Article(id=1286676568026091973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260306, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760112000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-11, revisedDate=1779292800000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784697199112, onlineDateStr=2026-07-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784697199112, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784697199112, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1784697199112, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1286676566465819629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784697198739, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1784702152269, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1286676568269361606, articleId=1286676568026091973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=A Hierarchical Model Predictive Control Method for UUV Based on LSTM Disturbance Observation, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A certain UUV exhibits a high degree of coupling between its states and control variables, making it difficult for classical reduced-order methods to be applied. Meanwhile, considering that the control variables must satisfy the physical constraints of the UUV, a hierarchical model predictive control method for the UUV is proposed. Firstly, through state transformation, the UUV controlled system is decomposed step by step into an intermediate system and a terminal system. Between them, the intermediate system is directly driven by the control variables, and a quasi-infinite horizon model predictive control method is employed to design the control law, ensuring that the control variables meet the physical constraints of the UUV. The terminal system is driven by the states of the intermediate system and directly reveals the dynamic characteristics of the UUV's states. By designing the form of the state transformation, the stability of the terminal system is guaranteed. Ultimately, by integrating the intermediate and terminal systems, stable tracking of the desired states of the UUV is achieved. To further enhance the robustness of the proposed method, an LSTM neural network is employed to observe and estimate disturbances. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical model predictive control method for UUV can effectively control the UUV to track the desired states. Meanwhile, the designed LSTM-based disturbance observer is capable of accurately predicting disturbances. Compared with the hierarchical model predictive control method without disturbance observation, the LSTM-based hierarchical model predictive control approach significantly enhances the smoothness of the control process.

, authors=Zhiguo SONG, Hongyuan ZHANG, Changjian ZHAO, authorsList=Zhiguo SONG, Hongyuan ZHANG, Changjian ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1286676571406701013, articleId=1286676568026091973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=一种基于LSTM扰动观测的UUV分层模型预测控制方法, columnId=1154057567975232072, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), columnName=导航、制导与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水下无人航行器(Unmanned Undersea Vehicle,UUV)的状态与控制量之间具有高度耦合性,经典降阶控制方法适用性有限。同时,考虑到控制量需满足UUV物理约束,为此提出一种分层式UUV模型预测控制方法。首先进行状态变换,将UUV被控系统逐级分解为中间系统与末端系统。其中,中间系统由控制量直接驱动,采用准无限时域模型预测控制方法设计控制律,保证控制量满足UUV物理约束;末端系统受中间系统状态驱动,直接展现UUV状态动态特性,并通过设计状态变换形式,保证末端系统的稳定性。最终,综合中间、末端两级系统,实现对UUV期望状态的稳定跟踪。为进一步提升控制方法的鲁棒性,采用长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)对扰动施加观测。数值仿真结果表明:所提出的UUV分层模型预测控制方法能够有效控制UUV跟踪期望状态,所设计的LSTM扰动观测器能够有效预示扰动,相较于无扰动观测的分层模型预测控制方法,基于LSTM扰动观测的分层模型预测控制方法能够显著增强控制过程的平稳性。

, authors=宋志国, 张洪源, 赵长见, authorsList=宋志国, 张洪源, 赵长见, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

宋志国(1987—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为UUV制导与控制。

张洪源(1998—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为UUV制导与控制。

赵长见(1976—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为UUV制导与控 制。

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一种基于LSTM扰动观测的UUV分层模型预测控制方法
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宋志国 , 张洪源 , 赵长见
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2026,(3): 39-47
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) |导航、制导与控制 2026 , (3) : 39 -47
一种基于LSTM扰动观测的UUV分层模型预测控制方法
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宋志国, 张洪源, 赵长见
作者信息
  • 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
作者简介:

