Article(id=1286676567241765870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260308, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767715200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-07, revisedDate=1776268800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784697198924, onlineDateStr=2026-07-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784697198924, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784697198924, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1784697198924, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1286676566465819629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784697198739, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1784702152269, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1286676567468258287, articleId=1286676567241765870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=A Self-Correcting Longest-Path DAG Scheduling Algorithm for Multicore Systems, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the master control computer of the Platform Inertial Navigation System (PINS) constitutes a hard real-time multicore embedded system, its control cycle directly impacts navigation accuracy. To address the issues of low resource utilization and constrained computing frequency resulting from the bin-packing problem inherent in traditional centralized partitioned scheduling, the Self-Correcting Longest-Path DAG Scheduling Algorithm (SLS) is proposed. The algorithm employs directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to model complex inertial navigation tasks with precedence constraints, constructing a two-stage closed-loop framework of "static planning and dynamic correction". In the static phase, parallel tasks are greedily allocated across multiple cores based on longest-path priorities. The dynamic phase introduces a self-correcting mechanism that utilizes a weighted averaging method to continuously refine node execution time estimates, thereby mitigating the cumulative degradation of scheduling performance caused by worst-case execution time (WCET) estimation errors. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation experiments demonstrate that, compared with recent state-of-the-art algorithms in the inertial navigation field, the SLS algorithm significantly reduces task execution time, enhances multicore resource utilization and load balancing, and effectively improves the system accuracy and real-time performance of PINS.

, authors=Zhaochun XU1, Yu YANG2, Haifeng JIANG1, authorsList=Zhaochun XU, Yu YANG, Haifeng JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1286676571352182791, articleId=1286676567241765870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=基于DAG的自校正最长路径多核调度算法, columnId=1154057567975232072, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), columnName=导航、制导与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

平台式惯性导航系统(Platform Inertial Navigation System,PINS)的主控计算机为硬实时多核嵌入式系统,其控制周期直接影响导航精度。针对传统集中式分区调度因装箱问题导致的资源利用率低、计算频率受限等问题,提出一种基于有向无环图(Directed Acyclic Graph,DAG)的自校正最长路径多核调度算法(Self-Correcting Longest-Path DAG Scheduling Algorithm,SLS)。该算法采用有向无环图对具有依赖关系的惯导任务进行建模,构建两阶段闭环结构:静态阶段基于最长路径优先级分配多核并行任务,动态阶段引入自校正机制,利用加权平均法持续修正节点执行时间估计,克服最坏情况执行时间估计误差对调度性能的累积影响。半实物仿真结果表明,相较于近几年惯导领域的其他算法,SLS算法缩短了任务执行时间,提高了多核资源利用率和负载均衡度,有效提升了PINS的系统精度与实时性能。

, authors=许兆淳1, 杨雨2, 姜海峰1, authorsList=许兆淳, 杨雨, 姜海峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

许兆淳(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为惯性导航系统及其应用。

杨 雨(1967—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为惯性系统总体设计。

姜海峰(1987—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为惯性导航系统软件总体设计。

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Time complexity analysis of SLS

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行为时间复杂度
遍历剩余节点识别就绪集OV
基于动态规划计算最长路径OV+E
排序OVlogV
), ArticleFig(id=1287123977411739883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676567241765870, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SLS算法时间复杂度统计

