Article(id=1286676598669677231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743004800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-27, revisedDate=1779897600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784697206417, onlineDateStr=2026-07-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784697206417, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784697206417, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1784697206417, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1286676566465819629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784697198739, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1784702152269, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=24, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1286676598875198128, articleId=1286676598669677231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Design and Influencing Factors Analysis of a GO2/GCH4 Torch Igniter, columnId=1154057566893105509, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Propulsion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To realize multiple starts of LOX/CH4 rocket engines, a fuel rich torch igniter fed with gaseous oxygen and gaseous methane is designed, in which methane is used as film cooling refrigerant. Through CFD simulation and CFD simulation, comparative study on the ignition reliability and thermal protective effect is conducted with three types of igniters. It is found that ignition mixture ratio affects the ignition success rate and thermal protective effect directly, and relative distances between methane injectors and oxygen injectors is an important parameter which would affect the working characteristics of the ignitors. The selected ignitor with double rows of CH4 injectors can ignite reliably while the mixture ratio is between 0.6 and 1.3. During the second round test in which the flow rate is 25~50 g/s while the mixture rate is 0.6~1.0, the ignitor ignited successfully 11 times in a row and no structure burned damage is found. The reliability of the film-cooling igniter and multiple starts is verified. With simulation results, it is showed that the relative distance between the injectors has an important influence on the thermal protective effect of film cooling. Using multi-rows of methane injectors is an optimized scheme consideration to ignition reliability and thermal protective effect.

, authors=Xinpeng LIU, Weixin JI, Yan SHAO, authorsList=Xinpeng LIU, Weixin JI, Yan SHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1286676604692697807, articleId=1286676598669677231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=气氧气甲烷火炬点火器设计及其影响因素研究, columnId=1154057567014740326, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), columnName=动力系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现液氧甲烷发动机的多次可靠点火,设计了一种以气氧、气甲烷为工质的富燃火炬式电点火器,该点火器采用气甲烷对结构进行气膜冷却。通过CFD仿真计算和点火热试验对比3种点火器的点火可靠性和热防护效果,研究发现,点火混合比直接影响点火成败及热防护效果,甲烷喷嘴与氧喷嘴的相对位置是影响点火器工作特性的重要参数。经过优选的双排甲烷喷嘴点火器在混合比为0.6~1.3范围内实现可靠点火,在总流量25~50 g/s、混合比0.6~1.0的工况范围内连续11次成功点火且未出现结构烧蚀,验证了气膜冷却方案火炬点火器的可行性和可靠性。结合仿真计算结果对比发现,甲烷喷嘴与氧喷嘴的相对位置对气膜冷却效果影响显著,采用多排多喷嘴的甲烷喷嘴排布方案可兼顾点火可靠性和热防护效果。

, authors=刘鑫鹏, 姬威信, 邵艳, authorsList=刘鑫鹏, 姬威信, 邵艳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘鑫鹏(1991—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

姬威信(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

邵 艳(1981—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

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刘鑫鹏(1991—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

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刘鑫鹏(1991—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

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姬威信(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

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姬威信(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

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邵 艳(1981—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

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邵 艳(1981—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

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气氧气甲烷火炬点火器设计及其影响因素研究
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刘鑫鹏 , 姬威信 , 邵艳
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2026,(3): 24-30
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) |动力系统 2026 , (3) : 24 -30
气氧气甲烷火炬点火器设计及其影响因素研究
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刘鑫鹏, 姬威信, 邵艳
作者信息
  • 航天科工火箭技术有限公司,武汉,430415
作者简介:

刘鑫鹏(1991—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

姬威信(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

邵 艳(1981—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机燃烧装置设计。

Design and Influencing Factors Analysis of a GO2/GCH4 Torch Igniter
Xinpeng LIU, Weixin JI, Yan SHAO
Affiliations
  • Expace Technology Co. , Ltd. , Wuhan, 430415
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260304
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为实现液氧甲烷发动机的多次可靠点火,设计了一种以气氧、气甲烷为工质的富燃火炬式电点火器,该点火器采用气甲烷对结构进行气膜冷却。通过CFD仿真计算和点火热试验对比3种点火器的点火可靠性和热防护效果,研究发现,点火混合比直接影响点火成败及热防护效果,甲烷喷嘴与氧喷嘴的相对位置是影响点火器工作特性的重要参数。经过优选的双排甲烷喷嘴点火器在混合比为0.6~1.3范围内实现可靠点火,在总流量25~50 g/s、混合比0.6~1.0的工况范围内连续11次成功点火且未出现结构烧蚀,验证了气膜冷却方案火炬点火器的可行性和可靠性。结合仿真计算结果对比发现,甲烷喷嘴与氧喷嘴的相对位置对气膜冷却效果影响显著,采用多排多喷嘴的甲烷喷嘴排布方案可兼顾点火可靠性和热防护效果。

火箭发动机点火器  /  液氧甲烷发动机  /  电点火器  /  点火试验  /  流场仿真

To realize multiple starts of LOX/CH4 rocket engines, a fuel rich torch igniter fed with gaseous oxygen and gaseous methane is designed, in which methane is used as film cooling refrigerant. Through CFD simulation and CFD simulation, comparative study on the ignition reliability and thermal protective effect is conducted with three types of igniters. It is found that ignition mixture ratio affects the ignition success rate and thermal protective effect directly, and relative distances between methane injectors and oxygen injectors is an important parameter which would affect the working characteristics of the ignitors. The selected ignitor with double rows of CH4 injectors can ignite reliably while the mixture ratio is between 0.6 and 1.3. During the second round test in which the flow rate is 25~50 g/s while the mixture rate is 0.6~1.0, the ignitor ignited successfully 11 times in a row and no structure burned damage is found. The reliability of the film-cooling igniter and multiple starts is verified. With simulation results, it is showed that the relative distance between the injectors has an important influence on the thermal protective effect of film cooling. Using multi-rows of methane injectors is an optimized scheme consideration to ignition reliability and thermal protective effect.