宋志国(1987—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为UUV制导与控制。

张洪源(1998—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为UUV制导与控制。

赵长见(1976—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为UUV制导与控 制。

A Hierarchical Model Predictive Control Method for UUV Based on LSTM Disturbance Observation
Zhiguo SONG, Hongyuan ZHANG, Changjian ZHAO
Affiliations
  • China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260306
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水下无人航行器(Unmanned Undersea Vehicle,UUV)的状态与控制量之间具有高度耦合性,经典降阶控制方法适用性有限。同时,考虑到控制量需满足UUV物理约束,为此提出一种分层式UUV模型预测控制方法。首先进行状态变换,将UUV被控系统逐级分解为中间系统与末端系统。其中,中间系统由控制量直接驱动,采用准无限时域模型预测控制方法设计控制律,保证控制量满足UUV物理约束;末端系统受中间系统状态驱动,直接展现UUV状态动态特性,并通过设计状态变换形式,保证末端系统的稳定性。最终,综合中间、末端两级系统,实现对UUV期望状态的稳定跟踪。为进一步提升控制方法的鲁棒性,采用长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)对扰动施加观测。数值仿真结果表明:所提出的UUV分层模型预测控制方法能够有效控制UUV跟踪期望状态,所设计的LSTM扰动观测器能够有效预示扰动,相较于无扰动观测的分层模型预测控制方法,基于LSTM扰动观测的分层模型预测控制方法能够显著增强控制过程的平稳性。

水下无人航行器  /  模型预测控制  /  分层控制  /  输入受限控制  /  扰动观测  /  长短期记忆网络

A certain UUV exhibits a high degree of coupling between its states and control variables, making it difficult for classical reduced-order methods to be applied. Meanwhile, considering that the control variables must satisfy the physical constraints of the UUV, a hierarchical model predictive control method for the UUV is proposed. Firstly, through state transformation, the UUV controlled system is decomposed step by step into an intermediate system and a terminal system. Between them, the intermediate system is directly driven by the control variables, and a quasi-infinite horizon model predictive control method is employed to design the control law, ensuring that the control variables meet the physical constraints of the UUV. The terminal system is driven by the states of the intermediate system and directly reveals the dynamic characteristics of the UUV's states. By designing the form of the state transformation, the stability of the terminal system is guaranteed. Ultimately, by integrating the intermediate and terminal systems, stable tracking of the desired states of the UUV is achieved. To further enhance the robustness of the proposed method, an LSTM neural network is employed to observe and estimate disturbances. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical model predictive control method for UUV can effectively control the UUV to track the desired states. Meanwhile, the designed LSTM-based disturbance observer is capable of accurately predicting disturbances. Compared with the hierarchical model predictive control method without disturbance observation, the LSTM-based hierarchical model predictive control approach significantly enhances the smoothness of the control process.