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行为时间复杂度
遍历剩余节点识别就绪集OV
基于动态规划计算最长路径OV+E
排序OVlogV
), ArticleFig(id=1287123977483043052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676567241765870, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The first Lp calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
就绪节点pPLp
vi1

p11=vi1vi17vi21vi22

p12=vi1vi17vi20vi21vi22

p13=vi1vi16vi20vi21vi22

Lp11=8

Lp12=13

Lp13=14

vi2

p21=vi2vi13vi17vi20vi21vi22

p22=vi2vi13vi17vi21vi22

p23=vi2vi13vi14vi18vi22

p24=vi2vi9vi10vi14vi18vi22

p25=vi2vi13vi14vi18vi19vi22

p26=vi2vi9vi10vi14vi18vi19vi22

Lp21=15

Lp22=10

Lp23=11

Lp24=16

Lp25=14

Lp26=19

vi3

p31=vi3vi9vi10vi14vi18vi22

p32=vi3vi9vi10vi14vi18vi19vi22

Lp31=16

Lp32=19

vi4

p41=vi4vi10vi14vi18vi22

p42=vi4vi9vi10vi14vi18vi22

p43=vi4vi10vi14vi18vi19vi22

p44=vi4vi9vi10vi14vi18vi19vi22

Lp41=12

Lp42=17

Lp43=15

Lp44=20

vi5

p51=vi5vi11vi15vi19vi22

p52=vi5vi8vi12vi15vi19vi22

p53=vi5vi11vi12vi15vi19vi22

Lp51=14

Lp52=20

Lp53=19

vi6

p61=vi6vi18vi22

p62=vi6vi18vi19vi22

Lp61=9

Lp62=12

vi7p71=vi7vi19vi22Lp71=7
), ArticleFig(id=1287123977583706349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676567241765870, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第一次Lp计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
就绪节点pPLp
vi1

p11=vi1vi17vi21vi22

p12=vi1vi17vi20vi21vi22

p13=vi1vi16vi20vi21vi22

Lp11=8

Lp12=13

Lp13=14

vi2

p21=vi2vi13vi17vi20vi21vi22

p22=vi2vi13vi17vi21vi22

p23=vi2vi13vi14vi18vi22

p24=vi2vi9vi10vi14vi18vi22

p25=vi2vi13vi14vi18vi19vi22

p26=vi2vi9vi10vi14vi18vi19vi22

Lp21=15

Lp22=10

Lp23=11

Lp24=16

Lp25=14

Lp26=19

vi3

p31=vi3vi9vi10vi14vi18vi22

p32=vi3vi9vi10vi14vi18vi19vi22

Lp31=16

Lp32=19

vi4

p41=vi4vi10vi14vi18vi22

p42=vi4vi9vi10vi14vi18vi22

p43=vi4vi10vi14vi18vi19vi22

p44=vi4vi9vi10vi14vi18vi19vi22

Lp41=12

Lp42=17

Lp43=15

Lp44=20

vi5

p51=vi5vi11vi15vi19vi22

p52=vi5vi8vi12vi15vi19vi22

p53=vi5vi11vi12vi15vi19vi22

Lp51=14

Lp52=20

Lp53=19

vi6

p61=vi6vi18vi22

p62=vi6vi18vi19vi22

Lp61=9

Lp62=12

vi7p71=vi7vi19vi22Lp71=7
), ArticleFig(id=1287123977696952558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676567241765870, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Second Lp calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
就绪节点pPLp
vi13

p131=vi13vi17vi20vi21vi22

p132=vi13vi17vi21vi22

p133=vi13vi14vi18vi22

p134=vi13vi14vi18vi19vi22

Lp131=14

Lp132=9

Lp133=10

Lp134=13

), ArticleFig(id=1287123977780838639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1286676567241765870, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

第二次Lp计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
就绪节点pPLp
vi13

p131=vi13vi17vi20vi21vi22

p132=vi13vi17vi21vi22

p133=vi13vi14vi18vi22

p134=vi13vi14vi18vi19vi22

Lp131=14

Lp132=9

Lp133=10

Lp134=13

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基于DAG的自校正最长路径多核调度算法
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许兆淳 1 , 杨雨 2 , 姜海峰 1
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2026,(3): 58-66
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) |导航、制导与控制 2026 , (3) : 58 -66
基于DAG的自校正最长路径多核调度算法
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许兆淳1, 杨雨2, 姜海峰1
作者信息
  • 1.北京航天控制仪器研究所,北京,100039
  • 2.中国航天电子技术研究院,北京,100094
作者简介:

许兆淳(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为惯性导航系统及其应用。

杨 雨(1967—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为惯性系统总体设计。

姜海峰(1987—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为惯性导航系统软件总体设计。

A Self-Correcting Longest-Path DAG Scheduling Algorithm for Multicore Systems
Zhaochun XU1, Yu YANG2, Haifeng JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Institute of Aerospace Control Devices, Beijing, 100039
  • 2.China Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology, Beijing, 100094
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260308
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平台式惯性导航系统(Platform Inertial Navigation System,PINS)的主控计算机为硬实时多核嵌入式系统,其控制周期直接影响导航精度。针对传统集中式分区调度因装箱问题导致的资源利用率低、计算频率受限等问题,提出一种基于有向无环图(Directed Acyclic Graph,DAG)的自校正最长路径多核调度算法(Self-Correcting Longest-Path DAG Scheduling Algorithm,SLS)。该算法采用有向无环图对具有依赖关系的惯导任务进行建模,构建两阶段闭环结构:静态阶段基于最长路径优先级分配多核并行任务,动态阶段引入自校正机制,利用加权平均法持续修正节点执行时间估计,克服最坏情况执行时间估计误差对调度性能的累积影响。半实物仿真结果表明,相较于近几年惯导领域的其他算法,SLS算法缩短了任务执行时间,提高了多核资源利用率和负载均衡度,有效提升了PINS的系统精度与实时性能。

惯性导航系统  /  实时系统  /  有向无环图  /  任务调度  /  同构多核系统

As the master control computer of the Platform Inertial Navigation System (PINS) constitutes a hard real-time multicore embedded system, its control cycle directly impacts navigation accuracy. To address the issues of low resource utilization and constrained computing frequency resulting from the bin-packing problem inherent in traditional centralized partitioned scheduling, the Self-Correcting Longest-Path DAG Scheduling Algorithm (SLS) is proposed. The algorithm employs directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to model complex inertial navigation tasks with precedence constraints, constructing a two-stage closed-loop framework of "static planning and dynamic correction". In the static phase, parallel tasks are greedily allocated across multiple cores based on longest-path priorities. The dynamic phase introduces a self-correcting mechanism that utilizes a weighted averaging method to continuously refine node execution time estimates, thereby mitigating the cumulative degradation of scheduling performance caused by worst-case execution time (WCET) estimation errors. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation experiments demonstrate that, compared with recent state-of-the-art algorithms in the inertial navigation field, the SLS algorithm significantly reduces task execution time, enhances multicore resource utilization and load balancing, and effectively improves the system accuracy and real-time performance of PINS.

