Article(id=1286676582106382554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260302, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=1746547200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784697202469, onlineDateStr=2026-07-22, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784697202469, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784697202469, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1784697202469, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1286676566465819629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784697198739, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1784702152269, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1286697343156204130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1286676566465819629, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=7, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1286676582328680667, articleId=1286676582106382554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Numerical Study on Spray Characteristics of Kerosene Jet in a Crossflow, columnId=1154057566893105509, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Propulsion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the breakup atomization and development process of kerosene propellant in crossflow under subsonic conditions, and to realize the accurate numerical simulation of fuel atomization, a kerosene jet in crossflow with average flux-to-momentum ratio q ranging from 7.9 to 46, and average Weg ranging from 5.6 to 120 is selected to enter the mainstream of the air under the velocity conditions of 11 subsonic uniformly incoming air main streams and the phenomenon of primary atomization under the action of crossflow is investigated by the Volume of FluidMethod and Adaptive Mesh Refinement method. The volume of the FluidMethod (VFM) method and Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) method are used to investigate the primary atomization phenomenon under the jet's action in crossflow and verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation method by comparing it with the experimental results. The results show that jet fragmentation of kerosene propellant is mainly caused by surface tension, especially the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability plays a dominant role. In contrast, the surface fragmentation triggered by the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) stability precedes the liquid column fragmentation caused by the R-T instability. The atomization process is negatively correlated with the mean gas Weber number, positively correlated with and strongly influenced by the mean flux-to-momentum ratio q, and finally an empirical equation for the jet penetration depth profile suitable for atomization in crossflow jet is obtained.

, authors=Xinyan WANG1, Xinjun ZHAO1, Guang XIAN2, Fei WANG3, authorsList=Xinyan WANG, Xinjun ZHAO, Guang XIAN, Fei WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1286676587080827134, articleId=1286676582106382554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=CN, title=横向气流作用下的煤油破碎雾化特性研究, columnId=1154057567014740326, journalTitle=导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), columnName=动力系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究亚声速条件下煤油推进剂在横向气流作用下的破碎雾化及发展过程,实现燃油雾化的精确数值仿真,在11个亚声速均匀来流的空气主流速度条件下,选取平均通量动量比q范围在7.9~46、平均空气韦伯数Weg范围在5.6~120之间的煤油横向射流进入空气主流,使用流体体积函数方法和自适应网格加密方法对横向射流作用下的一次雾化现象进行研究,并通过与试验结果的对比验证数值模拟方法的准确性。结果表明,煤油推进剂的射流破碎主要由表面张力引起,特别是R-T不稳定性起主导作用,而K-H不稳定性引发的表面破碎早于R-T不稳定性导致的液柱破碎。雾化过程与平均空气韦伯数呈负相关,与平均通量动量比呈正相关且影响较大,最终获得适合横向射流雾化下的射流穿透深度曲线经验公式。

, authors=王馨嫣1, 赵新军1, 贤光2, 王菲3, authorsList=王馨嫣, 赵新军, 贤光, 王菲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王馨嫣(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航空航天发动机燃油雾化仿真。

赵新军(1982—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为空天动力系统。

贤光(1988—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火箭发动机及传感检测。

王菲(1981—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为空天动力系统。

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王馨嫣(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航空航天发动机燃油雾化仿真。

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王馨嫣(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航空航天发动机燃油雾化仿真。

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Gas properties and calculation conditions

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静压/Pa

密度/

(kg·m-3)

黏度/(Pa·s-1)速度/(m·s-1)温度/TWeg
101 3251.2251.8×10-517.2,25.6,39.9,56.4,79.8297.155.6,12.4,30,60,120,123.5
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主流流体性质及计算条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
静压/Pa

密度/

(kg·m-3)

黏度/(Pa·s-1)速度/(m·s-1)温度/TWeg
101 3251.2251.8×10-517.2,25.6,39.9,56.4,79.8297.155.6,12.4,30,60,120,123.5
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Fluid properties and calculation conditions

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密度/

(kg·m-3)

黏度/

(Pa·s-1)