unmanned undersea vehicle  /  model predictive control  /  hierarchical control  /  input-constrained control  /  disturbance observation  /  long short-term memory
宋志国, 张洪源, 赵长见. 一种基于LSTM扰动观测的UUV分层模型预测控制方法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , (3) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260306
Zhiguo SONG, Hongyuan ZHANG, Changjian ZHAO. A Hierarchical Model Predictive Control Method for UUV Based on LSTM Disturbance Observation[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , (3) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260306
某型水下无人航行器(Unmanned Undersea Vehicle,UUV)以物态变化规律为指导,通过主动诱导,实现对流场相态的改变,以减小其水下航行阻力。相较于常规UUV,其水下航行速率显著提升,具有深远的发展前景,已成为相关领域的重点研究对象1-2
考虑到主动诱导的作用范围有限,发生相态变化的流场区域有界,需严格限定UUV水下航行轨迹,以维持其水下高速航行状态。基于上述原因,实现对UUV规划状态的高精度跟踪已成为该型UUV研制工作的核心内容。
UUV状态跟踪控制的关键问题是提升控制方法的鲁棒性,增强控制方法对模型偏差、参数摄动、外部扰动等因素的适应性,这也是当前主流的研究方向3-4。国内外诸多学者已开展广泛且深入的研究,取得了丰富的研究成果。整体而言,其采用的控制方案有鲁棒控制以及观测器控制两类。
滑模控制面对内、外扰动所呈现出的低敏感特性,使其成为鲁棒控制方案的典型代表5。文献[6]针对UUV路径跟踪控制问题,提出了一种基于粒子群优化-非奇异终端滑模的控制方法,能够可靠克服恒定未知海流以及模型参数摄动类型的扰动。
区别于鲁棒控制方案的内在鲁棒性,观测器控制方案以扰动观测为核心,基于“观测-补偿”的构架,实现提升控制方案鲁棒性的目标。文献[7]提出了一种改进型扰动观测器,提升了对时变海流扰动的观测能力,并结合反步法实现了对UUV的有效控制。
主动诱导的应用使得该型UUV的受力特征显著区别于常规UUV,呈现出明显的“艏艉突出”特性。这导致该型UUV控制量容易发生饱和,进而降低控制效果,甚至诱发系统崩溃。因此,必须于控制方案的设计过程中考虑输入受限因素。
当前实现输入受限控制的主流方案有辅助系统补偿以及优化算法寻优两类,其核心思想均为通过调节系统性能以满足控制量的物理约束。辅助系统补偿方案的一个典型应用为文献[8],其基于辅助系统构建了控制量偏差与跟踪性能间的调节关系,通过动态调节对期望信号的跟踪偏差,保证控制量满足物理约束。区别于辅助系统补偿方案的控制偏差反馈机制,优化算法寻优方案借助优化算法,直接实现控制量的有限输出。文献[9]以控制律的收敛速率与鲁棒性正比于控制参数为基础,将输入受限控制问题转换为约束最优问题,通过动态调节收敛速率及鲁棒性,实现控制量的有限输出。
一般而言,UUV动力学模型是其控制方案的设计基础,为适应现代控制理论,需要对其进行降阶处理。由于该型UUV的状态量与控制量间具有高度耦合关系,经典降阶方法难以适用,进一步限制了鲁棒控制方案以及辅助系统补偿方案的应用。因此,本文以相对独立于受控系统的观测器控制方案与优化算法寻优方案为参考,提出了一种基于扰动观测的分层式准无限时域模型预测控制方法。该方法借助状态变换,将UUV受控系统逐级分解为中间系统与末端系统,在实现系统降阶的同时,利用模型预测控制对复杂约束的容许能力10,保证控制量满足物理约束。