rocket engine igniter  /  LOX/CH4 engines  /  electronic igniter  /  ignition test  /  CFD simulation
刘鑫鹏, 姬威信, 邵艳. 气氧气甲烷火炬点火器设计及其影响因素研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , (3) : 24 -30 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260304
Xinpeng LIU, Weixin JI, Yan SHAO. Design and Influencing Factors Analysis of a GO2/GCH4 Torch Igniter[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , (3) : 24 -30 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260304
随着国内外商业航天迅速发展,低成本和可重复使用成为目前液体火箭发动机技术发展的热点方向,液氧甲烷推进剂的组合因其比冲性能高、成本低、积碳少等特点,成为可重复使用发动机的理想选择。对于此类非自燃推进剂组合,其点火需要专门的点火装置。目前液体火箭发动机上常用的点火装置主要有自燃液体点火器、固体火药点火器和火炬式点火器1。自燃液体点火器以三乙基铝为点火剂,其起动点火可靠,一般用于一次起动的液氧/煤油发动机;固体火药点火器结构简单,与发动机供应系统无关,点火可靠,但难以实现3次及以上的多次点火;火炬式点火器系统相对复杂,一般利用火花塞作为点火能量源,将进入点火器的推进剂点燃形成火炬,进而点燃下游燃烧装置的主推进剂,可轻松实现多次点火,是液体火箭发动机在飞行器着陆、发动机回收等应用场景下实现多次起动较为理想的点火方式。
目前火炬式电点火器主要应用于液氧/液氢火箭发动机。与氢相比,甲烷作为燃料触发点火所需要的最小点火能量更大,可保证稳定点火的等效混合比范围更窄2,目前火炬式电点火器在液氧/甲烷发动机上的研究和应用相对较少。Cuoco等3等通过试验识别到液氧/甲烷的两种点火模式,并对点火过程进行研究;Hurlbert等4在推力3 870 N的飞船反作用控制系统上,验证了液氧/液甲烷作为推进剂的点火可靠性;Schneider等5和Breisacher等6为反作用控制系统和月面登陆模块主发动机研制了多用途的液氧/液甲烷火炬式电点火器,研究了该方案点火器的点火混合比范围,并通过累积脉冲点火检验了其多次点火的可靠性;Marshall等7还对液氧/液甲烷电点火器所用火花塞和激励器开展真空环境试验;Iizuka8通过数值仿真,结合NASA试验数据对液氧/液甲烷点火器的点火条件进行了研究。中国对火炬式电点火器的研究起步较晚,孙纪国等9-10在2000年前后开始对低温火炬点火器的研制进行系统研究并开展相关试验,所设计的氢氧火炬点火器能实现可靠的低温点火,并具有较广的工况和混合比变化范围;在以甲烷为燃料的火炬点火器研究方面,蔡震宇等11设计了一种高混合比的气氧/气甲烷火炬式点火器,详细论述设计方案及验证过程;王煜锟等12设计了一种直流互击喷注、富氧燃气与排放甲烷在出口补燃、点火导管收缩的点火器结构方案,研究了混合比、缩进长度、导火管直径对补燃火焰的影响;张锋等13设计了一种直流互击喷注式的富燃气氧气甲烷点火器并进行了试验验证;潘一力等14通过试验验证了液氧/液甲烷点火器采用电火花点火和激光诱导等离子点火的原理可行性,得到了可靠点火的火花能量边界特性、混合比边界特性、响应特性和脉冲特性。由于甲烷作为燃料相较于氢更难以点燃,目前设计的以甲烷和氧为工质的点火器多采用富氧方案,有利于点火但结构烧蚀的风险有所上升。
