{r}}}= \frac{{k}_{\mathrm{c}}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}{g}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}}{\frac{{q}_{1}-1}{{q}_{1}}{v}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}- {t}_{k1}- t{k}_{\mathrm{c}}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}$
火箭第一子级的气动阻力和质量之比可以表示为
$\frac{D}{{m}_{\mathrm{{lr}}}}= \frac{\rho {v}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{v}_{0}{g}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}}{2{P}_{\mathrm{m}}\left({\frac{{q}_{1}-1}{{q}_{1}}{v}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}- {t}_{k1}- t{k}_{\mathrm{c}}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right)} $
式中${P}_{\mathrm{m}}$为火箭单位特征面积上的总质量,${P}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{{m}_{01}{g}_{0}}{{S}_{\mathrm{m}}}$
考虑到回收过程中火箭第一子级起初在稀薄大气中飞行,所以运动模型中的升力可以不用考虑;当子级完成姿态调整后,以${180}^{\circ }$攻角飞行,所以忽略推力的法向分量。于是火箭运动方程可以表示为
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= - g\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{H}}+ {a}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({{k}_{\mathrm{c}}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}\cos \alpha -\frac{\rho {v}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{v}_{0}}{2{P}_{\mathrm{m}}}}\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta }{\mathrm{d}t}= -\frac{g\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{H}}}{v}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= v\cos \theta \\\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= v\sin \theta \end{array}$
其中,${a}_{\mathrm{t}}= \frac{{g}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}}{\frac{{q}_{1}-1}{{q}_{1}}{v}_{0}{I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}0}^{\mathrm{E}}- {t}_{k1}- t{k}_{\mathrm{c}}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}$
在第一子级分离时, 为回收过程预留的推进剂必然远小于原推进剂量, 回收推力也比原火箭推力小, 于是火箭第一子级的初始地面重推比可以表示为
${v}_{0\mathrm{r}}= \frac{\left\lbrack {\varepsilon +{r}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({1 -\varepsilon }\right)}\right\rbrack {m}_{1}{g}_{0}}{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}P}$
式中$\varepsilon$为火箭第一子级的结构质量系数;${r}_{\mathrm{p}}$为第一子级中推进剂剩余比例$\left({{r}_{\mathrm{p}}< 1}\right);{k}_{\mathrm{p}}$是回收推力占初始火箭推力的比例$\left({{k}_{\mathrm{p}}< 1}\right)$。上式进一步写成:
${v}_{0\mathrm{r}}= \frac{\left\lbrack \varepsilon +{r}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( 1 -\varepsilon \right)\right\rbrack }{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}\left({1 -\frac{1}{{q}_{1}}}\right){v}_{0}$
这个公式表明了分离时刻,第一子级重推比${v}_{0\mathrm{r}}$与原火箭起飞重推比${v}_{0}$之间的关系。当${r}_{\mathrm{p}}= 0$时,得到第一子级燃料耗尽时的重推比${v}_{\mathrm{{er}}}$:
${v}_{\mathrm{{er}}}= \frac{\varepsilon }{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}\left({1 -\frac{1}{{q}_{1}}}\right){v}_{0}$