inertial navigation system  /  real-time system  /  directed acyclic graph  /  task scheduling  /  homogeneous multicore system
许兆淳, 杨雨, 姜海峰. 基于DAG的自校正最长路径多核调度算法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , (3) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260308
Zhaochun XU, Yu YANG, Haifeng JIANG. A Self-Correcting Longest-Path DAG Scheduling Algorithm for Multicore Systems[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , (3) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260308
惯性导航系统通过感知载体的角运动和线运动,解算载体的姿态、航向信息,实现对载体进行导航或为上层系统提供导航数据。平台式惯性导航系统(Platform Inertial Navigation System,PINS)将运动传感器固定在可自由旋转的平台上,工作时该平台相对惯性坐标系保持静止,一方面这种惯性导航系统精度更高,另一方面其台体具有隔离机壳的角运动的功能。PINS在国家战略科技与军工项目中具有不可替代的关键作用,其主控计算机为硬实时系统,对于实时性具有很高的要求。在PINS中,软件的任务和功能是固定的,周期性地运行在计算硬件上,这个周期便是PINS算法的采样周期。对于高精度PINS而言,忽略硬件系统带来的误差,周期的缩短通常能使误差随之减小。然而这种误差抑制的效果存在:数值稳定边界和实时性边界,前者主要取决于PINS主控计算机的机器精度极限和算法固有特性,一般为微秒级,后者则由主控软件的单周期执行时间决定。
本文针对的PINS主控计算机为多核实时系统,随着战略导弹惯性系统向速率平台等新一代架构演进,PINS主控计算机需承担自主导航、自主控制与自主重构等复杂实时任务,其多核计算资源的合理分配与任务可调度性分析成为保障系统性能的关键1。实时系统领域关于任务模型和调度算法的研究始于20世纪70年代,为保证具有严格截止期限任务的实时性,Liu等2针对单处理器环境提出了速率单调调度(Rate Monotonic,RM)和最早截止时间优先调度(Earliest Deadline First,EDF)两种基于优先级机制的调度算法,并建立了可调度性的充分条件,奠定了单核实时调度的理论基础。近年来,越来越多的学者采用有向无环图(Directed Acyclic Graph,DAG)对多核实时任务建模,该模型下无依赖关系的节点可并行执行,从而区别于传统顺序任务模型3-5,具有关键路径、体积、密度与利用率等独特属性6,是多核实时系统的理想任务模型。基于DAG实时任务模型,研究人员根据实际应用环境进行了调度理论与最坏情况响应时间(Worst-Case Response Time,WCRT)分析7-10、DAG拓扑结构优化11与异构/递归等复杂场景算法设计12-13等多方面的理论研究,但这些研究对节点实际运行时间的波动关注较少,通常倾向于使用单一的执行时间预测值,以及对调度可实现性的理论分析。在惯性导航领域,国际上的研究主要关注于任务安全性、同构和异构多核系统上的实现以及能效、精度和实时性方面的优化,中国的研究进度正逐渐向国际靠拢。文献[14]基于ZYNQ SoC实现了低成本、实时双天线GNSS/INS组合导航系统,对本文所研究的同构多核INS实时任务调度具有重要的参考价值;文献[15]针对INS中“精度-实时性”权衡的调度问题进行研究,提出了一种根据任务输出误差动态调整执行频率的控制方法,对本文提出的任务执行时间自校正机制具有重要借鉴意义;文献[16]在紧耦合GNSS/INS架构下进行精度提升研究,为本文的精度优化方向提供了启发;文献[17]采用精确时间基准(纳秒级同步)优化调度时序、保障运算周期确定性的技术路径,与本文基于DAG自校正机制优化多核任务执行时间的思路形成对比参照。
