Article(id=1286676618693296600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260312, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=1776960000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784697211190, onlineDateStr=2026-07-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784697211190, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784697211190, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1784697211190, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1286676566465819629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784697198739, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1784702152269, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=90, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1286676622174568921, articleId=1286676618693296600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Practice and Reflection on Airline-Flight-Mode Launching at the Super Heavy-Starship Launching Site, columnId=1154067058611446771, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Support, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the strategic needs of becoming a leading space power, and against the backdrop of hot topics such as "Airline-Flight-Based transportation of reusable rocket" and the successful in-situ recovery at launch tower during the fifth test flight of SpaceX's Super Heavy-Starship, this study benchmarks against world-class space launch sites, and combines the actual development of Chinese space launch site construction. It refines the basic characteristics that an "Airline-Flight-Mode" launch site should possess, including multi-station parallel operation, fast turnaround launch, high safety and reliability, and low-cost launch. The current gaps in China's space launch site in adapting to "Airline-Flight-Mode" launch are analyzed, and a demand system for building the "Airline-Flight-Mode" launch capability of China's launch site is proposed. At the organizational management level, China's launch site should develop from a single-mode construction and operation to a diversified mode involving national, civilian and commercial entities, while adhering to the concept of a large industrial ecosystem, integrated deployment and collaborative design of satellites, rockets and launch sites should be promoted to achieve "launch upon delivery and reuse upon recovery". At the key technology level, emphasis should be placed on the development of pre-launch rapid refueling, post-launch rapid recovery, special robots, in-situ recovery at launch towers, modular construction, etc., to achieve efficient turnaround, high-frequency launches, and multi-station implementation. The research can support the high-quality development of space launch site planning and construction.

, authors=Jie WANG, Wen'an ZHONG, Bin ZHANG, Yuanyuan YANG, Shengjin ZHANG, authorsList=Jie WANG, Wen'an ZHONG, Bin ZHANG, Yuanyuan YANG, Shengjin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1286676626272403954, articleId=1286676618693296600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=超重-星舰发射场航班化发射实践与思考, columnId=1154067058737275892, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), columnName=发射技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

面向航天强国建设战略需求,以“重复使用火箭航班化运输”及太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)超重-星舰第五次试飞成功实现原位回收为背景,对标世界一流航天发射场建设实践,结合中国航天发射场发展实际,提炼“航班化”发射场应具备多工位并行、快周转发射、高安全可靠、低成本发射等基本特征。在此基础上分析目前中国航天发射场在适应“航班化”发射方面存在的差距,提出中国发射场“航班化”发射能力建设需求体系。组织管理层面,中国发射场应当从建设运用单一化模式发展为国民商多元化模式,同时坚持大产业生态理念,推动星箭场一体部署和协同设计,实现出厂即发射、回收即复用;关键技术层面,应重点发展射前快速加注、射后快速恢复、特种机器人应用、塔架原位回收、模块化建造等,实现高效率周转、高频次发射、多工位实施。研究结论可支撑航天发射场规划建设高质量发展。

, authors=王杰, 钟文安, 张斌, 杨媛媛, 张生金, authorsList=王杰, 钟文安, 张斌, 杨媛媛, 张生金, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王 杰(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

钟文安(1970—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭测试发射任务组织管理和技术总体。

张 斌(1987—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

杨媛媛(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

张生金(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

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王 杰(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

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张生金(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

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张生金(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

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超重-星舰发射场航班化发射实践与思考
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王杰 , 钟文安 , 张斌 , 杨媛媛 , 张生金
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 发射技术 2026,(3): 90-100
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) |发射技术 2026 , (3) : 90 -100
超重-星舰发射场航班化发射实践与思考
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王杰, 钟文安, 张斌, 杨媛媛, 张生金
作者信息
  • 西昌卫星发射中心,文昌,571300
作者简介:

王 杰(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

钟文安(1970—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭测试发射任务组织管理和技术总体。

张 斌(1987—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

杨媛媛(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

张生金(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天发射地面设备技术。

Practice and Reflection on Airline-Flight-Mode Launching at the Super Heavy-Starship Launching Site
Jie WANG, Wen'an ZHONG, Bin ZHANG, Yuanyuan YANG, Shengjin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Xichang Satellite Launch Center, Wenchang, 571300
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260312
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面向航天强国建设战略需求,以“重复使用火箭航班化运输”及太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)超重-星舰第五次试飞成功实现原位回收为背景,对标世界一流航天发射场建设实践,结合中国航天发射场发展实际,提炼“航班化”发射场应具备多工位并行、快周转发射、高安全可靠、低成本发射等基本特征。在此基础上分析目前中国航天发射场在适应“航班化”发射方面存在的差距,提出中国发射场“航班化”发射能力建设需求体系。组织管理层面,中国发射场应当从建设运用单一化模式发展为国民商多元化模式,同时坚持大产业生态理念,推动星箭场一体部署和协同设计,实现出厂即发射、回收即复用;关键技术层面,应重点发展射前快速加注、射后快速恢复、特种机器人应用、塔架原位回收、模块化建造等,实现高效率周转、高频次发射、多工位实施。研究结论可支撑航天发射场规划建设高质量发展。

超重-星舰  /  航天发射场  /  航班化  /  星箭场一体  /  过冷加注  /  原位回收  /  机器人

In response to the strategic needs of becoming a leading space power, and against the backdrop of hot topics such as "Airline-Flight-Based transportation of reusable rocket" and the successful in-situ recovery at launch tower during the fifth test flight of SpaceX's Super Heavy-Starship, this study benchmarks against world-class space launch sites, and combines the actual development of Chinese space launch site construction. It refines the basic characteristics that an "Airline-Flight-Mode" launch site should possess, including multi-station parallel operation, fast turnaround launch, high safety and reliability, and low-cost launch. The current gaps in China's space launch site in adapting to "Airline-Flight-Mode" launch are analyzed, and a demand system for building the "Airline-Flight-Mode" launch capability of China's launch site is proposed. At the organizational management level, China's launch site should develop from a single-mode construction and operation to a diversified mode involving national, civilian and commercial entities, while adhering to the concept of a large industrial ecosystem, integrated deployment and collaborative design of satellites, rockets and launch sites should be promoted to achieve "launch upon delivery and reuse upon recovery". At the key technology level, emphasis should be placed on the development of pre-launch rapid refueling, post-launch rapid recovery, special robots, in-situ recovery at launch towers, modular construction, etc., to achieve efficient turnaround, high-frequency launches, and multi-station implementation. The research can support the high-quality development of space launch site planning and construction.