既有扰动观测器存在的诸多假设一定程度上限制了其实际应用11,实质上,外部扰动为暗含其内在变化规律的时间序列12。随着人工智能的发展,以长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)为代表的智能方法已具备充足的能力挖掘时间序列中的潜在规律。文献[13]采用LSTM神经网络预示甲板运动,以修正着舰引导指令,有效减小了轨迹跟踪控制偏差。文献[14]指明,可于预示过程中修正LSTM神经网络,以增强其预示能力,进一步提升LSTM神经网络对复杂环境的适应性。因此,本文尝试采用LSTM神经网络作为扰动观测器,以提升控制方案的鲁棒性。
为验证所提方案的可行性,本文开展了数值仿真试验。仿真结果表明:基于LSTM神经网络的扰动观测器能够有效预示扰动;同时,所提出的分层式准无限时域模型预测控制方法能够实现对UUV期望状态的有效跟踪控制。
受限于主动诱导的作用范围,该型UUV水下航行轨迹位于其纵向平面内,涵盖两个平动及一个转动,总计3个自由度。其采用“艉部单轴矢量推进+水平艏舵”的驱动模式,以实现3个方向的有效控制。本章构建其关于上述3个自由度的受控模型。
基于惯性坐标系将UUV位置状态定义如下:原点与UUV艏部初始时刻位置重合;x轴位于UUV纵向平面内,水平指向UUV运动方向;y轴位于UUV纵向平面内,垂直于x轴,指向天。
UUV固连坐标系定义如下:原点位于UUV质心处;xB轴与UUV纵轴重合,指向UUV艏部;yB轴位于UUV纵向平面内,垂直于xB轴,指向UUV顶部。
采用俯仰角θ基于惯性坐标系与UUV固连坐标系间相对姿态描述UUV姿态状态,其正方向与惯性坐标系转动正方向一致。
UUV动力学方程能够描述UUV在驱动机构作用下的动态特性,是搭建UUV受控模型的基础。依据经典力学理论得到该型UUV的动力学方程,见式(1)
X¨=ACfX+BX,CfU+HCf+G
式中 X=xyθT为UUV状态向量;U=FpδrT为控制输入向量,依序为推进器推力矢量及舵偏角;Cf=Cc-nCc-tCrT为UUV水动力系数向量,依序为法向水动力系数、切向水动力系数及舵效系数。
矩阵 ABHG 的具体表达式见式(2)式(5)
ACf=- ρlVc22mc00Cc-tSc-t00Cc-nSc-n000
BX,Cf=1mc- θmc- θmcCrθmc1mcCrmc0- acIc- arIcCr
HCf=ρlVc22- Cc-nSc-nmcCc-tSc-tmcacIcCc-tSc-t
G=0- g0T
式中 ρl为水密度;g为重力加速度;a表示相应驱动机构安装位置;S表示相应参考面积;mcIc分别为UUV质量及转动惯量;Vc为UUV水下航行速度。
若能够准确预示UUV水动特性,式(1)所示UUV动力学方程便能够实现对UUV动态特性的精准描述。尽管本文以CFD仿真试验为基础预示UUV水动特性,但考虑到CFD仿真环境与真实环境间的差异以及水下环境的复杂性,其预示值与实际值间仍存在偏差。因此,本节重点考虑以水动系数偏差为代表的外部扰动对UUV动态特性的影响,并构建UUV含扰动受控模型。
首先分析CFD模型偏差以及仿真环境差异导致的UUV水动特性偏差。一般采用UUV水动系数实际值与预示值间的偏差ΔCf=Cf-C˜f刻画其形式。其对UUV动态特性的影响可以通过扰动项DCX,U,ΔCf描述,其具体形式见式(6),矩阵 R 的具体形式见式(7)
DCX,U,ΔCf=RX,UΔCf
RX,U=- ρlVc22θmc- ρlVc221mc- θmcδrρlVc221mc- ρlVc22θmc1mcδrρlVc22acIc0- arIcδr
进一步,考虑以海流扰动为代表的外部扰动对UUV水动特性的影响。由于其一般以力的形式直接作用于UUV,可以通过扰动项DR直接刻画,并体现其对UUV动态特性的影响。
最终,综合上述两类扰动,得到UUV含扰动受控模型,见式(8)
X¨=AC˜fX+BX,C˜fU+HC˜f+        G+DCX,U,ΔCf+DR
该型UUV控制方案设计的核心方向是提升控制方案面对各类不确定性因素的鲁棒性,同时保证控制量满足驱动机构的物理约束。
式(8)所示UUV含扰动受控模型为二阶系统,为适应鲁棒控制方法,一般引入状态向量一阶量进行降阶处理,但会增加系统维度,导致系统复杂度以及分析成本的增加。同时,其控制输入向量与状态向量间的高度耦合性,一方面进一步增加了系统的分析成本,另一方面不利于辅助系统的构造,难以实现对控制输入的约束。