本文面向同构四核嵌入式PINS主控计算机,开展实时任务建模与调度研究。该嵌入式系统原有的软件采用集中式分区调度,分为主控、稳定回路和计算3个分区,其中,计算分区使用两个核并行来提高数据吞吐率。这种集中式分区调度方式因装箱问题导致处理器资源利用率低,限制了计算频率与控制精度。为此,本文采用全局调度策略,利用DAG建模子任务依赖关系,提出基于DAG的自校正最长路径多核调度算法(Self-Correcting Longest-Path DAG Scheduling Algorithm,SLS)。相比原有分区调度模式,SLS可有效缩短任务单周期的执行时间,显著提升系统控制精度。
SLS算法的运行环境为由m个同构核心组成的多核计算系统。考虑一个包含n个周期性并行任务的任务集𝒯=τ1,τ2,,τn,任务τi1in是该任务集中的任意任务。考虑这些执行需求的逻辑关系,该任务可表示为一个DAG,Gi=Vi,Ei,其节点集Vi=vi1,vi2,,vip代表不同的执行需求实例,其中pτi中节点的总数,而边集EiVi×Vi代表节点之间的依赖关系。从节点vij到节点vik的有向边记为vijvik1j,kp,其中vijvik的直接前驱,vikvij的直接后驱,这意味着vik的执行直到vij完成后才能开始。定义predvikvik的所有直接前驱集合,sucvijvij的所有直接后驱集合。
一个节点可能有0个或多个直接前驱或直接后驱,每个节点vij在时间上的执行需求记作wvij。对于任意节点vijVi,若predvij=,则vij为起始节点;若sucvij=,则vij为终止节点。记起始节点集为Si,终止节点集为Ti,起始节点到终止节点的路径集为PiSi×Ti。DAG中节点和边的关系如图1所示,图1vigvihvij的直接前驱,vikvilvij的直接后驱。
对于任务集𝒯中给定的DAG任务τi和同构m核计算系统,调度问题的目标是生成一个任务调度列表,将每个节点vij分配到处理器核心mvij1,2,,m,并确定其开始时间tsvij和完成时间tfvij,使得该分配满足:
a)依赖约束:对于任意边vijvik,满足tsviktfvij,即节点只能在其直接前驱完成后开始;
b)资源约束:任意时刻,同一核心上最多执行一个任务;
c)优化目标:最小化任务完成时间,即min maxvijVitfvij
SLS算法采用“静态规划-动态校正”的两阶段闭环结构,其核心思想是:不仅利用DAG的拓扑结构进行初始优化调度,更通过执行时间的反馈机制持续修正任务权重估计,形成自适应优化闭环。SLS算法包含3个核心模块,如图2所示:
a)最长路径计算模块:基于当前DAG拓扑计算各就绪节点的最长路径优先级;
b)多核分配模块:按优先级贪婪分配至空闲核心;
c)自校正模块:监测实际执行时间,通过加权平均修正节点权重,影响下一轮调度决策。
算法运行时,首先对原始DAG进行拓扑分析,计算各起始节点的最长路径;随后进入调度-执行-校正的循环,当核心空闲时,按最长路径优先级分配就绪任务;任务完成后,利用实际执行时间更新权重估计。在下一周期中,使用修正后的权重重新计算最长路径,实现调度策略的动态优化。
在每一轮调度开始前,算法首先识别当前DAG的就绪节点集S,即所有直接前驱已完成的节点。对于每个就绪节点vijS,计算从该节点到各终止节点的所有路径pij,kPi的长度Lpij,k
Lpij,k=vipij,kwvi
式中 pij,k表示从起始节点vij到终止节点vik的路径。对于节点vij,定义其最小最长路径Lminvij为从该节点出发的所有路径长度的最小值:
Lminvij=minpij,kPsL(pij,k)
根据Lmin值由大到小对就绪节点进行排序,得到调度序列Q=vi1',vi2',,vin'满足:
Lminvi1'Lminvi2'Lminvin'
该排序策略确保关键路径上的节点优先执行,从而有效缩短整体完成时间。
当系统中存在空闲核心时,调度器按以下步骤分配任务:
a)从排序序列Q中依次取出节点;
b)将当前节点分配至第一个可用的空闲核心;
c)重复直至所有核心被占用或Q中节点分配完毕。
此贪婪策略确保计算资源优先服务于关键路径任务,同时最大化多核并行度。