Super Heavy-Starship  /  space launch site  /  airline-flight-mode  /  integration of satellites, rockets and launch sites  /  subcooling and filling  /  in-situ recovery at launch tower  /  robotic
王杰, 钟文安, 张斌, 杨媛媛, 张生金. 超重-星舰发射场航班化发射实践与思考. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , (3) : 90 -100 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260312
Jie WANG, Wen'an ZHONG, Bin ZHANG, Yuanyuan YANG, Shengjin ZHANG. Practice and Reflection on Airline-Flight-Mode Launching at the Super Heavy-Starship Launching Site[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , (3) : 90 -100 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260312
当前,以近地轨道巨型星座组网、地月空间资源开发、常态化载人探月基地建设为代表的航天发展新阶段,推动着航天发射运输需求呈现超线性增长态势。随着太空探索需求的急速扩张,现有航天运输体系正面临前所未有的技术挑战1。统计数据显示,2014年至2024年十年间,世界航天年发射数量从92次增长至263次,折射出运输投送任务的激增,未来将有趋势超出现有航天运输系统的能力范围。在传统火箭发射数量逐渐达到上限的背景下,具有革命性意义的“航班化航天运输系统”应运而生2。这种借鉴民航运营模式的创新方案,有望实现航天发射效能的量级提升,成为突破现有局限的关键突破口。
近年来,作为“运输工具”的运载火箭重复使用技术不断突破并日趋成熟,推动航天发射工程向着航班化目标迈进。中国航天运输系统“航班化”的概念于2021年由包为民院士等人首先提出,近年来侧重开展了航天运载器的航班化发展研究2-6,在研的天龙三号、朱雀三号、双曲线三号、力箭二号等大中型液体运载火箭都将可重复使用技术作为重点攻关方向。江苏深蓝航天有限公司、星际荣耀航天科技集团股份有限公司、蓝箭航天空间科技股份有限公司等商业火箭公司均开展了垂直起降验证型火箭的研制与飞行试验,多款可重复使用运载器2025年起陆续实现首飞。美国SpaceX猎鹰9火箭一级垂直起降已经成熟应用,完全重复使用的超重-星舰正在快速迭代研发。根据卫星百科网站数据显示,截至2026年4月17日,猎鹰9火箭共完成了602次发射,其中复用发射超过500次,而一级B1067箭体的复用纪录达到34次。超重-星舰已完成11次全系统飞行试验,其中第4次飞行实现两级回收软着陆,第5次、第7次、第8次飞行实现超重助推器原位回收,第9次飞行实现超重助推器首次复用,标志着美国航天运输向航班化发展迈出了里程碑式的一步,为大规模空间往返运输、实现“阿尔忒弥斯计划”“火星殖民计划”提供了重要支撑。
在此背景下,航天发射场作为航天发射活动的核心基础迎来了巨大的发展窗口期,但在实际运行中,传统管理模式和技术体系已难以应对多型号火箭密集发射、快速周转的新要求,迫切需要一场模式和技术革命以适应未来航班化发射需求。未来,航天发射场将重点发展支持每年数千吨载荷发射、上百次可重复使用火箭回收的综合保障能力,通过构建简洁化发射流程、模块化保障设施和智能化调度系统,逐步转型为具备常态化运营能力的“太空枢纽”。这种建设新型基础设施的核心目标是实现火箭发射准备周期从月、周级压缩至天、小时级,形成类似航空物流中心的高效太空运输节点。具体建设上,李立群等7认为,航天港必须具备各类航天器组装测试和维修改造能力,以及多类型运载器大规模发射回收、复用检测、燃料制备的基础设施和技术装备。吕久明等8解析了世界一流发射场应具备的特征,从先天优势、发展实力、组织管理等角度提出发射场发展的内在要求,为发射场航班化发展实践提供了理论支撑。具备批量运输能力的航班化航天港理念先进、特色鲜明,与世界一流发射场特征一致,两者不谋而合,是世界一流发射场的重要演进方向。钟文安等9则从发射、回收、测试、运输等方面构建了发射场航班化的典型场景,提出了包括发射能力、运载火箭回收能力、综合测试检修能力、发射场运营能力的建设发展需求。