回收过程是减速过程,所以必须保证${v}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}\leq 1$,于是有:
${k}_{\mathrm{p}}\geq \varepsilon {v}_{0}\left({1 -\frac{1}{{q}_{1}}}\right)$
式(19)给出了参数${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$选取的约束条件。根据式(17)得到:
${k}_{\mathrm{p}}= \left\lbrack {\varepsilon +{r}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({1 -\varepsilon }\right)}\right\rbrack \left({1 -\frac{1}{{q}_{1}}}\right)\frac{{v}_{0}}{{v}_{0\mathrm{r}}}$
不妨令$\frac{{v}_{0}}{{v}_{0\mathrm{r}}}= {0.64}$,仍然取结构质量系数$\varepsilon ={0.1}$, 假定级间质量比${q}_{1}= 6$,当第一子级剩余推进剂比例在$9\%\sim {28}\%$变化时,推力比${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$也随之升高,如图2所示, 根据图2所示的曲线可初步确定回收推力的大小。比如当剩余推进剂比${r}_{\mathrm{p}}$为16% 时,回收推力比${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$约为13%,可通过式(19)初步判断回收推力比是否合理。
剩余推进剂的量可以通过关机时间估算, 所以剩余推进剂比${r}_{\mathrm{p}}$又可表示为
${r}_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{{t}_{k}- {t}_{k1}}{{t}_{k}}$
${r}_{\mathrm{p}}$确定后,也可以用式(21)预计可回收火箭的第一级关机时间${t}_{k1}$
发动机工作时间反映了推进剂的消耗情况, 回收过程中, 只有部分发动机参与工作, 且不一定是全推力工作。为了能够通过发动机工作时间来估计燃料的剩余量, 这里将回收过程中发动机的工作时间折算到原火箭发动机的工作时间尺度上。假设回收发动机工作时间为$n$段,则总等效工作时间记为
${t}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\Delta {t}_{i}{k}_{\mathrm{c}i}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}$
式中${t}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$为回收过程中发动机累计等效工作时间;$\Delta {t}_{i}$$i - 1$时刻到$i$时刻发动机的工作时间段;${k}_{\mathrm{c}i}$$i - 1$时刻到$i$时刻发动机的推力调节因子。显然${t}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$应小于原火箭的关机剩余时间, 以保证火箭子级回收过程中有足够的推进剂, 即:
${t}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}< {t}_{k}- {t}_{k1}$
规划回收过程的关键之一是确定关机时间${t}_{k1}$,使得式(23)被满足, 这需要通过仿真来确定。回收的本质是消除掉子级的动能和势能, 使它最终静止在着陆点, 暂不考虑地球的旋转, 规划回收过程如图3所示。在${t}_{k1}$时刻,火箭第一子级关机并分离后,子级将继续上升。从${t}_{k1}$${t}_{r1}$,对第一子级进行姿态调整,使发动机喷口朝向子级运动方向; 从${t}_{r1}$${t}_{r2}$是第1次减速,启动火箭发动机将火箭子级速度减为0,到${t}_{r2}$时刻子级达到最高点,动能消除为0 ; 从${t}_{r2}$${t}_{r3}$,子级在重力作用下垂直降落, 同时进行姿态调整, 使发动机喷口向下,到达${t}_{r3}$点时,火箭子级重新获得了一定的动能,同时势能减小;从${t}_{r3}$${t}_{r4}$启动火箭发动机执行第2次减速, 使火箭子级的速度和高度都降到足够小的值; 从${t}_{r4}$${t}_{r5}$是着陆段,对子级进行精确的高度控制, 使子级平稳着陆, 完成回收过程。第1次减速消除动能和控制火箭子级在射程方向的落点; 第2次减速控制火箭的落点偏差和降落速度, 避免过高速度导致的再入气动热, 着陆段对火箭子级进行精确的位置控制,实现平稳着陆。
根据前面的回收过程规划, 火箭第一子级需要具备调姿能力, 可以通过在火箭子级端部布置推力装置来实现, 具体方案略。假定某火箭第一级火箭的比冲为${300}\mathrm{\;s}$,第一级火箭关机质量比为0.2,起飞重推比为0.8,单位截面积的质量为$2 \times {10}^{4}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,第一子级结构质量系数为0.04 , 不考虑回收时的第一级火箭总飞行时间为${t}_{k}= {192.00}\mathrm{\;s}$,第一级火箭与第二级火箭质量比为6 。根据火箭飞行仿真轨迹, 确定第一级火箭关机时间为${t}_{k1}= {156.28}\mathrm{\;s}$,关机速度为${1.8023}\times {10}^{3}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$, 关机时的弹道倾角为${47.2026}^{\circ }$,相对于发射坐标系, 关机点的坐标为$x ={61.5411}\mathrm{\;{km}}, y ={65.3397}\mathrm{\;{km}}$。参考图2,返回推力取原第一级火箭推力的1/7 ,约为14.28%(即${k}_{\mathrm{p}}= {0.1428}$),火箭子级的发动机布置方式如图4所示, 在中心布置1台, 在周边均匀布置6台, 回收时仅需处于中心的发动机工作即可。