相较于静态DAG调度算法,SLS引入了执行时间反馈闭环,通过持续监测和修正任务执行时间,克服最坏执行时间(Worst-Case Execution Time,WCET)估计误差对调度性能的累积影响。
在任务执行过程中,算法维护一个执行时间记录器。对于每个节点vij,在第n次执行时,记录其实际执行时间wnvij,定义wvij为节点初始WCET估计值。
当DAG任务所有节点执行完成后,算法根据本轮实际执行数据修正各节点的权重估计。修正公式采用加权平均法:
w*vij=wvij+l=1nwlvijn+1
式中 wvij为当前使用的权重值;l=1nwlvij为历史n次执行的实际时间总和;w*vij为修正后的新权重值。
该策略采用算术平均而非简单替换,可有效抑制单次执行中的随机波动对后续调度的过度影响,同时保证算法能够适应系统运行中的渐进性变化,如系统时间计算模块执行时间随时间推移的增大。
修正后的权重w*vij将替代原wvij,用于下一轮调度的最长路径计算,形成了一个完整的负反馈闭环,如图3所示。
在系统首次运行或任务初次调度时(n=0),缺乏历史数据,此时直接使用WCET估计值作为wvij进行调度。经过若干个周期(通常为3~5个周期)后,修正值w*vij将收敛到稳定的实际执行时间均值。
考虑硬实时系统的安全性要求,自校正机制修正后的执行时间不得超过截止期限。为此,SLS采用如下的保守修正策略:
a)若某次实际执行时间wlvij显著大于当前wvij,如超过20%,则触发异常处理,保留原WCET值作为上限,防止因异常值导致后续调度不可行;
b)在负载均衡分析中,使用修正后的均值进行优化,但在可调度性分析中仍保留原始WCET作为安全边界。
以下为基于DAG的自校正最长路径多核调度算法,给出了SLS的完整伪代码实现。
输入:DAG任务τ=(VE),核心数m,初始权重W={wv)}
输出:调度方案M,修正后权重W*
1 初始化:核心状态M={空闲},执行次数n=0
2 while V ≠∅ do {
3 // 静态规划
4 S ← 识别就绪节点集(V
5 T ← 识别终止节点集(V
6 PS × T
7 LP ← calc_Length(PW
8 for each v_s∈ S do {
9 L_min(v_s)←min{LP[p]|p起始于v_s
10 }
11 Q ← sort(SL_min,降序)
12 for each 空闲核心cM do {
13 if Q ≠∅ then {
14 v ← pop_front(Q
15 assign(vc
16 mark_busy(cv
17 }
18 }
19 system_run()
20 wait_until(有节点执行完成)
21
22 // 动态校正准备
23 finished ← get_finished_nodes()
24 for each v∈ finished do {
25 record_exec_time(v,actual_time)
26 remove_node(Vv
27 }
28 }
29
30 // 自校正阶段(周期结束后)
31 for each v_i ∈ original_V do {
32 W*[v_i]←(Wv_i]+sum(history_times[v_i]))/(n+1)
33 }
34 return MW*
为估计该算法实际应用的可行性,对SLS算法进行复杂度分析。首先进行时间复杂度分析,算法每轮迭代至少完成一个节点的调度,故最多执行V轮,每轮的行为和相应的时间复杂度如表1所示。
单次调度的总时间复杂度为
OV2logV+VE
对于稀疏DAGEV,复杂度为OV2logV;对于稠密DAGEV2,复杂度为OV3
此后对SLS算法进行空间复杂度分析。算法需存储DAG拓扑结构、节点执行历史(常数周期)及辅助队列,总空间复杂度为OV+E
考虑到PINS主控软件中v通常为数十量级,且调度计算时间在毫秒级,该复杂度满足可调度要求,在PINS主控软件中可行。
给定一个示例任务τ0𝒯0,该任务有22个节点,分别表示为DAG节点,如图4所示。其中,每个节点上的标注xy表示该节点为v0x,且wv0x=y个时间单位。
在第一轮调度中,假设对于所有v0xτ0wv0x为其WCET。梳理其中各个起始节点v0sS到终止节点v0tT的路径集P,如图5所示,并计算每条路径pP的长度Lp,如表2所示。
可得DAGτ0Lminv0s如下:
Lminv01=Lp11=8,Lminv02=Lp22=10,Lminv03=Lp31=16,Lminv04=Lp41=12,Lminv05=Lp51=14,Lminv06=Lp61=9,Lminv07=Lp71=7
Lminv0s排序,可得:
Lminv03>Lminv05>Lminv04>Lminv02>       Lminv06>Lminv01>Lminv07
则有:
Q0=v03,v05,v04,v02,v06,v01,v07
之后,遍历序列Q0,将v03,v05,v04,v02依次分配到1号至4号核心上。至此,便完成了第一轮节点调度,此后算法将等待多核系统再次出现空闲处理器核心。
t=1时,v02v03执行完毕。删去这两个节点之后,得到DAG τ0'图6所示,该DAG相比于τ0,增加了就绪节点v013,减少了就绪节点v03,v05,v04,v02,并删除了v02,v03
为执行新增就绪节点v013的调度,需要对该子任务计算Lp,如图7表3所示。
可得Lminv013=9,从而对DAGτ0'的就绪节点有Lminv06=Lminv013>Lminv01>Lminv07,于是:
Q0'=v06,v013,v01,v07
由于此时空闲出的处理器核心为1号和4号,因此把v06放在1号核心上,v013放在4号核心上,从而完成了第二轮节点调度。
四核计算系统第一次运行示例DAG任务τ0的时序如图8所示,横轴表示从任务释放起经历的时间单位数。
假设在第一个周期中,节点v013的实际执行时间为3而非估计的2,则根据式(4),下一轮调度时有:
w*v013=(2+3)/2=2.5
这将影响后续包含v013的路径长度计算,使调度器更准确地评估通过v013的路径实际长度。具体自校正效果见3.2.2节。
非抢占式最短处理时间优先(Shortest Processing Time,SPT)调度算法是一种在单核和多核实时系统中广泛应用的经典调度算法。为验证本算法的先进性,采用SPT算法对DAG任务τi进行调度,并将调度结果与上文得到的调度结果进行对比。
非抢占式SPT算法以集合τ=v1,v2,,vn来描述任务,其中任务的每个节点被描述为二元组vi=ri,piri>0τi到达时间,pi>0vi处理时间,pi在调度前已知。定义t时刻的就绪节点集为
𝒬t=viτ|ritvi尚未完成
该算法定义了一个优先级函数π:τ如下:
πvi=pi
该函数赋予vi以优先级pivi的处理时间越短,其优先级pi越高。在任意时刻t,若处理器空闲,则调度器以如下规则选择节点v*
v*=argminvi𝒬tπvi=argminvi𝒬tpi
其中,argminvi𝒬t表示在就绪节点集中选择使目标函数取最小值的节点。
对于图4所示DAG任务τ0,考虑节点之间的依赖关系,采用SPT算法进行调度,得到的运行时序如图9所示。
可见任务完成运行需要tSPT=24个时间单位,而由图8可知,在本文提出的调度算法下,任务完成运行只需tproposed=20个时间单位,运行时间显著缩减,缩减程度为
tSPT-tproposedtSPT×100%16.7%
任务运行期间核m的空闲时间为ρm,由任务运行时序图可以得出,任务τi在SPT调度算法下空闲率βSPT与本文提出算法下的空闲率βproposed分别为
βSPT=4ρSPTm4×tSPT=32.3%βproposed=4ρproposedm4×tproposed=20%
可见,SLS算法对于多核系统资源的利用效率显著高于SPT算法。
从第二轮调度开始,DAG节点的wv0x会根据实际运行时间进行修正,调度结果也会随之变化,从而逐渐缩短运行时间,最终逼近一个稳定值w*v0x。10轮调度之后,SPT算法、传统DAG最长路径调度算法和本文提出的SLS算法下,τ0的运行时间如图10所示,可以看出本文提出的SLS算法在自校正机制方面的优势。
将本文调度算法应用于PINS主控软件,进行多核任务队列优化,将优化后的软件在PINS主控计算机上运行,并测试其运行完成时间,从而验证上述方法的有效性。本试验中,运行完成时间指的是一个周期内软件从开始运行时刻到完成运行时刻之间的时长。