速度/(m·s-1)孔径/mmq
7800.002 62.6,3.8,5.9,8.4,11.80.414,30,46
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横向射流流体性质及计算条件

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密度/

(kg·m-3)

黏度/

(Pa·s-1)

速度/(m·s-1)孔径/mmq
7800.002 62.6,3.8,5.9,8.4,11.80.414,30,46
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Time-averaged penetration depths for each calculation example

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算例WegqL¯b+d/2d0L¯pd0
15.61416.8319.00
212.41416.0017.40
3301415.9617.12
4601415.3316.33
51201414.7212.92
612.43027.7530.12
7303022.6627.25
8603020.7126.66
912.44625.7137.60
10304623.7534.85
11604621.6633.60
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各算例对应的时间平均穿透深度

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算例WegqL¯b+d/2d0L¯pd0
15.61416.8319.00
212.41416.0017.40
3301415.9617.12
4601415.3316.33
51201414.7212.92
612.43027.7530.12
7303022.6627.25
8603020.7126.66
912.44625.7137.60
10304623.7534.85
11604621.6633.60
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横向气流作用下的煤油破碎雾化特性研究
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王馨嫣 1 , 赵新军 1 , 贤光 2 , 王菲 3
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 动力系统 2026,(3): 7-14
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) |动力系统 2026 , (3) : 7 -14
横向气流作用下的煤油破碎雾化特性研究
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王馨嫣1, 赵新军1, 贤光2, 王菲3
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古工业大学,呼和浩特,010051
  • 2.内蒙动力机械研究所,呼和浩特,010010
  • 3.北京凌空天行科技有限责任公司,北京,102600
作者简介:

王馨嫣(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为航空航天发动机燃油雾化仿真。

赵新军(1982—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为空天动力系统。

贤光(1988—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火箭发动机及传感检测。

王菲(1981—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为空天动力系统。

Numerical Study on Spray Characteristics of Kerosene Jet in a Crossflow
Xinyan WANG1, Xinjun ZHAO1, Guang XIAN2, Fei WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051
  • 2.Inner Mongolia Institute of Power Machinery(CASIC), Hohhot 010010
  • 3.Beijing Lingkong Tianxing Technology Co. , Ltd. , Beijing, 102600
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260302
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为研究亚声速条件下煤油推进剂在横向气流作用下的破碎雾化及发展过程,实现燃油雾化的精确数值仿真,在11个亚声速均匀来流的空气主流速度条件下,选取平均通量动量比q范围在7.9~46、平均空气韦伯数Weg范围在5.6~120之间的煤油横向射流进入空气主流,使用流体体积函数方法和自适应网格加密方法对横向射流作用下的一次雾化现象进行研究,并通过与试验结果的对比验证数值模拟方法的准确性。结果表明,煤油推进剂的射流破碎主要由表面张力引起,特别是R-T不稳定性起主导作用,而K-H不稳定性引发的表面破碎早于R-T不稳定性导致的液柱破碎。雾化过程与平均空气韦伯数呈负相关,与平均通量动量比呈正相关且影响较大,最终获得适合横向射流雾化下的射流穿透深度曲线经验公式。

横向射流  /  一次煤油雾化  /  VOF方法  /  AMR方法  /  数值仿真

To study the breakup atomization and development process of kerosene propellant in crossflow under subsonic conditions, and to realize the accurate numerical simulation of fuel atomization, a kerosene jet in crossflow with average flux-to-momentum ratio q ranging from 7.9 to 46, and average Weg ranging from 5.6 to 120 is selected to enter the mainstream of the air under the velocity conditions of 11 subsonic uniformly incoming air main streams and the phenomenon of primary atomization under the action of crossflow is investigated by the Volume of FluidMethod and Adaptive Mesh Refinement method. The volume of the FluidMethod (VFM) method and Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) method are used to investigate the primary atomization phenomenon under the jet's action in crossflow and verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation method by comparing it with the experimental results. The results show that jet fragmentation of kerosene propellant is mainly caused by surface tension, especially the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability plays a dominant role. In contrast, the surface fragmentation triggered by the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) stability precedes the liquid column fragmentation caused by the R-T instability. The atomization process is negatively correlated with the mean gas Weber number, positively correlated with and strongly influenced by the mean flux-to-momentum ratio q, and finally an empirical equation for the jet penetration depth profile suitable for atomization in crossflow jet is obtained.