按原火箭的飞行时间计算,剩余飞行时间为${t}_{k}-$${t}_{k1}= {35.7}\mathrm{\;s}$。所以,预留的推进剂比例为${r}_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{{t}_{k}- {t}_{k1}}{{t}_{k}}=$18.6%。参考图2,根据曲线可以查出${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$${14.2}\sim {14.3}$之间, 与算例假设基本相符。
根据运动模型(15)编制仿真程序,运用前面确定的参数${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$${r}_{\mathrm{p}}$进行仿真,仿真时需要手工或通过优化选取各段时间及参数${k}_{\mathrm{c}}$直到获得满意的结果。某组参数下得到的结果见图5~8,展示了某子级回收过程着陆段之前的飞行情况。图5显示,回收过程最大高度约为${133}\mathrm{\;{km}}$,落点位置相对于发射点约为${160}\mathrm{\;{km}}$, 进入着陆段之前高度约为${689.5}\mathrm{\;m}$图6表明,经过第1次减速, 火箭子级速度减为0 , 然后因下落时重力做功,速度再次增加,最大速度约${950}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,随后进入动力减速段, 速度逐渐减小, 进入着陆段之前, 速度降至约$5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$图7展示了回收过程中高度变化过程连续, 在接近着陆段时, 高度变化平缓, 为安全、可靠、精确着陆创造了条件。图8展示了回收过程中火箭子级飞行轨迹和当地水平面的夹角变化情况, 为回收控制提供参考。
${t}_{r1}$${t}_{r2}$,第1次减速总耗时为${128.092}\mathrm{\;s}$。将第1次减速时间折算到原火箭的发动机工作时间尺度, 得到发动机等效工作时间,计为$\Delta {t}_{1}= {128.092}\times {14.28}\%=$${18.292}\mathrm{\;s}$; 从${t}_{r2}$${t}_{r3}$,火箭子级自由下落,发动机不工作,同时将弹道倾角调整为$-{90}^{\circ }$,耗时${100.916}\mathrm{\;s};{t}_{r3}$时刻,火箭子级的高度为${82}\mathrm{\;{km}}$,速度约${950}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$; 从${t}_{r3}$${t}_{r4}$,火箭子级第2次减速,火箭的推力为第1次减速推力的0.755倍$\left({{k}_{\mathrm{c}}= {0.755}}\right)$,也就是说,火箭子级回收过程中,火箭推力在0.75~1.0之间变化即可,推力调整范围约为${25}\%$;在${t}_{r4}$时刻,第一子级的高度为${689.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,下降速度为$5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,工作时间为${126.385}\mathrm{\;s}$, 将该时间折算成等效工作时间,计为$\Delta {t}_{2}= {126.385}\times$${14.28}\%\times {0.755}= {13.626}\mathrm{\;s}$。原发动机工作时间尺度下剩余的等效时间为${35.720}- {18.292}- {13.626}= {3.802}\mathrm{\;s}$。若将剩余时间折算到回收推力工作时间尺度下, 工作时间为${3.802}/{14.28}\%\approx {26.625}\mathrm{\;s}$,考虑到着陆段推力调节因子${k}_{\mathrm{c}}$不可能总为1,所以剩余推进剂能够维持着陆段发动机的工作时间不会小于${26.625}\mathrm{\;s}$,这段预留的发动机工作时间, 可以用于火箭子级在着陆段的精确着陆控制。
综上所述, 该算例中选择的回收推力只取了原火箭推力的1/7 ,如果采用中心布置一台发动机,周围环绕布置6台发动的方案,回收过程只需要一台中心发动机工作,且推力调整范围不小于25% 即可,为回收预留的推进剂量约为18.6%。
现有的相关研究主要集中在针对具体案例的分析和仿真上, 本文在不考虑风干扰和落点位置约束的情况下, 从设计的角度提出了一种进行火箭第一子级回收的通用算法。该算法只需要知道火箭的几个总体参数, 不需要火箭具体几何尺寸、推力和质量, 就可以进行子级回收方案的设计, 使用简单, 具有通用性, 可以为可回收火箭的总体设计提供借鉴。 本文系统论述了火箭第一子级回收过程中的推进剂剩余量、回收推力的大小、回收推力的调节范围等几个关键量的确定方法, 并通过仿真算例验证了该方法可行性。
配置栅格翼可以增加第2次减速段和着陆段的控制能力, 也有利于节省推进剂, 本文并没有探讨; 回收方案中对大气减速的利用也不充分, 但通过文中方法得到的回收方案是趋于安全的。
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2024年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240402
  • 接收时间:2023-03-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-07
  • 修回日期:2023-07-11
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    北京航空航天大学宇航学院,北京,102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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