本文通过对比处于航班化发射发展前沿的超重-星舰发射场,结合中国航天发射场建设发展实际,提炼航班化发射场基本特征,识别中国发射场距离航班化目标存在的差距,从组织管理和关键技术层面提出相应的能力建设需求。
美国SpaceX以地外星体长期驻留、巨型星座组网、大规模空间基础设施建设为目标,快速推动超重-星舰的研制和航班化发射应用10。超重-星舰本质上是航天飞机和猎鹰9火箭技术迭代更新的新一代产品,在民用和军用方向均有较高的应用价值。通过原位回收,以航班化模式实现多工位快速周转发射,可为太空探索、各类军事和商业用途提供有力支撑。
超重-星舰具备100~200 t的运载能力,未来年产规模计划达1 000发,结合多工位快速周转发射和推进剂在轨加注技术,能够支撑人类从地球出发,在太阳系内实现百吨级物资的大规模转移,构建外星基地,提升前沿探索水平10
2020年至今,SpaceX通过深度绑定NASA阿尔忒弥斯计划,累计获得超40亿美元专项经费,开展基于星舰系统的月球着陆器研制,为建立永久性月球基地提供运输保障。在深空战略延伸层面,SpaceX同步推进“火星移民路线”,依托地火转移窗口期(每26个月开启一次)设计星际运输架构,计划通过星舰航班化发射,于2050年前完成百万人级火星城市建设,如图1所示。
超重-星舰能够有效完善美军后勤物资运输体系,大幅提升应急响应能力。2021年,美国空军启动“火箭货运先锋计划”,并于2022年1月与SpaceX签订价值约1亿美元的阶段性研发合同(2022—2027财年),重点验证该火箭在军事物流领域的颠覆性应用潜力12。相比传统空海运输方式,其核心优势在于突破地缘封锁限制(飞行弹道不受领空约束)和战略预警时间,“火箭货运”能够将1万公里级战略物资投送时间从13 h(C-17)压缩至55 min,单次投送远高于C-17运力级(约77 t)装备/补给,可在24 h内重建旅级战斗队作战能力,大幅提升军事行动时效性和弹性保障能力,助力美军达成军事战略目标。超重-星舰未来的军事运用场景见图2
超重-星舰系统凭借150 t级近地轨道运力与全复用设计,可能颠覆传统洲际运输模式。其亚轨道弹道飞行可实现纽约至上海40 min直达,单次运载量相当于3架波音-747货机总运力,单次发射成本有望降至数百万美元。通过复用设计日均3次高频发射能力,该系统可构建“洲际一小时物流圈”13,突破空域限制与地缘封锁,实现医疗物资、精密仪器等时效敏感型货物的全球极速投送。若2028年前解决飞船高精度着陆与热防护系统关键技术等瓶颈,将推动国际运输规则体系向“跨主权空天走廊”范式转型,最终重塑全球供应链与地缘经济格局。
运载火箭的发射能力不仅取决于产品本身的运载能力,还受制于批产能力、发射条件等,因此SpaceX不仅关注产品研制,还十分重视制造系统、发射回收设施的建设和优化10。在超重-星舰项目中遵循星箭地一体化设计的同时,开展了多项地面发射支持系统的创新设计。
其一,为了加快超重-星舰系统的研制过程,发射塔的建设采用了模块化堆叠的方式。其轨道发射集成塔OLIT-1于2021年初开始塔基建设,4月底完成第一节钢架模块搭建,7月底完成塔体封顶,8月底完成快速断开臂吊装,10月中下旬完成主捕获臂吊装。到2021年底时,基本具备运行状态,前后建造历时仅约一年时间。另一轨道发射集成塔OLIT-3主体于2024年7月11日启动建造,8月22日完成堆叠和封顶,耗时仅41天,图3为该塔模块化建造过程。
除此以外,SpaceX在推进发射场建造过程中,还探索了替代导流槽排导燃气流技术,推出了25 m高发射台、地面无特殊导流方式的简易排导装置14。发射塔架的快速建造有效缩短了建设周期,提高了经济效益,为实现大规模塔架集群航班化发射提供了有力支撑。
其二,超重-星舰的地面发射支持系统兼具起重吊装、回收接驳的功能,如图4所示,其核心主要由轨道发射集成塔和轨道发射架两部分组成。轨道发射集成塔的主要功能包括超重-星舰垂直组装、推进剂加注和回收等,由塔架主体、快速断开臂和捕获臂三大部分组成。发射准备期间,捕获臂调整到合适高度,依次托握起吊超重助推器和星舰飞船完成组装。起飞过程中,左右两个捕获臂展开成110°最大张角以避开火箭尾焰。回收时,火箭通过发动机实现悬停,捕获臂代替箭体上的着陆支撑机构,像“筷子”一样夹住回收的子级15
轨道发射架功能与传统火箭发射台相似,主要为箭体提供结构支撑。其台面设有快速断开装置,负责为超重助推器提供燃料加注、气体供应及电气连接服务。发射台内环布置有20个牵制释放支撑臂,这些支撑臂不仅用于支撑箭体,还兼具牵制与释放功能,确保箭体在静态点火和正式发射点火时的安全稳定。此外,这些支撑臂集成了发动机启动装置,可为超重助推器最外圈的20台猛禽发动机提供启动服务,大幅简化了箭上的复杂程度。