jet in a crossflow  /  primary kerosene atomization  /  VOF method  /  AMR method  /  numerical simulation
王馨嫣, 赵新军, 贤光, 王菲. 横向气流作用下的煤油破碎雾化特性研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , (3) : 7 -14 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260302
Xinyan WANG, Xinjun ZHAO, Guang XIAN, Fei WANG. Numerical Study on Spray Characteristics of Kerosene Jet in a Crossflow[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , (3) : 7 -14 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260302
航空航天类发动机燃烧室采用横向射流技术用于改善燃料雾化和掺混过程。燃料推进剂在亚声速横向气流中的液雾混合特性是低污染燃烧技术的重要研究领域,在工程中得到了广泛应用1-2。许多学者对液体燃料横向射流雾化进行了试验研究,仝毅恒等3发现射流穿透深度与喷注压降有关,流量增加不显著。液体破碎主要由表面不稳定性导致4,这是指在流体界面上由于外力(如重力、压力梯度)或界面张力的变化导致的界面形态的失稳现象。当这些力超过了维持界面稳定性的表面张力时,就会引发各种形式的不稳定,其中,空气韦伯数Weg为描述流体动力学中惯性力与表面张力比值的无量纲参数,低Weg下Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T)不稳定性起主要作用5,R-T不稳定性现象发生在两种不同密度的流体界面处,当较轻的流体被加速向较重的流体移动,这种不稳定性就会发生。李春等6发现射流破碎包括液柱破碎和表面破碎,初始有Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定现象,速度差产生的剪切力使界面上的小扰动放大,最终形成波状结构或涡旋,后来过渡到R-T不稳定现象。Fu等7设计试验系统得到液体射流演化规律和轨迹曲线,Surya Prakash等8研究了不同动量比和修正因子对喷雾轨迹的影响。Broumand9-10发现横向气流雾化包括液柱、液块和液滴,分为一次雾化和二次雾化。Duarte等11研究横流中湍流液体射流一次雾化过程。何园源等12采用VOF-to-DPM方法研究煤油射流破碎形态。Li等13利用HiMIST模拟代码研究喷雾过程。Jalili等14采用大涡模拟方法研究空气流动湍流强度影响。Mei等15采用自适应网格细化方法分析喷射轨迹等。张权等16通过LES/VOF和RANS/DPM方法模拟,发现来流加速度对液雾SMD无明显影响。刘晶晶等17通过分析液滴平均直径和速度分布,发现不同气体韦伯数下液滴形成机制不同,射流柱下游有回流区结构。
鉴于雾化环境中的气液两相流特性,传统研究方法如欧拉-拉格朗日框架或单一欧拉方法在描述界面动力学及破碎微观机制时暴露出不足之处。为此,本研究采用了欧拉-欧拉两相流模型,将气相与液相均视为连续介质,并分别为其设定独立的守恒方程组以描述其动态变化。通过量化分析液体黏性对K-H与R-T不稳定性的影响,结合几何模型构建与自适应网格加密,利用VOF方法对喷嘴流场及外流场中的破碎与雾化过程实施数值模拟。将模拟结果与试验对比,验证了模型的可行性,并对不同空气韦伯数Weg以及通量动量比q下的喷雾特性进行数值分析研究,得到雾化轨迹的经验公式。
由于研究对象是在亚声速气流条件下横向射流液滴破碎,因此可按照不可压缩流体来处理,在采用N-S方程进行煤油横向射流流场计算时,气相和液相均作为连续相处理,假设气流基本流为pi,uipi为静压,ui为速度矢量,连续性方程和动量方程一般表示为
ui=0
ρuit+ρui=-p+τij+ρgi+F