针对上述突出矛盾,本文提出了一种基于LSTM扰动观测的分层式准无限时域模型预测控制方法。首先,聚焦系统降阶痛点,设计状态变换,以逐级降阶的形式将UUV受控系统分层为中间系统与末端系统。其次,利用模型预测控制方法对约束条件的容许能力,设计准无限时域模型预测控制律,在实现有限输出的同时,有效驱动中间系统,进而诱导末端系统实现对UUV期望状态的可靠跟踪。最后,利用LSTM神经网络对时间序列潜在规律的挖掘能力,实现对扰动的可靠预示,并基于“观测-补偿”的构架,在所设计的准无限时域模型预测控制律中施加补偿,达到提升控制方案鲁棒性的目的。
本文所提出控制方案的核心框架如图1所示。
可以证明矩阵 B 是可逆矩阵,为构建“观测-补偿”框架,控制输入向量的具体形式见式(9)
U=- B-1X,C˜fD˜+UM
式中 D˜为LSTM神经网络对扰动项DCX,U,ΔCf+DR的预示值;UM为模型预测控制项。
设计状态变换见式(10)
S=X˙+X
引理1:若模型预测控制项UM满足式(11),能够构建中间系统式(12),且其为状态完全可控。其中,K=diagk1,k2,k3, ki>0, i=1,2,3US为中间系统控制项。
UM=B-1X,C˜f- AC˜fX- HC˜f- G- X˙- KX˙+X+US
S˙=- KS+US
证明:结合“观测-补偿”构架式(9),将模型预测控制项UM的具体表达式(11)代入式(8)中,得到:
X¨+X˙=- KX˙+X+US
基于状态变换式(10)变换式(13)即得中间系统表达式(12)
对于中间系统式(12),其可控性矩阵为
QS=E- KK2
式中 矩阵 E 为单位矩阵。若无特殊说明,本文均采用 E 表示单位矩阵,以区别于UUV转动惯量。
可以推导出中间系统可控性矩阵QS的秩等于其系统维度。即中间系统式(12)为状态完全可控系统。
引理1表明:能够通过设计中间系统控制项US驱动中间系统,进而根据中间系统状态 S 与UUV状态 X 间的动态关系,即末端系统式(10)诱导UUV状态,实现对UUV期望状态的可靠跟踪。
引理2:若中间系统状态 S 能够有效跟踪UUV状态相关量X˙d+Xd,UUV状态跟踪偏差eX=X- Xd能够渐近收敛于零。其中,下标d表示变量为相应变量的期望值。
证明:将S=X˙d+Xd代入末端系统式(10),得:
X˙+X=X˙d+Xd
根据UUV状态跟踪偏差定义变换式(15),得到UUV状态偏差系统见式(16)
e˙X=- eX
由于UUV状态偏差系统式(16)特征值均为负,其为渐近稳定系统。即UUV状态跟踪偏差eX能够渐近收敛于零。
引理2在引理1的基础上进一步明确了中间系统状态量 S 的期望值,同时,证明了末端系统的渐近稳定性,保证了UUV状态跟踪偏差能够渐近收敛于零。
中间系统控制项US的具体形式及矩阵 K 的具体数值尚未明确。引理3针对该问题,结合有限输出需要,基于准无限时域模型预测控制方法对其进行了确定。
定义1:向量χ关于矩阵Cχ权范数的定义见式(17)
χCχ=χTCχχ
引理3:若中间系统控制项US满足式(18),中间系统状态跟踪偏差eS=S- Sd能够渐近收敛于零。同时,通过求解准无限时域预测控制问题式(19)优化矩阵 K,能够在满足UUV驱动机构物理约束Cact的前提下,实现跟踪效果的最优。其中,Tp为预测时域;正定对角矩阵CTCS间的计算关系见式(20)
US=S˙d+KSd
minKtt+TpeSτCS2dτ+eSt+TpCT2 s.t. UCact
CT=CSK-12
证明:将中间系统控制项US的具体表达式(18)代入中间系统动态方程式(12)中,得到:
S˙- S˙d=- KS+KSd
结合中间系统状态跟踪偏差eS的定义变换式(21),得到中间系统状态偏差动态方程见式(22)
e˙S=- KeS
由于K=diagk1,k2,k3, ki>0, i=1,2,3,中间系统状态偏差动态方程式(22)的特征值均为负,其为渐近稳定系统。即中间系统状态跟踪偏差eS能够渐近收敛于零。
评价中间系统状态跟踪效果的无限时域指标J的定义见式(23)
J=teSτCS2dτ
基于预测时域Tp截断式(23)得到:
J=tt+TpeSτCS2dτ+t+TpeSτCS2dτ
结合定义1,对于式(24)右端第二项有:
t+TpeSτCS2dτ=t+TpeSTτCSeSτdτ
基于中间系统状态偏差动态方程式(22)变换式(25)得到:
t+TpeSτCS2dτ=t+Tp- eSTτCSK-1e˙Sτdτ
进一步变换式(26)得到:
t+TpeSτCS2dτ=eSt+TpeS- eSTCSK-1deS
由于矩阵CSK 均为对角矩阵,结合矩阵CTCS的计算关系式(20)式(27)可进一步变换为
t+TpeSτCS2dτ=eSt+TpCT2- eSCT2