点火器作为一个小型燃烧装置,可靠的热防护是点火器成功应用的前提。对于采用富氧点火室的点火器而言,为保证热防护可靠,需单独引一路燃料作冷却剂,结构复杂程度大幅增加。本文设计了一种气氧/气甲烷富燃火炬式电点火器,经点火试验验证了该方案的可行性,并结合点火试验结果和数值仿真对不同结构方案进行对比分析,研究了气氧与气甲烷喷嘴间的相对距离对点火器点火特性和热防护效果的影响。
本文所设计的气氧/气甲烷火炬点火器示意见图1。点火器工作时,甲烷气体沿侧壁上的切向孔进入,靠近中心的甲烷与从上游中心喷嘴喷出的氧气混合燃烧,近壁面的甲烷沿着壁面行程冷却气膜对点火室内壁及火花塞进行冷却。
点火器的主要结构尺寸可根据工质物性、强度条件和零部件间的装配空间等确定,而甲烷喷嘴与氧喷嘴的间距无法唯一确定。定义无量纲量Lc为甲烷喷嘴轴线到氧喷注平面的轴向距离与点火室圆柱段内径之比。文献[15]表明,在氢氧火炬点火器中,Lc直接影响热防护效果,是重要的结构参数,Lc越小越有利于点火器头部及火花塞的热防护,但喷嘴下游壁面的温度升高。为研究喷注距离对气氧/气甲烷点火器的影响,参考了文献[15]中Lc的选取,并结合实际结构设计中的尺寸限制,共设计了3种方案的点火器:a)方案A:Lc=1.6;b)方案B:Lc=1.8;c)方案C:在Lc=1.6和1.8两处分别设置同样大小的甲烷喷嘴,总流通面积与上述两种相同。本文所述点火器设计工况为总流量40 g/s、混合比1.0。
为考察所设计点火器的热防护效果,分析喷注距离对点火器点火可靠性和热防护有效性的影响,采用数值仿真手段对三种方案点火器的燃烧流场进行模拟,并根据仿真计算结果对各种影响因素进行对比分析。
本文设计的火炬点火器结构在周向上具有周期性,为控制计算规模,从流域中切取90°扇形区域进行网格划分。采用结构网格以保证计算精度,在甲烷喷嘴与点火室相切区域以及近壁区域控制网格尺寸,保证网格密度,最终网格如图2所示。
氧气和甲烷入口均为质量流量入口,出口设置为压力出口,壁面为无滑移绝热壁面。点火室内采用真实气体非预混燃烧模型模拟燃烧流动情况,湍流采用可实现的k-ε模型封闭方程组,近壁区域采用标准壁面函数法进行处理。定义无量纲长度Lx为所述位置到氧喷注平面的轴向距离与点火室圆柱段内径之比,在本文计算的结构中,Lx=0表示氧喷注平面,Lx=6表示出口平面。
为保证计算准确性,对计算模型进行网格无关性验证。以方案A的点火室流域为考察对象,按网格疏密不同共划分3套网格,采用相同的边界条件和仿真模型进行数值仿真,计算收敛后,对比近壁面甲烷的摩尔分数沿轴向位置的分布,结果如图3所示。由图3可见,3套网格计算得到的甲烷摩尔分数的变化趋势基本相同,但过于稀疏的网格1无法准确反映甲烷摩尔分数在局部位置的变化,特别在靠近甲烷喷嘴入口附近,与更密集的网格2和网格3所得结果差异较大。网格2与网格3所得结果较为接近,综合考虑计算准确性和效率,认为网格2的密度可基本满足仿真计算要求,后续计算网格数量均不低于59万。
按照上述网格划分和计算设置,对3种方案的点火器在不同混合比下进行燃烧流场仿真计算,所得典型云图如图4图5所示。甲烷气体贴壁面沿切向旋入点火室,靠近中心的部分与正中通入的氧气混合燃烧,在点火器上游形成环形的高温区域并沿轴向迅速发展,随着氧气逐渐耗尽,最终中心部分形成高温富燃燃气;贴近点火室壁面的甲烷将近壁面区域的混合比始终维持在较低水平,从而对结构形成热防护。以下利用同样的仿真手段对甲烷气膜冷却效果进行了研究。
为研究混合比对气膜冷却效果的影响,以方案A点火器为例,计算了总流量40 g/s,在混合比0.8、1.0和1.3工况下的点火器流场,所得壁面温度及甲烷沿壁面的分布如图6图7所示。由图67可以发现,以甲烷为燃料的火炬式电点火器对混合比敏感度较高。混合比提高,甲烷气膜在喷嘴附近的消耗量明显增加,从而导致点火室两端壁面温度显著提高。对于本算例,混合比由0.8提升至1.3,点火器出口壁面温度由1 060 K提升至1 390 K,氧喷注平面侧壁面温度由1 800 K提升至2 500 K。