式中 为哈密顿算子;t为时间;ρ为气相、液相或者气液混合区的密度;gi为重力加速度矢量,gi≈9.81 m/s2F 为气液界面的表面张力;τij为黏性应力张量,定义为
τij=μuixj+ujxi
F 采用连续表面张力模型:
F=σκH
式中 μ为动力黏性系数;σ为表面张力系数;κ为局部气液界面的曲率;H为网格中液体相的体积分数,定义为Heaviside函数。
通过在欧拉-欧拉框架下引入相体积分数这一变量来追踪流体相界面,如果将单元内流体的体积分数表示为α,则可能出现以下3种情况18
a)α=0,单元是空的;
b)α=1,单元是充满的;
c)0<α<1,单元包含两个流体之间的界面。
液体体积分数的运输方程为
1ρltαlρl+αlρlul=Sαl+p=1nm˙gl-m˙lg
式中 S代表源项;m˙代表气液两相间的质量传递,下标l代表液体,g代表气体。通过加权平均得到网格内部的流体密度和黏性系数:
ρ=1-αρg+αρl
μ=1-αμg+αμl
本研究中主流为低速空气,横向射流中主流为空气,横向射流为煤油推进剂,考虑重力作用,计算工况条件如表1表2所示,Weg用于描述惯性力与表面张力之间的关系,是判断液滴破碎和雾化行为的重要指标,q表示流量或质量流量,用于描述单位时间内通过某一截面的流体质量。
射流雾化计算域及边界条件设置如图1所示,计算流体区域的圆孔直径为d,主流通道为45d×90d×20d的矩形,管道长度为10d,坐标系原点设于喷嘴出口的截面中心,煤油推进剂沿y轴正向射出,空气横流沿x轴正向流出,射流通道截面为直径d的圆形,射流速度方向与横向流速方向夹角为90°,射流管道长径比为L/d=10。
采用ICEMCFD生成结构化网格,对射流入口和边界区域网格加密。由于气流中液体横向射流经历液柱表面剥离大液滴,在气流作用下继续破碎成小液滴。为了准确捕捉液滴破碎过程,采用自适应网格加密方法,图2图3为51万整体网格在计算过程中的液相体积分数和自适应后网格。为了兼顾计算结果的准确性和计算工作量,均采用二级自适应网格加密,最小网格尺寸为4.29 μm。
为验证网格无关性,构建三种疏密程度不同的网格,网格数量分别为3万、13万和28万,对应x/d=-0.5,截面位置处采用三种网格计算的速度对比,工况采用空气速度ug=25.6 m/s、横向射流速度ul=3.8 m/s,对比结果如图4所示,其中,ux/d=-0.5处测得的空气速度值,y/d是位置y与特征长度d的比值。
3万左右网格下的计算结果误差较大,综合权衡计算精度和雾化效果的准确性,排除因网格量不足造成的误差以及不必要的计算消耗时长,最终选取约13万的网格模型开展研究。
三维网格根据疏密程度分别采用15万、51万和160万的网格模型,拟合横向射流的外轨迹分布曲线如图5所示。当网格数量进一步增加时,计算得到的外轨迹分布曲线变化不超过1%。结果显示,在网格数量达到约51万单元后,计算结果趋于稳定,满足网格无关性要求。因此,最终采用51万单元的网格模型用于后续的详细仿真分析。
将以水为工质的数值计算结果与相应文献中的试验结果进行对比,来验证本模型的准确性,图6Weg=123.5、q=14条件下,z=0截面与试验结果对比19,可以看出仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好,并且仿真结果准确捕获了水滴破碎的细节。
本文采用非稳态求解器进行数值求解,考虑重力对横向射流的作用,以C12H23作为煤油推进剂的分子式进行数值模拟。完成网格加密后,最小网格尺寸约为4 μm,横向气体、射流液体均设为速度入口,出口设为压力出口,压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法,多相流采用VOF模型。湍流模型分维度匹配,二维采用带旋流修正的Realizable k-ɛ模型,三维采用SST k-ω模型。计算的环境温度和煤油喷射温度均为297.15 K,静压为101.325 kPa,定义空气作为第一相,煤油作为第二相,两相间的表面张力系数为0.026 N/m,至完全雾化为止,保证液体射流充分发展。