考虑到中间系统状态偏差eS的渐近稳定性以及矩阵CT的对角正定性,对于式(28)有:
t+TpeSτCS2dτeSt+TpCT2
式(29)表明,能够通过预测时域终端项 eSt+TpCT2
约束无限时域t+Tp,内中间系统状态跟踪效果。
式(29)代入无限时域指标J计算式(24)中,得到:
Jtt+TpeSτCS2dτ+eSt+TpCT2
式(30)进一步表明,能够通过联合预测时域内系统跟踪效果以及预测时域终端项评估无限时域指标J。并称式(30)右端项为系统准无限时域指标。
以系统准无限时域指标为优化目标,同时引入UUV驱动机构物理约束Cact,即得准无限时域预测控制问题式(19)
相较于经典准无限时域模型预测控制方法,由于本文确定了控制律的具体形式(18),保证了受控系统的渐近稳定性,能够去除终端状态约束,降低了问题的求解难度。
至此,完成了分层式准无限时域模型预测控制律核心内容的论述,其具体表述如下:若模型预测控制项UM满足式(11),其中,中间系统控制项US满足式(18),UUV状态跟踪偏差eX能够渐近收敛于零。同时,通过求解准无限时域预测控制问题式(19)优化矩阵 K,能够在满足UUV驱动机构物理约束Cact的前提下,实现跟踪效果的最优。
LSTM神经网络作为循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Network,RNN)的衍生结构,能够有效缓解RNN训练过程中的梯度消失以及梯度爆炸问题15,更适于捕捉扰动时间序列中隐含的依赖关系。本文以LSTM神经网络为核心构造扰动观测器,以实现可靠预示扰动、提升控制方案鲁棒性的目标。
LSTM神经网络的基本单元如图2所示。其核心机制为门控机制,通过遗忘门、输入门调节记忆单元状态Ct,进而通过输出门确定LSTM单元输出——隐状态Ht
遗忘门、输入门以及输出门的计算表达式分别见式(31)式(33)
Ft=σWF-XXtLSTM+WF-HHt-1+bF
It=σWI-XXtLSTM+WI-HHt-1+bI
Ot=σWO-XXtLSTM+WO-HHt-1+bO
式中 σ()为sigmoid函数;XtLSTM为LSTM单元输入向量;W为相应权系数矩阵;b为相应偏置向量。
LSTM神经网络采用记忆单元存储并传递时间序列的特征信息。记忆单元状态的计算表达式见式(34)表示Hadamard积,C˜t为候选记忆单元状态,其计算表达式见式(35)
Ct=FtCt-1+ItC˜t
C˜t=tanhWC-XXtLSTM+WC-HHt-1+bC
式(34)进一步揭示了LSTM神经网络的机理:通过记忆单元在继承前序时刻特征信息的基础上,实现对当前时刻特征信息的融合。其中,遗忘门Ft的主要作用为调节前序时刻特征信息的继承程度;输入门It的主要作用为调节当前时刻特征信息的融合程度。
LSTM单元输出即隐状态Ht的计算表达式见式(36)
Ht=OttanhCt
考虑到末端LSTM单元输出的HnI涵盖时间序列的完整特征信息,为实现预测扰动时间序列的目的,本文引入线性层,并以末端LSTM单元输出作为线性层输入,通过进一步整合特征信息,最终完成LSTM扰动观测器的构建,其结构如图3所示。
LSTM扰动观测器的训练过程如下:
a)设定扰动观测步长——LSTM扰动观测器输入数据长度nI、扰动预测步长——LSTM扰动观测器输出数据长度nO以及LSTM神经网络隐状态维度nH
b)设定批量训练过程中每批训练数据的样本量nBatch
c)设定LSTM扰动观测器参数及优化器相关参数;
d)基于UUV含扰动受控模型式(8)反推得到扰动项DCX,U,ΔCf+DR,进而构建样本数据集;
e)归一化处理样本数据集,并划分训练集及测试集;
f)训练并评估LSTM扰动观测器。
为验证所提出控制方案的可行性,本章开展数值仿真试验。基于构造数据训练所构建的LSTM扰动观测器,在所提出的分层式准无限时域模型预测控制律中引入训练后的LSTM扰动观测器,并对所规划的UUV水下航行状态开展跟踪控制。最后,通过状态跟踪控制效果的对比说明所提出控制方案的必要性以及可行性。
设定扰动观测步长——LSTM扰动观测器输入数据长度nI=32、扰动预测步长——LSTM扰动观测器输出数据长度nO=1以及LSTM神经网络隐状态维度nH=32
为提升LSTM扰动观测器训练效率,增强训练过程的稳定性,采用批量训练方法。设定每批训练数据的样本量nBatch=512。采用Adam优化器更新LSTM扰动观测器参数,Adam优化器学习率lr=10-3