采用相同网格和计算模型对混合比1.0、总流量40 g/s和80 g/s下方案A点火器的流场进行了仿真,所得壁面温度及甲烷沿壁面的分布如图8图9所示。尽管点火器总流量翻倍,点火器近壁面甲烷分布没有显著差别;壁面温度方面,两种流量下点火器出口壁面温差不超过100 K,氧喷注平面侧壁温提升较为明显。即点火器总流量增加可能影响氧喷注平面附近的热防护效果,但对点火器出口侧的温度分布影响有限,出口侧气膜冷却效果受混合比变化的影响更大。
采用相同的计算模型对3种方案点火器在混合比1.0下的燃烧流场进行仿真计算,所得结果如图10图11所示。
结合点火器结构,在甲烷喷嘴下游圆柱段内,方案A和方案B点火器壁温和甲烷摩尔分数变化趋势一致,对应曲线仅在轴向位置上存在差异。进入收敛段后两种方案的气膜冷却效果差距减小,特别在引火管以下两方案对应壁温曲线基本一致。方案C设置双排甲烷喷嘴,由图10可见,在喷嘴下游较长轴向距离内保持相对完整的甲烷气膜,可对壁面形成热防护;在收敛段随着流通面积快速减小、燃气流速迅速提高,中心高温燃气与近壁面甲烷加剧混合,承担冷却功能的近壁面甲烷逐渐消耗,引火管出口壁温与方案A、B对应壁温相当。整体而言,双排喷嘴的方案C可在喷嘴下游壁面实现更充分的气膜冷却效果,下游收敛段会消耗部分近壁面甲烷,因而3种方案在引火管出口附近的冷却效果差异不大。
对比3种方案甲烷喷嘴上游的近壁面甲烷分布,方案A与方案C的甲烷气膜在两种喷嘴间的较大区域上保持了相对的完整,而方案B的气膜在甲烷喷嘴附近便被迅速消耗,点火器上游壁面甲烷含量较少。因此可以推测,在点火阶段方案B点火室上游甲烷存量更少。为保证可靠点火,工作过程中氧气先进入点火室,在点火阶段点火室整体混合比经历从富氧到富燃的过渡。本文点火器的火花塞发火点在Lx=0.5附近,点火阶段更多甲烷向上游壁面扩散,更易在发火点附近形成可有效点火且火焰稳定发展的局部混合比,提高点火成功率。甲烷可有效点火的混合比范围与氢相比大幅收窄,点火成败对结构不同引起的局部混合比变化更加敏感,可以推测方案B在可成功点火的混合比范围上与方案A和方案C会有明显差别。
对上述3种方案点火器进行了两轮点火热试验:首轮试验共进行了18次点火,单次试验时间5 s,从中优选出可靠点火范围最宽的方案;第二轮对优选出的点火器进行更多工况下的点火试验考核,共进行了11次点火,单次试验时间5 s。点火试验现场情况如图12所示,下面结合试验现象对3种方案点火器作对比分析。
首轮试验分别对3种方案的点火器进行点火测试,共点火成功11次,其余7次未点着或出现火焰后熄灭。本轮试验中3种方案点火器可成功点火的混合比范围不同:方案A在混合比1.0~1.2范围内成功点火,方案B仅在混合比约1.2时成功点火一次,方案C在混合比0.6~1.3范围下均成功点火。需要说明的是,混合比1.2时点火器理论出口燃气温度已较高,方案B在该混合比下点火成功后便未进行更高混合比的试验,而方案A在该混合比下(第4次点火)发生了出口壁面烧蚀,无法进行后续试验,因此本轮试验未获得各结构方案可成功点火的完整混合比范围,但方案C在混合比0.6~1.3范围内均可成功点火且未出现结构烧蚀,是3种方案中的最优方案。
第二轮试验通过调节点火器上游音速喷嘴尺寸和供应压力,对方案C点火器进行多种流量、多种混合比工况的点火试验考核,主要目的为验证该方案点火器多次点火能力。本轮试验流量范围为25~50 g/s,混合比范围为0.6~1.0,连续11次试验全部成功点火且在试验后检查中未发现产品结构烧蚀,充分验证了方案C点火器的工况适应性,且具备可靠的多次点火能力。两轮点火试验相关参数及点火结果如图13所示。
综合两轮试验,方案C点火器可成功点火的混合比范围较宽,其在不同工作流量、混合比下的工况适应性和多次点火能力得到了验证。
为提高点火成功率,点火器工作时一般让氧气先进入点火室,营造有利于形成初始火焰的富氧环境。对采用气膜冷却的富燃点火器,点火阶段点火室内整体混合比由富氧快速发展为富燃,该过程中的推进剂供应直接影响初始火焰能否稳定发展、传播,最终成功点火。因此,混合比是决定点火器能否成功点火的重要因素。在本轮试验中观察到,同一台点火器在混合比较低时火焰形成后熄灭,而提高混合比后即可成功点火(见图14)。