在二维射流破碎示意图(图7)中,红色曲线代表射流的初始形态,可以看到射流沿x轴向右上方延伸,随着x/d的增加,射流逐渐发生破碎。射流在初始状态时,保持相对稳定的形态,但随着x/d的增大,射流表面开始出现波动,导致射流破碎成离散的液滴。这种破碎行为是射流表面R-T不稳定性导致的,在气液界面处,气体和液体的速度差在界面上产生波动,最终导致射流表面破碎。
三维射流破碎机理更为复杂,射流破碎后形成的液滴分布如图8所示,可以看到,随着x/d的增大,射流逐渐失稳破碎。
液体射流的一次破碎以液柱表面破碎和液柱破碎两种模式进行,三维射流破碎除x-y平面上的波动,在z方向上也有波动,如图8b射流柱波所示,形成更复杂的液滴分布。射流的破碎流动过程中同样可以观察到波λ的生成,波λ主要包括射流柱波λc和表面波λs。R-T不稳定性导致射流直径周期性变化而形成表面波λs,这种波动使得射流的横截面积随时间变化,交替扩张和收缩。射流柱波的存在可以引起射流的破碎,即分裂成一系列的液滴。
图9给出了Weg=12.4、q=46工况下沿喷射方向的液柱变形情况。在射流刚开始的阶段,射流液柱横截面呈现较为集中的状态,通常是圆形或近似圆形,这种状态下,射流内部液体分子间的内聚力较强,表面张力也能起到维持射流形状的作用。随着射流的发展,当y达到2.5d至5d时,射流液柱横截面开始出现分散现象。射流与横向气体之间的剪切力作用导致射流表面产生波动。这些波动逐渐增大,当波动的幅度达到一定程度时,射流开始出现局部的破碎。当y达到7.5d至10d时,射流液柱横截面呈现高度分散的状态,这表明射流已经发生了显著的破碎。此时,射流不再保持连续的液柱形态,而是在射流柱波λc的作用下分裂成多个小液滴。这种高度分散的横截面是射流破碎的结果,同时也会反过来影响射流的进一步破碎。因此,由K-H主导的表面破碎先于由R-T主导的液柱破碎。
图10为横向射流发生柱状破碎的示意,将相邻两个波峰之间部分定义为一个完整的表面波,可以发现,随着时间步长T由0.002 54 s变为0.002 72 s,R-T表面波的长度也呈现增长趋势,直至液袋逐渐变大、变薄,发生袋式破碎。其中Lp代表穿透深度,Lb代表穿透距离。
不同空气韦伯数下的R-T表面波数以及波长变化如图11所示(均为无量纲化后比值)。从整体发展来看,随着R-T表面波数的增加,所有韦伯数条件下的波长都呈现出增长趋势,较低韦伯数呈现出较为平滑的增长趋势,较高韦伯数表现出更为显著的波动,尤其是在第三个表面波产生时,波长的大小明显区别于第二个表面波。当Weg=5.6和12.4时,R-T表面波数只有五条,但随着Weg的增大,表面波数也随之增多,其中Weg=30时,最后一个表面波不算是一个完整的R-T表面波,从上一个波峰开始射流柱在波谷处快速断裂,导致R-T波长骤降。
图12为不同通量动量比下表面波长变化,当Weg=12.4时,可以看出q的变化几乎不影响最终的R-T波长,但随着q的增长,波长数量的增加更为显著,且波动更为复杂,说明射流破碎过程中的不稳定性增强。当Weg=30时,通量动量比q对横向射流雾化过程中的表面波长有显著影响,高q值导致更大的波长和更复杂的波动,Weg=60时也有同样的现象。结果表明,在表面波过渡到射流柱波的过程中,R-T表面波长主要受到空气韦伯数Weg的影响,且空气韦伯数越大,射流柱破碎的波长越短,而跟通量动量比几乎没有关系。R-T表面波数随着通量动量比和空气韦伯数的增加而增多。
不同空气韦伯数下射流边界得到的拟合曲线如图13所示,其中实线为上边界轮廓,虚线为下边界轮廓,一般将液雾的最外围轮廓定义为雾化边界,通过Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法得到射流边界曲线,同时加入了液雾的下边界轮廓,与相关文献中高保真数值模拟得到的结果相似13。由xy轴方向射流轨迹可以看出随着韦伯数的增加,射流轨迹下移,射流深度减小,但减小幅度较小。这是由于韦伯数增大时,气流惯性力增大,压差力增强,此时压差力、黏性力对射流轨迹的作用强于射流惯性力的作用,所以射流深度会在高速气流中减小。由yz轴方向上来看,随着韦伯数的增大,射流在垂直方向上的雾化范围有增大的趋势,液滴初始范围更广。因此,高韦伯数条件下,射流破碎过程中形成的液滴尺寸和分布更加不均匀,影响最终的雾化效果。