这种原位回收方式可实现发射场与回收场合一,减少基础建设投入,缩短回收转运时间,满足航班化快速周转发射需求。
其三,在射前流程中,超重-星舰系统采用过冷液氧和过冷甲烷的组合。其中,3 400 t级超重火箭加注约2 652 t过冷液氧、748 t过冷甲烷,1 200 t级星舰飞船加注约936 t过冷液氧、264 t过冷甲烷,加注过程中采用液氮过冷液氧与甲烷,整个推进剂加注过程用时仅需35~45 min17-18,其地面加注系统设备构成及布局如图5所示。
发射基地的加注系统采用了超大口径低温绝热管道及旋转接头、全过冷大流量加注输送、甲烷排气液化回收等多项技术创新,这种过冷加注方式除了可以显著提升火箭运载能力、改善发动机工作条件,还能有效压缩射前准备时间,有利于实现快速周转发射。
航天发射场航班化的概念起源于机场航班,是指发射场能够以稳定的班次发射运载火箭,持续为航天器、人员进入太空提供服务9。采用定期定线路的航班化运营模式,具有多工位并行、快周转发射、高安全可靠、低成本发射4大基本特征,能够高可靠、低成本、高效率地满足地面点对点远程快速运输、大规模天地往返、轨道转移运输的任务需求。
实现航班化发射的核心是“多”,即大规模、批量化发射;重点在于“快”“好”,即灵活多样地、创新性地运用先进的组织管理和发射技术保证航天发射活动能够安全、准时、高效地实施;最终目标是“省”,即降低发射成本、实现低成本运营。
对比处于航班化发射发展前沿的美国航天发射场和超重-星舰发射工位,中国航天发射场在适应航班化发射方面存在发射工位数量有限、射前流程长、无着陆回收、周转效率低、商业化程度较低、星箭场没有实现统一等问题,与航班化运营带来的大量轮转发射需求之间存在明显矛盾。
综合内外部因素,中国航天发射场航班化发射能力建设需求包括:一套组织管理模式,即发射场国民商合力、星箭场一体的管理模式;三个技术能力体系,包括高效发射、多路回收、复用检测;N个具体支撑,包括国民商多元化运行管理模式、星箭场一体化部署实施体制和若干关键技术,如图6所示。
航班化发射场的首要特征是发射工位多、发射量大。美国发射场共有20多个发射工位在用,2023年共发射116次,将超1 200 t载荷投送入轨,2024年共发射158次,将超2 100 t载荷投送入轨。中国现有四大航天发射场在用,共约10个工位(不含场坪),中大型低温液体火箭工位和商业化工位较少,2023年共发射67次,投送约122 t载荷入轨,2024年共发射68次,投送约175 t载荷入轨,发射次数和投送能力远低于世界一流水平19-21。根据Jonathan's Space Page的统计数据,全球各国年度成功入轨发射次数统计如图7所示21-22
美国的太空力量充分利用军民商资源,实现了航天技术的全面发展,航天发射场既有军队建设管理的卡纳维拉尔角太空军基地和范登堡太空军基地,也有由政府机构建设管理的肯尼迪航天中心,既有商业公司租赁军队/政府机构发射工位,也有商业公司独立建设运营的超重-星舰发射基地23-25,与航班化多工位发射需求一致,距离航班化目标越来越近。中美航天发射场对比情况见图8
以卡纳维拉尔角太空军基地为例,该基地目前隶属于美国太空军太空系统司令部下属太空发射三角洲45部队,发射设施以及测控均由军方管理23。自1950年以来,共建造了40余个发射综合设施,大部分随着冷战结束、阿波罗计划终止而逐渐停用,SpaceX等商业公司的兴起使得航天发射再度活跃。如图9所示,卡纳维拉尔角40号工位(Space Launch Complex 40,SLC-40)建于1960年初期,用于实施大力神-3C运载火箭发射。1990年马丁公司授权进行改造,建立了新的勤务塔和脐带塔,用于实施大力神-4运载火箭发射。2007年10月,SpaceX开始再次进行40号工位的改造工作,由于猎鹰9火箭采用“三平模式”,原脐带塔、活动勤务塔于2008年拆除25-26。2024年初,SLC-40完成龙飞船发射设施改造,与LC-39A一起具备了载人龙和货运龙发射能力。美国将其航天发射基地向多家商业航天企业开放,提供发射工位租赁服务,促进航天产业规模扩张,支持技术创新,持续提升并保持航天发射能力的领先地位24
在前商业航天时代中国航天发射场由国家独立承担建设运营管理27,在高密度任务模式下人力短缺。从建设资金投入来看,公开报道显示,SpaceX星舰发射基地建设投资约30亿美元,海南商业航天发射场建设投资约40亿元人民币,发射场建设与运营管理都需要消耗大量资金。发射场建设运营单一化模式与航班化目标存在明显矛盾,难以适应航班化多工位发射需求。为此需要引入民商力量,发展多元化发射场组织管理模式,响应国家将商业航天确定为新质生产力的号召,分担发射运力和建设运营成本。