参考文献[7],采用具有不同频率ωsin以及幅值Asin的正弦信号作为UUV外部扰动的基本形式,以评估LSTM扰动观测器对时变信号的观测能力,见式(37)
Dsin=Asinsinωsint
采用Max-Min归一化方法对所构造的扰动样本进行归一化处理,并按照7∶3的比例将归一化后的扰动样本随机划分为训练集以及测试集。
采用均方误差(Mean Squared Error,MSE)评估LSTM扰动观测器对扰动信号的观测能力。LSTM扰动观测器在训练集以及测试集上的扰动预测均方误差随训练轮数nEpoch的变化曲线如图4所示。
图4显示,随着训练轮数的增加,LSTM扰动观测器在测试集上的扰动预测均方误差快速减小并保持稳定,与其在训练集上的扰动预测均方误差的变化趋势一致。这说明LSTM扰动观测器并未出现诸如过拟合等问题,同时,其泛化能力符合要求,表明所构建的LSTM扰动观测器具备可靠预示扰动的能力。
基于“观测-补偿”框架式(9),结合训练后的LSTM扰动观测器与所提出的分层式准无限时域模型预测控制律,形成基于LSTM扰动观测的分层式UUV准无限时域模型预测控制方案,并对规划所得UUV期望状态开展跟踪控制。
设定模型预测步长np=2。控制作用下,UUV各通道实际状态与期望状态的对比如图5所示,各驱动机构动作响应曲线如图6所示。
图5表明所提出的基于LSTM扰动观测的分层式UUV准无限时域模型预测控制方案能够有效控制UUV跟踪其规划状态,弱化外部扰动的不利影响,实现有限轨迹下的大幅度姿态调整。
图6进一步表明所提出的控制方案能够通过调节控制参数,在保证UUV状态跟踪效果的同时,满足驱动机构的物理约束。
结合图5以及图6可以得到下述结论:所提出的基于LSTM扰动观测的分层式UUV准无限时域模型预测控制方案在具备一定鲁棒性的同时,能够实现对UUV的输入受限控制,达成了设计初衷。
为进一步说明所提出控制方案的完整性,突出引入LSTM扰动观测器的必要性,单独采用分层式准无限时域模型预测控制律对UUV规划状态开展跟踪控制,其状态跟踪偏差与完整控制方案下状态跟踪偏差的对比如图7所示。
图7表明,由于模型预测控制的滚动优化机制,所提出的分层式准无限时域模型预测控制律天然具备一定的鲁棒性,能够在存在外部扰动的情况下,使得UUV状态跟踪偏差具有趋近于零的趋势。但其无法抵消外部扰动的不利影响,UUV状态跟踪偏差具有明显的振荡特征,实际工程应用中可能诱发系统的未知特性,导致系统崩溃。LSTM扰动观测器的引入使得控制方案能够对外部扰动施加处理,在增强控制方案的鲁棒性、完整性以及可行性的同时,提升控制效果。
本文以某型UUV对规划所得期望状态的跟踪控制问题为研究对象,聚焦该型UUV受控系统降阶过程的突出矛盾,结合提升控制方案鲁棒性以及满足驱动机构物理约束的现实需求,提出了一种基于LSTM扰动观测的分层式准无限时域模型预测控制方案。首先,借助状态变换,以分层的形式实现UUV受控系统的降阶;其次,基于“观测-补偿”框架,一方面设计LSTM扰动观测器提升控制方案的鲁棒性,另一方面设计准无限时域模型预测控制律以满足驱动机构的物理约束;最后,通过数值仿真验证所提方案的可行性。
数值仿真结果表明:
a)所设计的LSTM扰动观测器能够基于既往数据实现对确定类型扰动的可靠预示;
b)所设计的分层式准无限时域模型预测控制律能够实现UUV受控系统的降阶,同时,在满足驱动机构物理约束的前提下,实现对UUV期望状态的精确跟踪;
c)结合所设计的LSTM扰动观测器与分层式准无限时域模型预测控制律能够显著增强控制方案的鲁棒性,提升状态跟踪效果。

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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260306
  • 接收时间:2025-10-11
  • 首发时间:2026-07-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-11
  • 修回日期:2026-05-21
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    中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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