而不同的通量动量比下的射流轨迹与空气韦伯数呈现相反的趋势,如图14所示。在通量动量比的影响下,液柱轨迹在xy方向上来看更高一些,在同样的变化区间内,从q=30到q=46射流轨迹的变化量明显减缓,yz轴方向上同样体现了这一点,初步推测是由于q较小的情况下,射流液柱迅速分散形成复杂的漩涡结构,且横向气流的动量显著超过射流动量。
穿透深度Lp是体现射流雾化性能的一个关键指标,从之前得到的结论可知,射流的穿透深度与空气韦伯数Weg和通量动量比q有很大关系,综合考虑采用幂函数公式19,改进公式如下所示:
L¯pd0=aqbWegcL¯b+d/2d0d
式中 abcd为待定的常系数。
表3为各算例穿透深度,其中L¯bL¯p分别表示时间平均的穿透距离和穿透深度,通过多个瞬态数据统计得到。
采用最小二乘法对数据进行多元线性回归分析,在98%置信区间内,得到穿透深度经验公式如下:
L¯pd0=2.7q0.54Weg-0.046L¯b+d/2d00.2
式(9)中可以看出,通量动量比q对穿透深度的影响较大,呈正相关,而空气韦伯数与穿透深度呈负相关,与上文分析结果一致。将试验数据20与由经验公式得到的计算结果进行对比,如图15所示,两者的符合性很好,说明公式的准确性良好。
本研究采用VOF模型对煤油推进剂的射流破碎机制、雾化轨迹、不稳定表面波特性进行提取和分析,最终得到结论如下:
a)射流破碎机制:煤油推进剂在横向气流作用下主要出现受到表面张力引起的不稳定现象,其中,R-T不稳定性起主导作用,三维破碎比二维更加复杂,涉及到xy平面和z方向上的波动,K-H不稳定性引发的表面破碎早于R-T不稳定性引起的液柱破碎。
b)空气韦伯数对雾化的影响:随着韦伯数的增加,R-T表面波的波长增长,波数减少,导致更大的袋式破碎。同时,射流轨迹下移,射流深度略有减小,这主要是由于气流惯性力和压差力的增强。这些发现与高保真数值模拟结果一致。
c)通量动量比对雾化的影响:通量动量比的增加有助于射流保持更长时间的完整性,减少了初期破碎,从而增加了射流的穿透深度,低通量动量比时,气流对煤油推进剂的撕裂作用更为显著,导致更早的破碎和更小的液滴尺寸,有利于提高雾化效率和燃烧完全性。
d)穿透深度经验公式的拟合:通过数值模拟和数据分析,得到了平均穿透深度与空气韦伯数和通量动量比之间的经验公式,公式显示了通量动量比对穿透深度影响较大,而空气韦伯数与穿透深度呈负相关,与分析结果一致。
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2022QN01001)
  • 内蒙古工业大学博士基金(BS2021013)
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2026年第卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260302
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-07-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
  • 修回日期:2025-05-07
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内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2022QN01001)
内蒙古工业大学博士基金(BS2021013)
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    1.内蒙古工业大学,呼和浩特,010051
    2.内蒙动力机械研究所,呼和浩特,010010
    3.北京凌空天行科技有限责任公司,北京,102600
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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