中国目前的航天发射场组织管理趋势正在向着创新发展国民商共建、共管、共用,政府机构建设商业化运营等特色模式发展,未来随着中国商业化进程加快,可能出现商业公司租赁甚至自建工位等模式,逐步发展出更加多元化的组合。对于国家航天发射场,或可借鉴SpaceX租赁LC-39A工位和SLC-4、SLC-6工位,采取商业化模式,逐步扩大社会化保障范围。
航班化发射场的重要特征是发射周转快、发射间隔短,为此应当坚持“大产业生态”理念,将火箭、载荷科研生产、复用检测厂房向发射场周边布设,打造航天产业基地,推动星箭场一体部署。例如:美国SpaceX依托超重-星舰发射基地在得克萨斯州的博卡奇卡镇配备建设了一整套覆盖航天生产制造试验到发射回收全产业链条的设施集群,中国依托海南国际商业航天发射场打造了文昌国际航天城,有效缩短发射链条,避免了火箭重复测试,进一步优化周转效率,实现了“出厂即发射”。
另外,还应推进星箭地协同设计,减少星箭地接口,避免“过设计”。例如超重-星舰的星箭地一体化设计方案,星舰既作为火箭的“第2级”提供运力,也作为卫星平台可搭载多样化载荷在轨飞行,取消传统的一次性使用分离抛式整流罩,配备可复用门式整流罩,实现完全重复使用和满足快速周转发射。超重-星舰地面支持系统则作为火箭的“第0级”开展设计,将超重助推器的着陆支撑机构以“筷子夹”的形式转移到地面发射设施,依托发射台支撑臂的发动机地面供气接口,实现对火箭外圈20台猛禽发动机的点火功能,旨在把尽可能多的复杂配套系统(点火设施、回收设施)留在地面,提升运载能力的同时,实现了“回收即复用”,见图9
以航班化发射概念特征为内在要求,对标世界一流发射场航班化发射外部差距,围绕高效率周转、高频次发射、多工位实施,聚焦航天发射能力跃升,对照“高效发射、多路回收、检修测试”3个技术能力体系,中国为适应航班化发射需要重点开展射前快速加注、射后快速恢复、特种机器人、原位回收、模块化建造等方面的关键技术研究。
航班化发射要求低温推进剂系统具备“即到即连、快连快加、机动灵活”的保障能力,从而满足未来高密度、短周期、低成本、高安全的发射需求。当前低温推进剂系统点位固定、操作费时、时序较长、系统复杂,在机动性、便捷性、高效性和安全性等方面都还存在显著差距。
未来,需围绕低温推进剂规模化航班化应用的新需求,攻克低温推进剂大规模高效储存与大流量快捷输送中涉及的先进材料研究及应用、新型高效真空绝热、全过冷致密输送、大流量并行加注、快速安全预冷及连接等核心技术难题,实现大型低温真空绝热球罐、大流量低温液体输送泵、免拆装自适应旋转装置、低温槽车装卸臂等关键设备的研制。突破甲烷/氢浓度测量、低温流体流量测量等关键技术,开展燃料在线加注、大流量甲烷/氢安全排放理论与试验研究等,实现推进剂大规模贮存、管路快速连接、燃料快速加注,见图10
航班化高频次发射要求发射塔架具备射后快速恢复能力。目前中国航天发射场射后恢复流程周期较长、效率较低,一定程度上制约航班化的发展。
美国SpaceX猎鹰9火箭通过设置简洁工位,采用“三平”测发模式和高度集成化的箭地接口,以及地面加注管路、气管等的合理布局与防护,降低火箭发射后的地面设施受损程度,减小维护和检修工作量。2023年该火箭在SLC-40发射工位的平均周转时间仅为6.6天,最短周转时间仅为3天21小时28,2024年最短周转时间缩短至2天15小时。超重-星舰火箭采用“分段三垂”测发模式,通过设置简易勤务塔和水冷钢板系统,同样采用高度集成的箭地接口以及电气液管路的合理布局与防护,实现了对发射设施的有效保护。OLIT-1工位于2024年10月13日完成超重-星舰第五次试飞(B12超重助推器+S30星舰飞船),10月25日完成B13超重助推器静态点火测试,11月19日完成火箭第六次试飞(B13超重助推器+S31星舰飞船),其发射最短周转时间仅37天,如果不考虑回收后复用助推器的静态点火测试,最短周转时间可以压缩到12天以内。
中国发射场大中型运载火箭发射工位普遍采用“一平两垂”和“三垂”测发模式,在发射塔的简洁设计方面具有天然的劣势。曾毅等29采用减少发射平台转场次数,调整加注管路液氮调试流程,并行开展器件更换和涂层修复等措施,实现了CZ-5火箭活动发射平台的短周期恢复。应用“关键路径法+ECRS分析”方法,识别短板和瓶颈环节,开展射后恢复流程解耦、液氮调试并行、耐高温抗冲刷涂层改进等优化措施,大幅压缩射后恢复周期30
航班化高效运维需要发展无人化的特种机器人技术。无人化是大规模星际往返运输的基础,为了满足火星表面的航班化发射需求,美国SpaceX设想未来要在火星建设适配星舰航班化发射返回地球的阿尔法基地,为此还打造了无人驾驶车辆和机器人,代替人类实现火星表面的探测操作。按照计划将在2026年启动第三代人形机器人Optimus试生产,2027年实现百万台级量产。