与氢相比,能保证甲烷稳定燃烧的混合比范围更窄,因此能否点火成功对起动阶段的混合比变化更加敏感。3种不同喷嘴距离的点火器在相近的混合比范围内点火的表现不同,特别是方案B仅在混合比提高至1.2时成功点火1次。结合图10仿真计算结果可见,喷注距离将影响甲烷在点火室内的分布,在相同条件的点火过程中,3种方案点火室内的甲烷分布也将存在差异,导致点火过程中点火室内的混合比分布不同,从而影响火花塞附近的点火及初始火焰的发展。从试验结果可见,喷注距离同样影响点火器的点火可靠性,其对点火室内点火过程的混合比分布及火焰发展过程的影响有待更详细的瞬态仿真分析。
本文所设计的火炬点火器未采用复杂的再生冷却结构,仅依靠气体甲烷经过切向孔形成的贴壁气膜进行热防护,因此近壁面的甲烷分布直接影响本文所述点火器的热防护效果。可以预见的是,混合比越高,中心燃气对近壁甲烷气膜的消耗越明显,特别是离甲烷喷嘴较远的燃气出口侧烧蚀风险更高。同时,相同工况下不同的甲烷喷嘴排布可能形成不同的近壁面甲烷分布,从而产生不同的热防护效果。从图10图11的仿真结果看,相同计算工况下3种方案中方案C的出口段壁面甲烷摩尔分数最高、方案A最低,从壁面温度而言甲烷含量越高,气膜冷却越充分。从试验结果看,两轮试验后,仅方案A在混合比1.2工况下引火管出口附近被烧穿(如图15所示),方案B和方案C经历类似混合比工况后均未发现明显烧蚀痕迹,可见喷注距离及喷嘴排布对点火器的气膜冷却效果有一定影响。
在仿真计算结果中,靠近氧喷注平面的区域甲烷气膜被快速消耗,壁面最高温度也出现在点火器氧喷注面附近。而在点火试验中,每次点火前均现场确认火花塞发火情况,试验后检查,3台点火器所用火花塞均未发现烧蚀。分析认为,氧喷嘴和甲烷喷嘴之间温度和组分变化剧烈、流场结构复杂,壁面并非绝热壁面,实际结构设计中还会采用火花塞缩进等防护措施,但为控制计算规模,这些因素在本文的仿真计算中并未充分考察,目前的计算模型对两种喷嘴之间区域的模拟并不准确,后续可针对该区域的燃烧传热模拟开展更细致的研究。
本文设计了一种气氧气甲烷富燃火炬点火器,通过数值仿真和点火热试验等手段,对影响点火器可靠点火和热防护效果的相关因素进行了对比研究,得到以下结论:
a)内型面收敛会加速冷却气膜的消耗,收敛段后的气膜冷却效果主要由点火器整体混合比决定,提高混合比有利于点火器点火,但出口壁温将提高,采用本文结构的富燃点火器需控制点火混合比范围。
b)甲烷喷嘴与氧喷嘴的间距是影响点火器工作特性的重要结构参数,Lc=1.8的点火器点火难度显著增大,Lc=1.6的点火器可适应的混合比上限有限,采用多排多喷嘴的甲烷喷嘴排布可兼顾点火可靠性和热防护效果。
c)利用甲烷进行气膜冷却的富燃点火器方案可行,本文所设计的双排甲烷喷嘴点火器在混合比0.6~1.3范围内可靠工作,且具备多次点火能力,可满足重复使用液体火箭发动机多次点火要求,具有实用价值和参考意义。

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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260304
  • 接收时间:2025-03-27
  • 首发时间:2026-07-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-27
  • 修回日期:2026-05-28
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    航天科工火箭技术有限公司,武汉,430415
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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