试验采用半实物仿真的方式进行,通过嵌入式开发板模拟PINS主控计算机。测试硬件环境由嵌入式开发板、测试计算机、仿真器和示波器构成。嵌入式开发板核心为一片四核6713 DSP,测试计算机处理器为Intel Core i5-8265U CPU,二者经由仿真器连接,采用JTAG+USB接口,示波器直接连接DSP的GPIO引脚。测试计算机运行Windows 7系统,安装CCS 3.3 IDE进行调试,该IDE的性能分析器可以在嵌入式软件运行过程中分析任务的执行时序。示波器可监测GPIO的高低电平,通过与特定软件代码结合,可以分别表征每个DSP核心中软件的运行状态。测试系统硬件环境的构成如图11所示。
试验中使用示波器监测的软件运行状态为任务的运行完成时间,通过在任务首尾添加代码脚本将其映射为GPIO引脚电平,规定当程序尚未运行结束时,电平为高,当程序运行结束时,电平为低。试验步骤如下:
a)首先在各个核心主控软件任务的起始和终止位置加入GPIO高低电平切换语句,为确保正确表征不同核心的并行任务运行时序,将四个核心的任务分别绑定到4个不同的GPIO上。修改完成后进行编译。
b)按照图11方式连接测试硬件系统,并在CCS 3.3 IDE中完成测试计算机与开发板的连接。
c)使用CCS 3.3将平台主控软件按照设计的顺序分别加载到DSP四个核心的RAM中,观察示波器波形,并测量、记录四个核心中任务的运行时序。
本试验采用的任务集为本文所针对的PINS主控计算机上应用的17个典型主控任务,这些任务可概括为上位机指令处理任务、系统电源管理任务、系统状态监测任务、温度控制任务、框架跟踪任务、标定任务、对准任务、导航任务等。试验环境下软件的运行周期为5 ms。
为了验证本算法在惯性导航领域的优越性,本试验将PINS主控软件分别应用本文所提出的SLS调度算法和两种近年提出的调度策略,并对运行效果进行对比。文献[16]采用了松耦合/紧耦合集成逻辑下的分区调度策略,代表当前惯性导航领域的主流做法;文献[15]提供了另一种应对执行时间波动的方案,即启发式的Impetus算法,作为本文提出的SLS算法中的自校正机制的对照。这两种算法均为在导航领域经过验证的调度算法,面临着与PINS相似的离散周期性计算工况,均可满足PINS任务调度的要求。
首先应用分区调度策略,对运行完成时间及各个核的负载密度进行测量,然后分别将调度算法改为Impetus和SLS,再对改进后的任务时序指标进行测量,得出17个PINS主控任务在不同调度算法的调度下,运行时间和核心空闲率表现见图12
图12可见,在分区调度中,由于装箱问题的固有限制,其任务执行的最长时间将近占满5 ms,其核心空闲率也较高。Impetus算法采用启发式调度策略,且是全局调度的,从而运行时间相较于分区调度明显缩短。而本文提出的SLS调度算法可以使单个任务在多核系统中的最长执行时间被进一步压缩至3 ms左右,且各核负载更为均衡。在试验所示的周期长度范围内,SLS算法相较于分区调度算法的执行时间压缩效果仍可实现显著的精度提升。试验表明,在本文的高精度PINS中,这种周期缩短可带来约8%的精度提升。
综上所述,本文设计的SLS调度算法通过构建系统实时调度模型,并将DAG模型中的约束条件转化为多核系统的时间约束并行执行,充分利用有限多核系统的特点,有效缩短了任务的执行时间,提高了多核系统负载的均衡度,对PINS的精度提升提供了助力。本算法在PINS系统中得到了验证,经论证该算法对实时性边界的突破能够对PINS运算精度起到提升作用,但是由于系统架构和所运行的算法不同,这种精度提升作用是否可扩展至捷联式惯导系统和组合导航系统有待进一步验证。

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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260308
  • 接收时间:2026-01-07
  • 首发时间:2026-07-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-07
  • 修回日期:2026-04-16
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    1.北京航天控制仪器研究所,北京,100039
    2.中国航天电子技术研究院,北京,100094
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