中国特种机器人技术同样发展迅速,2023年11月,工业和信息化部在《人形机器人创新发展指导意见》中明确提出“2025年初步建立创新体系,2027年形成国际竞争力”,并联合教育部、科技部等部门共同发布了《关于推动未来产业创新发展的实施意见》,提出要突破高转矩密度伺服电机、高动态运动规划与控制等核心技术,重点推进智能制造、家庭服务、特殊环境作业等应用场景的人形机器人研发。发展至今,包括深圳市优必选科技股份有限公司的Walker、北京小米机器人技术有限公司的CyberOne以及上海傅利叶智能科技股份有限公司的GR等一系列国产机器人相继问世并投入市场,其中Walker S1产品已进入汽车工厂进行实训,并首次成功与L4级无人物流车、无人叉车、工业移动机器人及智能制造管理系统实现协同作业31
图11所示,按照功能,特种机器人可以分为巡检、维护、操作机器人3类,在电力、石化行业普遍应用,发射场需要重点解决高效无损检测、低温泄漏安全监测、智能吊装等技术32
航班化高效周转远期要求发射场具备火箭近工位回收甚至原位回收的能力。从国内外发展来看,运载火箭回收方式可以分为水平回收和垂直回收,垂直回收还可细分为陆地/海上着陆平台回收、“筷子夹”机械臂回收、网系回收等方式35-37,目前仅有SpaceX超重-星舰的“筷子夹”机械臂方式实现了原位回收工程应用。
对于水平原位回收方式,除了需要在发射场建设滑行跑道外,还需开展水平起降运载火箭技术研究,技术难度较大。近期或可采用垂直起飞、水平回收模式,在发射塔就近建设滑行跑道,实现近工位回收,避开组合动力火箭技术难题,提高现有工位周转发射效率。
对于垂直原位回收方式,中国新一代载人登月火箭计划采用如图12所示的网系回收方案38,但回收场与发射场分离,不利于实现航班化快速周转发射。一是可以在发射塔上建设垂直着陆平台用于火箭回收,发射时收起、回收时展开,此种回收方式技术成熟度高,且对火箭的定位精度要求不会高于“筷子夹”方式。二是可以将现有的避雷塔改造为多功能塔,增加网绳悬挂装置,拓展网系回收功能,实现防雷与网系回收功能合一、发射场与回收场合一。两种方式均符合中国航天发射场技术特点,有一定的创新性,对于实现航班化快速周转发射具备较高可行性。
航班化多工位实施需要大规模的发射塔架集群作为支撑。采用模块化方式像“搭积木”一样建造塔架钢结构设施、导流装置,再将电、气、液等功能设施“抽屉式”插入钢结构中,可以满足塔架的快速建造需求。
对于导流模块,星舰基地OLIT-1工位采用地面无特殊导流方式的简易排导技术、中国海南商业航天发射场1号工位采用地面导流装置替代传统导流槽,大幅压缩建设周期的同时还节省了建设费用。
从长远发展来看,模块化建造方式为发射场的集约建设和简捷发射能力形成提供了新的思路,是突破塔架建设周期瓶颈的重要途径。
对处于航班化发射发展前沿的超重-星舰发射基地的创新实践进行梳理总结,分析中国航天发射场在适应航班化发射方面存在的外部差距。通过对标世界一流航天发射场,分析提炼了航班化发射“多工位并行、快周转发射、高安全可靠、低成本发射”的基本特征和内在要求,提出了中国航天发射场实现航班化发射发展的建设需求。
随着2024年以来SpaceX的超重-星舰密集组织飞行试验,特别是成功实现原位回收,使运输系统的航班化有了可行的路径,世界航天即将迎来大规模进出空间的“航班化航天运输”时代,应立足中国战略发展需要,发展航班化航天运输系统,超前谋划航天发射场的航班化发展问题,创新组织管理理念,探索新技术新方法,实现中国航天发射场的革命性发展。

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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260312
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-07-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
  • 修回日期:2026-04-24
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    西昌卫星发射中心,文昌,571300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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